Imvelaphi Yamalungelo Asisiseko Nendaleko

Ingcamango yamalungelo asisiseko eUnited States isuka kwisithethe esityebileyo somthetho wendalo, umthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani, kunye neengcamango zokukhanyiselwa ezazibangela isizukulwana sokuFunda. Xa umGaqo-siseko wabhaliswa ngo1787, abalayishi bejolise ekuyileni urhulumente olinganiselweyo onamagunya, kodwa abathunywa abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba umthetho wamalungelo wawungalufuni mfuneko kuba urhulumente wesizwe wayenganikwanga igunya kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Kodwa ukungabikho kokhuseleko olucacileyo olubangele impikiswano enkulu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekukhuthalisweni kweshumi lokuqala lama-andendments (iBhili yamaLungelo-14). Le mvume yayisetyenziswa ngurhulumente worhulumente wodwa, ummiselo ogxininisweNkuNkuNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo [FLD].[FL.[10] [181]

Ukuqulunqwa koMphetho-Mgaqo weshumi elinesine we-1868 kwaguqula ubume bamalungelo asisiseko. NgeSicwangciso sayo se-Ault Clausle, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa, okanye “yayifaka,” imimiselo emininzi yeBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe, iqala nge , iCicago, iBurlington & Lampmp; i-Chicantil Railroad Co. v. [[FLT]] [1897] [1897] kummandla ophakamileyo kwaye i-enze ingxube phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-20. Imfundiso ekhethayo inguququlungiso iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo athathwa “kwingcamango yenkululeko ecwangcisiweyo" anyanzeleke ngokuchasene norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukuphembelela konqulo olukhululekileyo, kunye nokuphembelela okungekho ngqiqweni kwendaleko. Izenzo zomthetho zezentlalo, kunye nezenzo zobulungisa zobulungisa, kunye neenkqubo zobulungisa.

Amalungelo asisiseko avunywa phantsi komGaqo-siseko

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukwalela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ekubekeni imvume yokuthetha. Oku kukhusela kuvumela abantu ukuba bathethe izimvo, bagxeke urhulumente, babandakanye kwintetho yobugcisa neyezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuzinqanda. Noko ke, ilungelo aliphelelanga. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqule iindidi zokuthetha okungakhuselekanga, kuquka ukukhuthaza ukuququzelela ukuchaswana kokungathobeli komthetho (] Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969ase]), ukuhlazisa, ukuhlazisa, ukuhlamba, nokulwa kwamagama. Iminyaka yanamhlanje iphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yokuba amaqulunqe amaqumrhu amaqumrhu anxibelela unxibelelwano asekuhlaleni ayimiqatha, indlela yokulawula i-Greainformation, kunye nemidaba yemishoni yezente ezwe eekhomputhayo elandela [[FLT:]] .[FTPLD] i-0]

Inkululeko Yonqulo

ISigqibo Sokuqala siqulethe amabinzana amabini onqulo. Ukumiselwa kobu rhulumente kuyalela urhulumente ekuvumeleni okanye ekumiseni unqulo olusemthethweni, ngelixa i-Free Express Claus ikhusela ilungelo lokusebenzisa (okanye ukungaqheliseli) naluphi na ukholo. Iimeko zokuphawula ezifana [] . IVerner[ [1993] [193] [[FLT]]] kunye [FLT]] ikhusela uDidi lwe-Inani le-Impraiseko. Smith[[FLT][FFF:3] [1990]] [iiikhululo liye lalungisa uvavanyo lwexesha lokusebenza konqulo xa kungenziwa lungxeko-cazelo.[4] [iirggneence][4]

Ilungelo Lokuzifunela Uwedwa Nokuzimela

Nangona igama elithi “privolv" lingaveli kuMgaqo-siseko, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yalamkela ilungelo elisisiseko lokuzimela imfihlo kwiyokuqala, yesine, yesihlanu, neyeshumi elinesine Izigqibo zokwandiswa. Griswold v. Connecticut[[[FL:] [1965]] [195]) yawisa umthetho onqabela ukuthintela ukuthintela ukuthintela ukukhawula isibini esitshatileyo, i-Dobs. Vv [FFFFF:5] Intlangano yamabhinqa. [[FLT] [12] [12] [12] [iiindawo engaphezulu].[3] [iii-FT] [egroggle] [e, ikhupha umgaqo-mzekelo oluphezulu lokhuseleko lomzimba, ukhuseleko oluphezulu kulawulo oluphezulu, ukhuseleko oluphezulu loburhulumente loburhulumente, ulunyusolu luhlu oluphantsi oluphantsi lwezelelwe phantsi koburhulumente loburhulumente.[Fodwa , umgaqo-o

