Inkanunu Engumongameli Nonxibelelwano Lwayo Nonqulo Lwabemi BaseMerika

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singaphezulu kunemfuneko yezomGaqo-siseko, yisithethe esidibanisa ibala lesizwe saseMerika. Kwiminyaka emine, umongameli ozayo umi phambi kwesizwe kwaye ucaphula ingqokelela yamagama angazange aguquke phantse ukususela ngowe-1789. Esi senzo sifanekisela ukufuduswa koxolo kwamandla, ukuqhubekeka kolawulo, nokubekwa kwesebe eliphetheyo. Kodwa ngaphantsi komphezulu walo osemthethweni kukwindawo enzulu ephakamileyo engokwesithethe neyomoya. Abaphengululi baphawule ixesha elide ukuba isifungo sisebenza njengelungu elingundoqo ngoko kuthethwa ngumongameli wentlalo, uRobert N. Bellah, ubiza "Unqulo lwaseMelika" inkqubo yeenkolelo, imifuziselo, kunye nezithethe zobufundisi obudibanisa ilizwe lonke ngemigangatho nezonqulo lwalo.

Umbhalo wesigqubuthelo we-oath

Amagama achanileyo esifungo somongameli agunyaziswa ngumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States kwiGatya II, Icandelo 1, uClaus 8.

Ndifunga ngokunyamekayo (okanye ndivume) ukuba ndiya kuwenza ngokuthembeka uMongameli waseUnited States, ndize ndiwukhusele ndiwukhusele umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ndiwusebenze kakuhle, ndiwulondoloze, ndiwukhusele, ndiwukhusele umGaqo-siseko.

Umzali "okanye uqikelelo" yayilulwandiso olubalulekileyo ekuhlaliseni amaQuaker namanye amaqela onqulo akholelwayo ukuba angasivumeli ukufunga. Eli lungiselelo libonakalisa ulwamkelo lwabaseki lweendidi zonqulo kunye nolwahlulo lwecawa kunye nolawulo-mhlaba (ngokuba umsitho usoloko ubangela intsingiselo yokomoya. Okunene, umGaqo-siseko awufuni ukuba umongameli abeke isandla kwiBhayibhile okanye ongezele ibinzana elithi "Yiyandinceda uThixo," kodwa le zenzo ziye zaba phantse ukuba zibonakale ngesithethe.

Umbhalo ngokwawo ushwankathelwe ngokuphawulekayo. Ugxininisa kwimisebenzi emithathu: ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi ngokuthembeka, nokulondolozwa, ukhuseleko, kunye nokukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko. Isifungo sibopha umongameli kungekuko kukumkani, kwiqela, okanye kwanakubantu ngqo, kodwa kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo ngezantsi, uxwebhu oluthi amaMelika ajongene kufuphi negunya elibhalwe ngokwezibhalo. Le ngxelo inyani elungeleleneyo yolwimi i-ankile kumgangatho osemthethweni nokuziphatha, iqinisa umthetho njengodonga lolawulo lwaseMelika.

Indaleko Neenkqubo Zokudityaniswa Kwembali

Ilishwa LikaGeorge Washington

George Washington wathabatha isifungo sokuqala somongameli ngoAprili 30, 1789, kwiveranda yeHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York. Ngokutsho kweengxelo zanamhlanje, iWashington yongeza ibinzana elithi "Undincede uThixo" emva kokucengceleza umbhalo womGaqo-siseko, wandula ke wayange iBhayibhile. Ngoxa abanye ababhali-mbali bephikisana ngokunyani kwale nkcukacha, iye yaba lilungu lesiseko socawa. umongameli ngamnye olandelayo uye walandela lo mzekelo, nangona amagama athe ngqo ahluka. Umzekelo, ngo-Frank D. Roosevelt waphinda-phinda usithi "So nceda uThixo" ngoxa wayebeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile; ngo1961 uJohn F. Kennedy wasebenzisa iBhayibhile yamaKatolika kwaye wadibanisa ibinzana ngaphandle kokukhuthaza. Ulwandinceda uThixo" utshintsho lweSifungo esilula esithenjiso somnqophiso wobuThixo phantsi komnqophiso woburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente.

