Table of Contents

Oko Kumele Kwenziwe Kubomi Bamihla Le

Imodeli ingumgaqo osisiseko omiselwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine. Iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuhlutha nawuphi na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kokulandela iinkqubo zobulungisa nezimiselwe ngokusemthethweni. Lo mgaqo usebenza njengesikhuselo nxamnye nesenzo sorhulumente esizimeleyo kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafumane isaziso, ithuba lokuviwa, kunye noMenzi wesigqibo sobundilele phambi kokuba bathathelwe nasiphi na isenzo esibi.

Abantu abaninzi bathatha imigaqo efanelekileyo kuphela kwimicimbi ephambili yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho okanye amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo. Enyanisweni, inkqubo efanelekileyo ichaphazela abantu abaqhelekileyo yonke imihla. Ukusuka ekuchotshelweni kwezakhono nezenzo zoqeqesho kwisikolo ukuya kwiimbambano zezinto kunye nezigqibo zobugcisa, imigaqo efanelekileyo yokukhusela iqinisekisa ukuba kungenatyala kwiimeko ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni nakwezolawulo. Ukuqonda indlela ezikhuselwayo ezisebenza ngayo kwimiba yehlabathi lokwenene kunceda abemi baqaphele amalungelo abo baze bagcine amaziko karhulumente etyala.

Isiseko Sembali Senkqubo Efaneleyo

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo ibuyela emva kwiMagna Carta yowe-1215, eyaveza ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo ongohlwaywa ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Olu xwebhu lwesiseko lwaveza umgaqo wokuba umlawuli ophakamileyo makalandele imithetho emiselweyo kunokuba asebenze ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wazilungisa ezi nqanaba, awathi kamva amakoloni aseMerika azamkela aza andisa.

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo efunekayo kwiindawo ezimbini ezingundoqo. UHlomelo lwesihlanu lusebenza kurhulumente wesizwe, luchaza ukuba akukho mntu uza kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. UMthetho wokuHlaziywa kweMigaqo weshumi elinesine udlulisela lo mqathango mnye koorhulumente.

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bahlula inkqubo eyiyo ibe ziindidi ezimbini. iprojectedeeeeeeement [ ijolise kwiindlela kunye neenkqubo urhulumente amele azilandele phambi kokuba ahlube umntu othile onenzala ekhuselekileyo. Oku kuquka isaziso, ithuba lokuviwa, kunye nenkundla elungileyo. Spubstiveectioneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeement [[] ikhusela amalungelo athile angundoqo ekuphazameni kukarhulumente, kwanaxa kulandelwa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Zombini iiklani zisebenza kunye ukukhusela abantu ngabanye kwinginyazo zikarhulumente.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho limela eyona ndawo ibonakalayo apho kusetyenziswa ukhuseleko. Xa urhulumente etyhola umntu wolwaphulo-mthetho, izibonda ziphezulu kakhulu, zinokuba negalelo elibandakanya ukuphulukana nenkululeko okanye ubomi ngokwabo. Iimfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zidala isakhiwo esilungelelanisa amandla karhulumente nxamnye namalungelo omntu otyholwayo.

Isaziso sokuzityala

Phambi kokuba nasiphina isaphuli-mthetho siqhubeke, ummangalelwa kufuneka afumane isaziso esicacileyo ngezityholo abekwe zona. Esi saziso kufuneka sichaze isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esityholwayo kwaye sichaze umthetho ochaphazelekileyo otyholwayo. UVague okanye isaziso esinganele sophula inkqubo efunekayo kuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuzilungiselela ngokwaneleyo ingqwalaselo engayazi kakuhle into amele asabele kuyo.

Ilungelo Lokululekwa

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banelungelo lokumela isigwebo esisemthethweni. Gideon v. Wainright (1963), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi, xa ithetha ukuba kufuneka kunikwe amagqwetha abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula amatyala angekho mthethweni. Inkundla yaqiqa ukuba amagqwetha enkundleni ayimfuneko, hayi ubunewunewu. Kamva izigqibo zandisa eli lungelo ukuya kumatyala apho ixesha lokuvalelwa linokwenzeka. Xa eli lungelo liphulwa, ityala kufuneka liphendulwe, njengoko kujongwe kwizigwebo ezingenakubalwa zigwebo apho abamangali belulwe khona.