Imodeli Yomthetho

IsiHlanzo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho, kwaye iPhinda iNkqubo ye-14th Amendment inyusa olu khuseleko kumazwe. Inkqubo elindelekileyo inemilinganiso emibini: inkqubela efunekayo (isaziso kunye nokuva okufanelekileyo) kunye nenkqubo efunekayo (ukukhusela okungalawulwayo norhulumente okuphazamisa inkululeko esisiseko). Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba urhulumente asuse inzala efana nentlalo, amalungelo omzali, okanye imvume yomqhubi, kufuneka inike isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa ngokwaneleyo. Inkqubo efunekayo efunekayo isetyenziswe ukuqaphela amalungelo anjalo njengomtshato, ukuba ngumzali, nokuzisebenzela. Abagxeki bechasakuchasa imigaqo yokugweba, ngexa abakhuselwayo, ukukhusela iimpazamo eziyimfuneko. INkuvavanywa iNkuhlweni ibandakanya rhoqo.[4] [4]

Ukukhuselwa Kwemithetho Ngokulinganayo

ISikhuseli esilinganayo sika-Claus we-14th Amendment imiyalelo yokuba akukho rhulumente oza kukhanyela nabani na ongaphakathi kolawulo olulinganayo lwemithetho. Sisixhobo esingundoqo somgaqo-siseko sokuvavanya ucalucalulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola kuxhomekeka kulwahlulo: uhlolo olungqongqo lohlanga, lwesizwe, kunye nolokungahambi; ukuhlolwa okuphakathi kwe-sthsuphelo sobufana kunye nomthetho-semthethweni; kwaye nesiseko esicacileyo sazo zonke ezinye iindidi ezikhoyo. [[FLT:] [16] [1967], ezithi ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo.[FLT] [2] [iFFFFF] [5] [5], ezithi zinciphekelele i-Rhoverse-flavet, i-freansze i-freans.[5]

Ekunene Ukuphatha Izixhobo

IsiHlanzo sesibini sikhusela “ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izixhobo.” Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ulungiso lwaqondwa ukukhusela ilungelo elidibeneyo elidibene nemikhosi, kodwa iSixeko saseColumbia v. Heller [2008] [iNkundla ePhakamileyo], ithe yafumana ukuba ilungelo alinxulumaniswanga nenkonzo yemikhosi. Mc Donald v. [[FLT][FLT] [20]] [2010] idityaniswe eli lungelo nxamnye namaphondo. Inkundla ikhuphe izigwebo ezithwayo kuwonke wonke ([FLD: 4, NW]) umkhosi wobuzwilatho, i-Rhostriokt, ikhupha iziphumo zezixhobo zompumenti, i-orventi eqhubekayo, ukuvavanywa kwemivu yezonga. [injini eqhubeka, i-orl.]

Ukukwazi Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kukhetho

Nangona uMgaqo-siseko washiya iimfaneleko zokuvota ekuqaleni kumaphondo, uthotho lweziphene lwandisa i-suffgethi: i-Prefeth (umzila) yeshumi elinesihlanu, ishumi elinesithoba (ulawulo lomphambili), i-Amashumi amabini-Fourth (irhafu yomhlaba), kunye namashumi amabini anesibhozo-Sixteth). Ilungelo lokuvota lilungelo elingundoqo phantsi kweSikhuseli sokhuseleko esilinganayo sika-Faka ka-19564, njengoko limiselwe kwi [[FL:] Reynolds v. [[FFFFFF]] [3]] [1964], elifuna ukuba imimandla yesizwe yomthetho yokulawula ilingana nabantu. Umthetho obekiweyoMkhosi uninzi umkhosi u-Mongameli uyaqhubeka ukuvumela ukulwa kwe-R.[4] I-Devisposethikethikethi ye-od , i-offactived proutmentsting prout transmession.[4] i-moclation