Uguquko Nezikhundla

Nangona umbhalo ongundoqo womgaqo-siseko usisigxina, oomongameli baye baqalisa ukuqulunqwa. Ngo-2009, uMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Roberts wasilibala isifungo uBarack Obama awaphinda wasenzayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwi-redo . Okubaluleke ngakumbi, abanye oomongameli baye bakhetha ukushiya "Undincede uThixo" okanye basebenzise ezinye izibhalo. UTheodore Roosevelt ucinge ukuba walishiya ibinzana ngo-1905; uHerbert Hoover wasebenzisa iBhayibhile kodwa akazange athethe la mazwi; yaye ngo-2021, uJoe Biden wafaka izijungqe zakhe ngeli ngoxa equka ukuhlobana okungokwesithethe. Ezi mpawulwano phakathi komgqaliselo-mgqalise kunye nokhuthulo-mthetho .

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, umsitho wesifungo uye waba ngowonwabisa ngakumbi. IKomiti yeQela eliManyeneyo yeNkqutyana e-Inaugtural Ceremonies (JCIC) ilungelelanisa zonke iinkcukacha, ukususela ekufakweni kweBhayibhile ukuya ekuqaliseni kwemithandazo namaculo. Oku kugxininisa indima yesifungo njengomboniso okhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe kwaye ukwabelana ngeempawu zaso.

Ioath Njengentsika Yonqulo Lwamakhaya AseMerika

Ukuchaza Unqulo Lwamakhaya

Robert N. Bellah ka1967 "Unqulo lweSikomfa eMelika" lwathi iUnited States inenkonzo eyahlukileyo yamakhaya (isiseko seenkolelo, imiqondiso, nezithethe ezisekelwe kwimixholo yobuKristu bukaYudeo kodwa zingaphaya kweenkonzo ezithile. Isiseko esingundoqo siquka ukukholelwa kukhokelo lobuthixo, ukuhlonelwa koMgaqo-siseko kunye noSindululo lwenkululeko njengemibhalo engcwele, nokuqwalaselwa kweeholide zesizwe njengamaxesha angcwele. Ukumiselwa komongameli, kuquka esona sifungo sibonakalayo solu nqulo loluntu. Kungomzuzu xa uhlanga luqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwalo kwimigaqo-siseko: inkululeko, okusesikweni, nokugcinwa kwemiboniso yesizwe, kunye nokugcinwa kwezithethe ezilungileyo.

Iinkalo Zonqulo Nezokuziphatha Eziphakamileyo

Isifungo somongameli sisenzo esingumxube: sisithembiso esisemthethweni kunye nomnqophiso wokuziphatha. Xa umongameli efunga (okanye eqinisekisa) uku "khusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko," ulwimi lubonakalisa ukubhambathiswa kwesifungo esenziwe phambi koThixo. Ulwandiso olungolukhethekileyo "Undincede uThixo" ngokungqalileyo lucela uncedo lobuthixo, lungamele umlawuli aphendule nje kuphela, kodwa amele agwetywe ligunya eliphezulu. Olu hlobo lubini luthetha amaMelika ajonge uhlanga njengolusikelelwe ngokukhethekileyo okanye olunyuliweyo "umsebenzi wesijikelezi jikelezi jikelezi senziwa kwinduli" ngentetho yesibini ka-Abraham uLincoln" (ugwebe ukuba singagwebi sodwa kuRonal "ipluneans"" kwinduli yesixeko esikhethiweyo".)