Iimfuno Zokuvavanywa Ezifanelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aqhutywe phambi kwabagwebi nabagwebi abangakhethi cala. Abameli kufuneka babe nethuba lokunikela ubungqina, amangqina anqamlezileyo, kunye nokuvavanya ityala lomtshutshisi. Umthetho wokuthatyathwa kwetyala, othintela ukusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kobungqina ekuthethweni, usebenza njengenkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela ukungaziphathi kakuhle kwamapolisa. Xa amapolisa ephula amalungelo e-mGaqo-siseko ngexesha lophando, ubungqina obubangelwa bungenakusetyenziswa ukukhusela iinkolelo.

Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene: Ukuvuselelwa kokungakholelwa okuphosakeleyo

Imeko ye Donum Drum ibonisa indlela elungileyo yokuphulwa kwemithetho echaphazelekayo okungakhokelela ngayo kwiziphumo eziyingozi. U Drumm wagwetywa ngokubulala eTexas ngenxa yobubungqina obunesiphene nokugweba ityala. Emva kokuchitha iminyaka kumgca wokufa, wagwetywa xa umenzi wezona nto evuma. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba ityala alibuphumeleli ubungqina obucacileyo bokukhupha ityala, inkqubo ecacileyo yokwaphula umthetho phantsi [[FLT:]] Brady v. Maryland [196]]). Le meko ibonisa isizathu sokuba urhulumente kufuneka wabelane ubungqina obulungileyo nabamangalelwayo.

Ngokwe Iziko lesizwe leNkundla yeRhulumente, ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho luye lwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo kwisiqingatha senkulungwane edluleyo, iinkundla ziqhubeka ziphanda amapolisa nehambo yokumangalela ukuqinisekisa okusisiseko kokusesikweni.

Ukufumana ibhari kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho aphela ngokufaka isingxengxezo kunezivavanyo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo isasebenza kule meko. Abakhuseli kufuneka bangene ezicelweni ngokuzithandela, benokuqonda okupheleleyo kwezityholo neziphumo. Kufuneka baziswe ngeziphumo ezinokwenzeka zokufuduka, njengoko zimiselwe kwi- Padilla v. Kentucky [2010]. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba izivumelwano ziyazi kwaye zikrelekile, azinyanzelelwa ziintsokothelo okanye inkohliso.

Ukuviwa Kwabaphathi

Amagosa karhulumente aqhuba izigidi zeenkundla zolawulo nyaka ngamnye, ecombulula iingxabano ezinxulumene neengenelo, amalayisenisi, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Ukungaqeshwa Kuyingenelo Ekuphulaphuleni

Xa amazwe engafuni ukuba kungenelwe ukungaqeshwa, abo bathenjiweyo kufuneka bafumane isaziso sokukhanyelwa kwetyala kunye nethuba lokucel ’ umngeni isigqibo ekuchotshelweni. Ezi ngxoxo zivumela abamangaleli ukuba banikele ubungqina, bameme amangqina, baze baphikisane nesizathu sokuba bafanelekele ukufumana iingenelo. Igosa elivayo kufuneka lingathathi cala-calucalulo lisekelwe kwisigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina obunikezisweyo. Ukuba urhulumente ukhanyela umntu ngaphambi kokuphelisa iingenelo, iinkundla ziya kuya kuyalela ukuba iingenelo ezibuyiselwe kwimicimbi efanelekileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, umqeshwa owaphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe kwaye wabonwa njengongenamsebenzi ukuze kungenelwe umele afumane isaziso esibhaliweyo esichaza isizathu sokukhanyela. Kufuneka anikwe umhla wokuva apho anokunikela khona amaxwebhu, angqine, kwaye azise amangqina ukubonisa ukuba ahlangabezana neemfuno ezinokufezeka. Ngaphandle kwezi zikhuseli zendalo, umqeshwa omnye wesebe angaqhatha qhazelisana neenzuzo ngaphandle kokuvelela.

Iimpikiswano Ezingoochwepheshe

Oogqirha, amagqwetha, iimbaleki, kunye nezinye izifundiswa ezijongene nenyathelo loqeqesho zinelungelo lokuqhuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba amalayisensi abo asuswe okanye arhoxiswe. Ibhodi ye-insels kufuneka inike isaziso ngehambo engafanelekanga etyholwayo, ityhile ubungqina obuchasene nogqirha, ize iqulunqe ityala apho ingcali inokuzikhusela khona.

Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi naphambi kwesigqibo sokugqibela, uhlobo oluthile lokuva luyafuneka xa isenzo sikarhulumente sinokubangela ubunzima obunzima. Lo mgaqo usebenza ngamandla akhethekileyo xa izifundiswa zijongene nelayisensi enokuthi itshabalalise indlela yazo yokuziphilisa.