Amanye Amalungelo Asisiseko Asetyenziswayo

INkundla ikwawamkele amalungelo okhuseleko lomtshato, ukuvelisa, ukuzala, nokuhamba kwelizwe elinye. Akukho nanye exeliweyo kodwa ehambayo ukusuka kwisakhiwo nakwimbali yomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, Shapiro v. Thompson[ [1969] (iiimfuno zokuhlala ixesha elide) ezingento intle, ukucaphula ilungelo elisisiseko lokuhamba. Njengoko izithethe zoluntu ziqhubeka ziphikisa ukuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo amatsha asisiseko, njengasekunene kwemfundo, ukufikelela kwindawo ecocekileyo, okanye kwi-intanethi. Ukufikelela kwezo ndlela zokuzingeniswa kobunonophelo, ukukhumbula okokuba kufunekelwe kumgangatho obanzi.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo: Ukutolika Nemfundiso

Umgangatho we Scrutiny

Xa ityala lomthetho linelungelo elisisiseko, iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlolo olungqongqo olungqongqo, oluphezulu lovavanyo logwebo. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho usebenza umdla onyanzelisayo wombuso kwaye ulungiselelwe ngokumfutshane ukufikelela loo mdla. Imithetho ekhethayo esekelwe kuhlanga nayo ixhomekeke ekuqwalaseleni ngokungqongqo. Imithetho ethwele umthwalo wamalungelo angengawo angokwengqondo okanye amaqela afana nobudala okanye ubulwelwelwe bufumana kuphela ingqwalaselo ecacileyo, apho umthetho uthenjiswa ukuba ufanelekile ukuba unxulumene nomdla kwinzala esemthethweni esemthethweni. Le ndlela ilungeleleneyo iziphumo: inkoliso yemithetho ebekwe phantsi kovavanyo olungqongqo iyasilela, ngoxa inkoliso yendlela ekhoyo.

Imfundiso yokuHlakulelwa noMphetho-nkqubo weshumi elinesine

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, i-Gast Process Claus ye-14th Amendment ibisisisithuthi sokusebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo eSixeko esiqinisekisa amaphondo. IJaji Cardozo kwi-Palko v.Connecticut (137]) yachaza uvavanyo njengokuba ilungelo liyintoni “kumgaqo wenkululeko egunyazisiweyo.” Ukukhetha ukuqululeka kwenkululeko yetyala ngokwetyala; ngoo 1960, iNkundla yeWarrenberg ifake phantse yonke imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Amalungiselelo angundoqo angakabiswanga nje yiSithathu (indawo e-Ofitwe), izindululo eziphezulu zabagwebi zomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokugweba-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho we-Genearselder kwiimeko ezingaphezulu-182020. Inkqubo ye-19206, i-o-omistrimen) yesizwe sesizwe sesizwe sombuthotho yesizwe sesizwe.

Inkcazo yomgaqo-siseko ophilayo ngokuchaseneyo.

Ukutolikwa kwamalungelo asisiseko kuphenjelelwa kakhulu yintanda-bulumko yokugweba. Abameli be- “mGaqo-siseko ophilayo” baphikisa ngelithi ulwimi olubanzi kufuneka luguquke kunye nebutho labantu, luvumela iinkundla ukuba ziwamkele amalungelo amatsha afana nomtshato okanye ubumfiliba. Izakwalizwi, njengoJaji wamva Antonin Scalia kunye noJaji uClarence Thomas, bagxininisa ukuba amalungelo amele asekelwe kwintsingiselo yokuqala yombhalo wesigqeba. [FLT: 0] Krumsks isigqibo esibonisa ukurhoxa kwendlela ephilayo yokuqhomfa, ukugxininisa imbali nesithethe. Le mfazwe yentandabulumko idlalwa ekuqinisekisweni kwelizwi, ulwazi, nentetho kawonke, yenza iNkundlalo ePhakamileyo yenkundla yokugqiba amalungelo engundoqo.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano Zexesha Elidluleyo

Ubuxhakaxhaka namalungelo amanani

Iminyaka yamanani inikeza imibuzo emitsha ephathelele ubumfiliba, ubuchule bokuthetha, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Uqokelelo lorhulumente lwemida yemida (ACLU v. Capper, 2015), ukusetyenziswa kolwazi lobuso ngomthetho wokunyanzelisa, kunye nokukhowuda zonke iingxoxo zivavanya umgaqo-siseko okhoyo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [[FLT: 2] Carpeenter v. United States (20) (20) ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente jikelele ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela indawo yogcino-lwazi olungokwembali, iqonda ukuba iingxelo zeminyaka zinika ingxelo esengqiqweni ekuzibopheleleni kweze-mfihlolo. Ngokuhamba kwemiboniso yolawulo lwezobuculo kunye nee-thematili zobugcisa.