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo sisenziwa yiJaji eyiNtloko yaseUnited States, umntu osebenza kule meko njengento efana nombingeleli omkhulu wonqulo lwabemi. Ummiselo .[1] Ngokufuthi iNtshona Front yeCapitol, kunye nokwakhiwa kwayo okutsha kunye neembekiselo zomfuziselo kwiRome republicism, okanye, ngamaxesha amanqam, indawo esondele ngakumbi, ```adis' kumgangatho ongcwele. Ukubakho koombingeleli baseUnited States Capitol, amajoni emkhosi, kwaye i- National Mall ezele ngabemi bonke igalelo lomoya olululonke olukhuthaza ukhupho lwezifungo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: IOat Kwezinye Iintlanga

Nangona amazwe amaninzi efuna ukuba iintloko zawo zelizwe zifunge izifungo, inguqulelo yaseUnited States yahlukile ngokufutshane kwayo, igxininisa kumGaqo-siseko kunokuba ijonge kwikumkani okanye kwiqela, kunye nezivumelwano zalo ezithe ngqo zonqulo. KwiBhunga laseUnited, umlawuli wenza isifungo esinyuselayo esiquka izithembiso zokulawula ngokwemithetho yomthetho kunye nokugcina unqulo lobuProtestanti. EFransi, uMongameli ufunga ukukhusela uMgaqo-siseko "ngaphandle kweembekiselo zonqulo lomgaqo-siseko kunye nentelekelelo yobuthixo engokhethelwakheleleyo. Udibaniso lwesizwe lubonisa unqulo loburhulumente boluntu: alukho ubuThixo okanye urhulumente obuqhelekileyo, kodwa luyingxube yemi, kodwa luyingxube apho unqulo lwezopoliti.

Impembelelo Kumqondiso Wesinyithi SaseMerika

Ukunyamekela Imilinganiselo Ekwabelana Ngayo Ngaphaya Kwayo

Isifungo somongameli sisebenza njengesithethe esimanyanisayo esingaphaya kocalucalulo kunye nolwahlulo lwengingqi. Kuhlanga olwahlukeneyo lwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-330, umsitho wesifungo unika ithutyana lokuqwalasela ngokumanyeneyo. Xa umongameli ephinda amazwi, wonke umongameli wangaphambili wenze njalo ngqa "uGeorge Washington ukuya kuJoe Biden" ukulungiselela umtyaba wokuqhubeka okukhusela igama lohlanga. Le sithethe sinamandla ngokukhethekileyo ngexesha lokuguqula iqela ukuya kwelinye, xa ukufuduselwa koxolo kwegunya kusenziwa phambi kwabaphulaphuli bomhlaba wonke.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo sonqulo sithetha isifungo esiqhelekileyo somnqweno wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Kwanabemi abangengonqulo bangabuqonda ubunzulu besithembiso se "soulemn". Isifungo sisebenza ngolo hlobo njenge "sikomfa elingcwele" (ukuboleka ibinzana elivela kuNancy Ammerman wezentlalo) elibopha umongameli kwilindelo lokuziphatha kwabantu. Ukungathobeli kwesifungo ```njenge-pejury'' okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla'.) kuqwalaselwa njengokungavisisani kwetyala elingcwele, njengoko kuboniswa ngokwezityholo ezidla ngokucaphula isifungo njengomgangatho wehambo.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala: Imicu Ngexesha Lobunzima Besizwe

Izifungo eziliqela zomongameli ziye zaba nentsingiselo engakumbi yomfuziselo ebudeni beemeko ezinzima, zikhuthaza unqulo lwasekuhlaleni ngamaxesha esisongelo.