Ukungevani Kwendlela Abantu Abakhuseleke Ngayo

Abamangaleli abalwamkelayo iingenelo zoKhuseleko loLuntu bangacela ukuchotshelwa phambi komgwebi womthetho olawulayo. Ezi zimvo zivumela abamangaleli ukuba banikele ubungqina kwezonyango, ubungqina, neembono zobuchule ezixhasa iziphumo zabo zesiphene. Ijaji yomthetho wezolawulo kufuneka iqwalasele bonke ubungqina ize inike isigqibo esibhaliweyo sokuchaza indlela yokuqiqa. Ukuba ijaji ayizi rekhodi okanye iyasilela ukuchaza ngokufanelekileyo isigqibo, iBhunga lezibheno lingasiguqula okanye lisibuyisele esi tyala.

[[NTL:0] Ukhokelo lokhuseleko lokwalathisa lugxininisa ukuba abathi banelungelo lokumela ekuvinyweni, ukuhlola iifayile zemeko zabo, nokubonisa amangqina akhoyo, abonakalisa imilinganiselo efunekayo yenkqubo esetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zolawulo.

Izigqibo ZobuGcisa Nezamayeza

Xa iinkqubo zempilo zikarhulumente zingakuvumeli ukukhutshwa konyango lwezamayeza, abo bafumana isaziso kunye nethuba lokubhenela. Oku kubhena kubandakanya ukuva apho imfuneko yezonyango inokusekwa ngobungqina obungobuchule noxwebhu. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ithintela ukukhanyelwa ngokungeyomfuneko konyango lobomi kwaye iqinisekisa izigqibo zezamayeza zisekelwe kubungqina, hayi kwizinto eziluncedo.

Amalungelo oMhlaba noMmandla oPhakathi

IsiHlanzi soHlanu soHlaziyo sifuna ukuba impahla yabucala ingabikho ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke ngaphandle kwembuyiselo. Oku kuthabatha igalelo, kudityaniswe nenkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela, kudala isakhiwo esiqinileyo esinokhuseleko xa urhulumente esebenzisa igunya eliphezulu lolawulo.

Ukuphawula Nokwenza Ucelomngeni

Phambi kokuba urhulumente athabathe impahla, kufuneka ayazise umniniyo aze anike ithuba lokucel ’ umngeni ukuthatha inkundla. Abanini-mpahla banokuphikisa ngelithi ukuthabatha ipropati akuphumeleli injongo kawonke-wonke, intlawulo enikelweyo ayinele, okanye ukuba urhulumente akanalo igunya elisemthethweni lokuthabatha loo ndawo. Iinkundla zihlola le mingeni ngaphambi kokuba zivumele ukuthathwa.

Iimfuno Zokwanelisa Kuphela

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba abanini-mpahla bafumane ixabiso elifanelekileyo lentengiso yempahla ethathiweyo. Le mbuyekezo mayinqulwe kwinkqubo esemthethweni apho umniniyo anganikela ubungqina bexabiso lempahla. Ukuba isithembiso sikarhulumente sokuqala asinele, umnini wendlu angachaza ityala lokulinganisela enkundleni. Kufuneka urhulumente ahlawule ngaphambi kokuba athabathe imbuyekezo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaniniyo abanyawe abanyamali banyanzelekanga ukuba balinde iminyaka emininzi ukuze bahlawule.

Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene: I-Kelo kunye nomva wayo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2005 v. IsiXeko saseNew London sadala impikiswano enkulu. Inkundla yathi inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho ifanelekele ukusetyenziswa nguwonke wonke phantsi kokuthatha u-Clause, ivumela isixeko ukuba sithathe impahla yaso ngokweprojekthi yabucala. Esi sigqibo sabangela ukuphithana ngenxa yokuba kubonakala sengathi sandisa igunya likarhulumente kwindleko yabanini bempahla. Ekuphenduleni, amazwe amaninzi adlulisela imithetho eqingqiweyo eqingqiweyo ukwenzela inkqubela yezoqoqosho, idala ukhuseleko olungakumbi olungaphaya koko kufunwa ngumGaqo-siseko.

Le meko ibonisa indlela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo olunokuguquka ngayo ngokutolikwa kwezahlulelo nangenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ibonakalisa ukutshintsha kweembono zoluntu ngamalungelo empahla kunye namandla karhulumente.