Ungeniso Lwamalungelo omntu Emva [[UKROT]

Ukusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo Ukukhusela okuchaseneyo nomthetho. ngo-2022] kwabuyisela umthetho wokuqhomfa kumaphondo, okuphumela ekusetyenzisweni kwemithetho. Amanye amazwe aye amisela ukuvalwa kokususwa komjelo wokukhawula, ngoxa amanye aye ayikhusela. Ukulawula kwaphakamisa amathandabuzo malunga nekamva lenkqubo elindelekileyo, kuquka ukufikelela kokuthintela ukuthintela ([]Grisrold[]) kunye nolwalamano olusondelele ([[FLT:]] kunye nolunye olusuka kumthetho ([FLTLT]]]) umthetho othe siseko somthetho ([FLTLT]) ukhuphiso oluthelelweyo lwezopoliti. [Umthetho oluthelelweyo]). Umthetho womthetho woluvo lwamathelela ulawulo lwe-CD - , umthetho-Active .[Flactives] [fk] [flk] [flk] [fl

Ukudlulisela Amalungelo Nengqibelelo Yokhetho

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwabonwa igandla lemithetho ye-ID karhulumente ebeka imfuno zovota, ilinganisela ii-imeyili ekuvoteni, kunye nokutsala kwakhona iimaphu zesithili. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke umda ekufikeleleni koMthetho wamaLungelo kwaye ivumela ukulwa okungalunganga kwegunya nelungelo elingundoqo lokuvota. Amaqela ajongeneyo ayaqhubeka ecela imiqathango phantsi kwe-Claus Ekhuselayo, uLawulo lokuqala, uMmiselo Wokuqala, kunye no-2 wamaLungu. Isigqibo seNkunga lokuNkunga e- ```````````']].

Ukuthetha Ngokukhululeka Kwindawo Kawonke - wonke Yanamhlanje

Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle athe aba zizibonelelo ezintsha zedolophu, kodwa isimo sawo njengezinto ezizimeleyo ezibangela uHlaziyo Lokuqala. INkundla isoloko ikholelwa ukuba iinkampani zabucala azingobadlali basemthethweni ababotshelelwe yiSigqibo Sokuqala Sokwenziwa. Noko ke, imithetho yakutshanje eTexas nase Florida ezama ukulawula ubungcathu obunewukileyo ibangele uvukelo. Izigqibo zeNkundla Mody v. NALC, LLC[FLD:1] [2024] kunye [[FLT:]] NetCIce, LLT, LLC.[FFF].[3][FLT] [20] zithetha ngobuso bemithetho ephambili yemithetho elawula imothelizolwazi olulawula icandelo lokuthetha.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo asisiseko kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. anika isiseko esibalulekileyo senkululeko yomntu ngamnye norhulumente olinganiselweyo. Ukusukela kwiBhili yantlandlolo yamaLungelo ukuya kwiingcaciso ezibanzi zoMphetho-nkqubo we-14, ezi migaqo yokhuseleko iye yatshintshwa ngenxa yomzabalazo wembali, ukuqiqa, kunye nokuzibophelela kwezentlalo-ntle. Azifuni ukuqwala, kufuneka zihlale zikho, zivukelwe, zikulungele ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha. Ukuqonda iimvelaphi zentanda-ntanda-bulumko, indaleko, kunye nocelomngeni lwangoku lweenkqubo ezisisiseko kubaluleke kakhulu kummi ngamnye. Njengoko uhlanga luqhubeka luzama ukuxabana nemibuzo yokulingana, ukuzimela, nenkululeko, umGaqo-siseko uhlala ukho uxwebhu olukhokelayo kunye nokhuphiswano xwebhu oluneyo amalungelo asisiseko kufuneka luqwalaniswe ngokuqhubekayo.

[[NTLL:0] Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i- i-Aconsitution kwithala leencwadi leBhunga, iCornell yeSikolo soLwimi soLwiso lweSikolo [, okanye Oyez[] ukwenzela ukushwankathela kwemeko nempikiswano zomlomo.