  • uAbraham Lincoln (1861 kunye no1865): Isifungo sokuqala sikaLincoln sathatyathwa phantsi kwethunzi lokungalawuleki. Waqukumbela idilesi yakhe ngokufaka isibongozo ku "iiingcinga zenkumbulo" kunye "iingelosi ezingcono zendalo yethu"" ulwimi olusuka kwimifanekiso yasekuhlaleni. [uluvo lwakhe lwesibini, iiveki ezimbalwa phambi kokubulawa kwakhe, lwalandelwa yintetho eyacaphula iSibhalo yaza yabeka imfazwe yoMbini njengesohlwayo yobuthixo ngenxa yobukhoboka.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933 kunye no 1945): Isifungo sokuqala se-FDR safika kubunzulu bokwehla kolawulo olukhulu koxinzelelo lwehlabathi. Umgca wakhe odumileyo "ekuphela kwento esimele simoyike yiyo" ekhuthaza inkalipho yokuziphatha eyayihambisana nemixholo yonqulo lwamaqumrhu okukhulula abantu. Eyesine yabanjwa kwindlu yabamhlophe ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II, kunye nomsitho oqhelekileyo owashiya umboniso oqhelekileyo, igxininisa ukunikezelwa kwedini kunye nokuqhubeka.
  • John F. Kennedy (1961): Kennedy] isifungo sikaKennedy sasingosokuqala ethatyathwe ngumongameli wamaKatolika, owacel ’ umngeni umProtestanti owenziwe ngonqulo lwabemi. Idilesi yakhe yayinebinzana elinomfanekiso-mifanekiso elithi "Buza ukuba ilizwe lakho lingakwenzela ntoni kuwe," elithi lifake umsebenzi wesizwe kwimiqathango yenkolo.
  • George W. Bush (2001 kunye no 2005): Isifungo sokuqala somTsha senzeka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva konyulo losuku lobu 2000, kwaye intetho yakhe yagxininisa umanyano kunye "nozibopho olutsha loburhulumente". Isifungo sakhe sesibini sokusungula ngo 2005, emva kohlaselo olungu-9/11, sabiza "abantu abanyuliweyo" umfanekiso kwaye sathetha ngokunweba inkululeko emhlabeni wonke/umzekelo ocacileyo wenjongo yonqulo lwamakhaya.
  • UBarack Obama (2009 kunye no 2013): Isifungo sokuqala sika-Oma sasiyimbali ukuba silawulwa nguMphathi wokuqala wase-Afrika (John Roberts) kunye neNtloko yokuqala yeSigqeba (uJohn Roberts) kunye neNyama yeBhayibhile yeLincoln. Isihlwele esikhulu kwiMall kunye nomxholo "ithemba" kunye "uvuso" saqalwa kwimbali yonqulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela esi sifungo esivisisana ngayo nomongo ngoxa sisenza umsebenzi waso: ukumisela umongameli njengenkokeli yezokuziphatha nezobupolitika yesizwe.

Uchazo lwe-oath nolomGaqo-siseko

Ngaphaya komsitho, isifungo sikwabumba intetho esemthethweni neyezobupolitika. Abameli basoloko bebhekisela kwizifungo zabo xa bethethelela izigqibo zomgaqo-siseko okanye becela inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, ukukhusela kuka-Andrew Jackson ukususwa kwamaNdiya kwachaza umsebenzi wakhe "wokukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko" njengoko wayewuqonda. URichard Nixon wathetha isifungo sakhe wayefuna ukuba akhusele ukhuseleko lwesizwe ngexesha leWatergate. Ngo-2020, uJoe Biden wabongoza ngokucacileyo "imbopheleleko engcwele kumGaqo-siseko" kwidilesi yakhe yokuqala. Oku kuphindaphinda kubonisa indlela esi sifungo esiba ngayo isifungo esinguvimba ophendulayo umlawuli onegunya eliphakamileyo kwimithetho elawulayo kumgaqo womgaqo-mthetho.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo siye sasetyenziswa kwimpikiswano engokwasemthethweni ngamandla obungameli. Kwimeko yonyaka wama- 1974 yaseUnited States v. Nixon, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yala isaziso sikaNixon sokuba unegunya elipheleleyo, inxalenye kwizizathu zokuba isifungo sikamongameli simnyanzelisa ukuba "anyamekele ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokuthembeka. Ngokunjalo, kwityala lama-20202020 kaDonald Trump, abaphathi beHomee, baphikisa ngelithi uTrump waphuluk ’ umlomo wakhe ngokucela ukungenelwa kwelo loburhulumente basemzini. Isifungo sisebenza njengebala lomgangatho wehambo, siqinisekisa imbono yokuba umongameli uthembekile, hayi ilayisense.