Inkqubela Kwimfundo

Abafundi baye bakhusela izilangazelelo kwimfundo yabo ezixhobisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo phambi kokuba izikolo zinyanzelise amanyathelo anzulu oqeqesho. Lo mmandla womthetho uye waphuhlisa ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Gos v. Lopez [19975], eyayikholelwa ukuba abafundi abajongene nokuthuthwa kufuneka bafumane isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa.

Ukuxinezeleka Kwabafundi Nokugxothwa

Phambi kokunqumamisa okanye ukugxotha umfundi, izikolo zikawonke-wonke kufuneka zinike isaziso esidluliselwa ngomlomo okanye esibhaliweyo ngezityholo kunye nengcaciso yobungqina. Umfundi kufuneka abe nethuba lokuchaza icala lakhe ngeli bali. Ukuze afumane ingxubusho emfutshane, ingxubusho engacwangciswanga nabalawuli besikolo isenokuba yanele. Ukuxoxwa okanye ukugxothwa okude, kusenokufuneka iinkqubo ezithe ngcembe eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo zokuva.

Iimpikiswano Zemfundo Ekhethekileyo

Abafundi abafumana iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo zemfundo phantsi koMthetho weDrugment Education Act (IDEA) unamalungelo amaninzi afanelekileyo. Izikolo kufuneka zinike abazali isaziso ngaphambi kokutshintsha indlela umntwana afundiswa ngayo okanye iinkonzo zakhe. Abazali bangacela ukuchotshelwa okufanelekileyo ukuze bacel ’ umngeni izigqibo zesikolo ezimalunga novavanyo, ubuqaqawuli, i-IEPs, kunye nezibonelelo. Ezi zimvo zibandakanya ukunikelwa kobungqina, ubungqina, kunye nezigqibo ezenziwa ngamagosa angakhethiyo.

Imithetho yeSebe lemfundo ye-IDEA ichaza iinkcukacha zentelekelelo yemfuza ekufuneka ifumaneke kubazali, kuquka i-mediation, izikhalazo zenkqubela-phambili, nelungelo lokubhenela kwizigqibo zokuva kwinkundla yenkundla yesizwe.

Uqeqesho Lwabafundi Abaneziphene

Abafundi abaneziphene abajongene nesenzo soqeqesho esiza kuphumela ekutshintsheni utshintsho lokubekwa kwenkqubo kufuneka bafumane uhlolo lokuzinzisa. Le nkqubo ifanelekileyo ifuna amaqela ezikolo ukufumanisa ukuba ukuziphatha okubi komfundi kubangelwa yisiphene sabo. Ukuba kunjalo, isikolo asinakunyanzela ukususwa ixesha elide kwaye kufuneka sivelise icebo longenelelo lwesimilo endaweni yoko.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kumsebenzi

Ngoxa umsebenzi wecandelo lobuqu udla ngokufunwa, abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banamalungelo afanelekileyo ngokuphathelele imisebenzi yabo. Abasebenzi bakarhulumente abanakugxothwa ngaphandle kwesaziso kunye nethuba lokusabela xa benomdla wempahla kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo.

Imveliso Yempahla Kumsebenzi

Abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke abanezivumelwano, ukusetyenziswa, okanye imigaqo-nkqubo emiselweyo eqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi oqhubekekayo uphumeze imfuno yempahla ukhuselwe yinkqubo efanelekileyo. Ngaphambi kokuba upheliswe, kufuneka bafumane isaziso esibhaliweyo sesenzo esicetyiweyo, ukutyhilwa kobungqina obuxhasa isigqibo, kunye nethuba lokuphendula. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya ukuchotshelwa kwangaphambili apho abasebenzi banokunikela icala labo.

Inkululeko Nesikhundla

Xa abaqeshi bakarhulumente bebhengeza ekuhleni izizathu zokuphelisa isidima somqeshwa, umqeshwa unomdla wenkululeko ekucoceni igama lakhe. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ngoko ifuna ukuva okucacileyo apho umqeshwa anokuvavanya izityholo ezihlazisayo. Oku kuthintela urhulumente ukuba atshabalalise igama lomntu oqeshiweyo ngaphandle kokubanika ithuba lokuzikhusela.

Inkqubela elindelekileyo kunikezelo

Ukususwa kwelizwe kubandakanya iinjongo eziphawulekayo zenkululeko kuba ukugxothwa kunokuzahlula iintsapho kuze kuthumele abantu kwiimeko eziyingozi. Ukukhuselwa okufanelekileyo kuyasebenza kwimicimbi yokufuduka, nangona umlinganiselo wenkuselo uye waliwa kwiinkundla.