Iingxoxo Zale Mihla Nekamva Lendawo Yokuhlala

Ukungakhathalelwa Kwehlabathi Kuphikisana Nesithethe Sonqulo

Kumazwe akwisininzi nangokonqulo athe gqolo nangoko amanani akwilizwe laseMelika, ibinzana elithi "Undincede uThixo" liye lafumana ukugxekwa ngabangeyonkolo abaphikisayo. Abanye abalawuli baye bakhetha ukungasebenzisi iBhayibhile okanye ukongeza ibinzana. Umzekelo, ngo-2017 Donald Trump wasebenzisa iiBhayibhile ezimbini (ka-Abraham noLincoln) kwaye wathi "Undincede uThixo," kodwa kunyaka wama-2021 uJoe Biden wasebenzisa iBhayibhile kwaye waquka ibinzana. Unyulo lusaqhubeka nokuqhutywa kwesithethe okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwimibhiyo yehlabathi. Ukuba oomongameli bexesha elizayo baya kuqhubeka bengumbuzo ocacileyo. Naluphi utshintsho olubonakala lungaphikisa ngendima yonqulo kubomi basekuhlaleni.

Isifungo Ngamaxesha Esimo Sengxaki YomGaqo-siseko Eqondwayo

Bambi abaphengululi balumkisa ngelithi ubungcwele besifungo buye bapheliswa kukuhlatyelwa kwemithetho esezantsi. Xa oomongameli besithi isifungo siyinto nje engaqhelekanga okanye xa inxalenye enkulu yoluntu ingakuqondi ukuba unyulo lufanelekile, amandla amanyanisayo esithethe. Unyulo lwama-2020 kunye nohlaselo lukaCapitol lubalaselisa ukuchasana okunzulu. Kodwa isibakala sokuba eso sifungo sasisasetyenziswa, kwanoko uMongameli Biden wasichaza ngokucacileyo isifungo sakhe kwiziphumo, kwakhona sibonakalisa ukumanyana. Unqulo lwamakhaya lungaphikiswa, kodwa lusenokuhlala lunempembelelo kwisizwe esizichazayo.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli sokusekwa kwesikhundla sisenzo esifutshane kodwa esinzulu somGaqo-siseko waseMerika kunye nonqulo lwabemi. Sisekelwe kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko, ohonjiswe ziinkulungwane zesithethe, kwaye uxinzelele ngentsingiselo yonqulo neyokuziphatha, esi sifungo sidibanisa igama ngalinye lomongameli nemigaqo yesizwe esisiseko. Lixesha apho umongameli eba yiyo nje inginkokeli yezobupolitika kodwa uphawu lokuzibophelela ngokwesigqeba kumGaqo-siseko, qhamshela-a ngokwalo olusebenza njengombhalo ongcwele kunqulo lwamakhaya lwaseMerika. Njengoko uhlanga luqhubeka luneenjongo engakumbi, isifungo siya kuqhubeka siguquka. Kodwa umsebenzi walo ongundoqo uza kuquququze kulawulo lomthetho nomgangatho ophezulu, inkululeko kunye nomanyano olungaphezulu, kunye nomanyano olubaluleke namhlanje njengoko kwakunjalo ngowe-19889.

[[FLT: 0] ngokuphinda-phinda ifundeka: Abalawuli besizwe banika umbhalo opheleleyo womgaqo-siseko ( iNkomfa yoMbutho waseUnited States). IKomiti eManyeneyo yeKhomishoni yeNgqungquthela inika iinkcukacha zembali ([] JCIC'IIN [[FLT:]]]). Umnqophiso we-N. U-Robert N. Bellah's projectivesting ikhona kwingitha yoluvo lwezo ze-Protoliki ye-Platenethi ([[[FLT:]]][FLT]][FLT:]