Amalungelo okuphawula nawokuvakala

Abangajongani nokususwa kwetyala kufuneka bafumane isaziso ngetyala kunye nemihla yokuva. Banelungelo lokunikela ubungqina, ukuhlolisisa amangqina, nokufaka isicelo sokukhulula ekususweni. Abagwebi abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka banikele iindlebe ezingakhethiyo nezigqibo ezisisiseko kubungqina obunikezelwayo.

Ukufumana Icebiso

Iinkqubo zokuhlaliswa zinika ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni kwiindleko ezingangeniyo ebhenki. Ngelixesha urhulumente engafunwayo ukunikela isiluleko sesisa kwiimeko ezininzi zokufuduka, inkqubo efanelekileyo isenokufuna isiluleko esimiselweyo xa iziphumo zintsonkothile okanye xa ityala lingangeni lula. Iinkundla ziye zayiguqula imithetho yokususwa xa ityala lingafanelekanga ngenxa yokungalungisi kwamacebiso okanye ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga karhulumente.

Ungquzulwano lwenkqubo oluqhelekileyo

Ukubona ukuba abantu baphulwe ngokugqithisileyo kunceda abantu babone xa amalungelo abo echasiwe yaye ephulwe.

Ukusilela Ukunikela Isaziso Esaneleyo

Xa izenzo zikarhulumente zichaphazela amalungelo omntu, kufuneka bafumane isaziso esibalelwa ukubazisa ngengqiqo ityala. Ukuthumela isaziso kwidilesi ephosakeleyo, ukupapasha isaziso kwiindawo ezingaqondakaliyo, okanye ukusebenzisa iinkcazelo ezingacacanga zetyala konke okuchasene nale mfuneko. Mullane v. IBhanki yeHanover [1950], iNkundla ePhakathi yeNkunkulu imisele ukuba isaziso sikhawuleze sifikelele amaqela anomdla phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko.

Ukukhanyelwa komelo olusemthethweni

Abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula amagqwetha kufuneka bafumane isiluleko esimiselweyo. Ukuba abaxelelwanga ngeli lungelo okanye banyanzelekile ukuba balilahle, naluphi na ulwahlulelo oluvelayo alusebenzi. Oku kwaphula umthetho kudla ngokwenzeka kumatyala aphosakeleyo apho iinkundla zingawacebisi amalungelo abo.

Abenzi- Bezigqibo Abangalungiswanga

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna abenzi besigqibo sobundilele abangacalucalucalulo, abangenamdla wemali, okanye impembelelo engafanelekanga. Xa abagwebi beneengxuba-ngquzulwano zenzala, amagosa olawulo aphenjelelwa ngabatshutshisi, okanye amajaji ongcoliswe lusasazo lwejaji lwangaphambili, ityala laphula inkqubo efunekayo. ICaperton v. A.T. Masley Coal. [2009], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezomthetho ikholelwa ukuba abagwebi kufuneka baziphendule ngokwabo xa i-calamfatho yabo inokuba banokubuzwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ulawulo lwendawo

Oorhulumente abanako ukuthatha impahla ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Xa amapolisa ethatha impahla ngokulahlekelwa ngabemi ngaphandle kwesaziso okanye amathuba afanelekileyo okukhuphisana, inkqubo efanelekileyo iyaphulwa. Ngokufanayo, amagunya alawula irhafu akanakuyihlawula ityala lebhanki ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nethuba lokuvavanya.

Ukuchaswa Kokuqhelisela Amalungelo

Ukuba umntu ofumana uncedo ucela ukuchotshelwa ngokufanelekileyo aze afumane iingenelo ezicuthiweyo, okanye ukuba ibanjwa likhalaza lize lijongene nemiqathango eyongezelelekileyo, ezi zenzo zokuziphindezela ziyawaphula amatyala omgaqo - siseko.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkqubo Ifaneleke Kwiimeko Zobaleki Namashishini

Nangona inkqubo efanelekileyo idla ngokuvela kumalungelo omntu ngamnye, abasebenzi benqanawa kunye nabaninizo bezoshishino badibana nale migaqo ngeendlela ezininzi. Xa amasebe karhulumente elawula izithuthi zezorhwebo, iingxelo, iirejista, okanye amisela izigwebo, imigaqo efanelekileyo yokukhusela isebenza.

Iintshukumo zomqhubi welayisensi yorhwebo

Xa oorhulumente benqumamisa okanye behlutha ilayisensi zorhwebo zabaqhubi, abaqhubi kufuneka bafumane isaziso kunye nethuba lokuvavanya isenzo. Abaqeshi abaxhomekeke kubasebenzi beCDL ukuba baqhube iinqanawa zabo kufuneka baziqonde ezi nkqubo ukukhusela imisebenzi yabo namalungelo abaqhubi babo.

Uqhubeko-phambili lolawulo

Amasebe karhulumente amisa imimiselo yokhuseleko, imithetho yemeko-bume, kunye nemigangatho yemisebenzi kufuneka ilandele inkqubo efanelekileyo xa kubekwa intlawulo, ikhupha imiyalelo yokuyeka kunye nemiyalelo yobutshijolo, okanye imvume yokuphelisa. Amashishini ajongene nezenzo ezinjalo kufuneka afune isaziso esifanelekileyo, ukuchotshelwa, kunye nethuba lokunikela ubungqina phambi kwesigqibo sokugqibela esibi.

Iimpikiswano Ezinxulumeneyo Nolawulo Lukarhulumente

Xa abasebenzi benqanawa bedibana nabameli bakarhulumente, iimpikiswano ngokusebenza, ukuhlawula, okanye ukuphelisa kufuneka zisombululwe ngenkqubo ezanelisa inkqubo efanelekileyo. Abaququzeleli kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izivumelwano zichaza imfuneko ezicacileyo, iinkqubo zokuva, kunye namalungelo okubhenela phambi kokuba nasiphi na isenzo esingalunganga sithatyathwe.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Afanelekileyo

Ukuqonda inkqubela efunekayo kubalulekile, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba la malungelo amiselwe njani. Abantu namashishini kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo aqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abo akhuselekile.

Phendula Ngokukhawuleza Kwizimemo

Xa ufumana isaziso sikarhulumente, phendula kwizakhelo zexesha ezichaziweyo. Ukungasabeli kungaphumela ekugwetyweni okungagqibekanga, ukungenelwa, okanye ukurhoxiswa kwephepha-mvume ngaphandle kokuqhutyelwa phambili. Gcina imibhalo yazo zonke iileta noxwebhu xa zifunyenwe.

Ukucela Ukuviwa Ngezantsi

Xa ujongene nesenzo sorhulumente esichaseneyo, cela ukuchotshelwa ngokubhaliweyo. Landela iinkqubo ezichaziweyo ezichazwe kwesi saziso. Izicelo zoomongo zingangahoywa, kodwa izicelo ezibhaliweyo zidala ingxelo kwaye zimisele ukuba ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo luceliwe.

Phendla InjiniName

Uxwebhu lunika ubungqina ukuba inkqubela-phambili yenkqubo iyenzeka kwaye iyakwazi ukuxhasa izibheno okanye ukukhuthaza.

Funa umelo lwasemthethweni

Xa amalungelo abalulekileyo esengozini, jonga kwigqwetha. Ukumelwe ngumthetho kuphucula iziphumo ezicacileyo ekuchotshelweni kwetyala, izibheno zokungaqeshwa, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, neempikiswano zempahla. Imibutho emininzi yoncedo esemthethweni inika abantu abafanelekayo imelo elikhululekileyo okanye eliphantsi.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifana nenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko ezifumaneka kubantu ngabanye nakumashishini. Iqinisekisa ukuba xa kusetyenziswa igunya likarhulumente, lisetyenziswa ngokusesikweni, ngokucace, kwaye lihlonelwa ngamalungelo asisiseko. Ukusuka kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho nakwiindlebe zolawulo ukuya ekuxhuzuleni impahla kunye nesohlwayo sesikolo, inkqubo efunekayo ichaphazela phantse zonke iingxoxo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo.

Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo efanelekileyo esebenza ngayo kunika abantu amandla okubona ukwaphulwa, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abo, nokuphendula urhulumente. Enoba bajamelene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, bacela ukuvunywa kwetyala, bacela ukungenelwa, bakhusela imvume yoogqirha, okanye bakhusele impahla ekuphangweni, eli binzana lifaneleyo lisisixhobo esinamandla sokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle phantsi komthetho.

Abasebenzi benqanawa kunye nabaninizo bezoshishino abayiqondayo le migaqo banokukwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle imekobume elungeleleneyo, bakhusele imisebenzi yabo baze baqinisekise ukuba amalungelo abo alondolozwe xa beqhubana nabameli bakarhulumente kumgangatho ngamnye.