Isiseko Senkqubo Efanelekileyo Samandulo

Imithetho yamandulo ebhaliweyo ibonisa ukuba kwanamandulo, imibutho yasekuhlaleni yaqonda ukuba kufuneka imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo, eqinisekisiweyo xa kusetyenziswa okusesikweni. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo; kunoko, yavela ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko impucuko isuka kumthetho osekelwe kulawulo olusemthethweni.

Ikhowudi kaHammurabi (icirca 1754 BCE)

Ikhowudi kaHammurabi, enye yeencwadi ezindala eziguqulelweyo ezinobude obubalulekileyo, yaseka inkqubo yemithetho ebhaliweyo eyayisebenza kubo bonke abemi abakhululekileyo baseBhabhiloni. Nangona isohlwayo sasisoloko singqwabalala kwaye sisekelwe kwihlelo, ikhowudi esungulweyo yemithetho echaza izinto ezininzi ezibukhali: abamangaleli kwakufuneka bazise izityholo ezikhethekileyo, ubungqina buqwalaselwe, kwaye abagwebi babelindeleke ukuba basebenzise umthetho rhoqo. Ibinzana elidumileyo elithi “iliso elikwiliso” ngokwenene lalimele uhlobo olulula lokulungelelanisa, ukulinganisela iso kubukhulu betyala kunokuba bavumele iso sohlwayo. Le ngcamango [[FLT:] i-protiotiation protiation kwaye ibhalwe imilinganiselo esemthethweni yabekwa isiseko esibalulekileyo senkqubo yexesha elizayo.

Umthetho waseRoma Netafile Ezilishumi Elibini (icirca 450 BCE)

IRiphabliki yeRoma yapapasha iThemes ezili-12, ikhowudi eyaqinisekisa wonke ummi ilungelo lokwazi imithetho awagwetywa ngayo. AmaRoma akwaququzelela ingcamango yokumela okusemthethweni: ummangalelwa wayenokuthetha enokuzithethelela okanye aqeshe umxhasi. Umgaqo we i-audiadiformamem [““ukuva elinye icala”], wafakwa kwi Roma, eqinisekisa ukuba akukho mgwebo unganikelwa ngaphandle kokuva omabini amaqela. Kamva i- Justinian Code Codec cod isohlway ngaphandle kwetyala elilungileyo, umgaqo ophenjelelwa ngqo ngumthetho waseYurophu yamaxesha aphakathi. Le minikelo yiminikelo ye-Romet proccormes ye-proceltial [FFF]

Inkqubela Yamaxesha Aphakathi: IMagna Carta NoMthetho Oqhelekileyo

AmaXesha aphakathi afumanisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo iguqukile ukusuka kwiingcamango zentanda-bulumko iye kugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni, ingakumbi eNgilani. Iziganeko ezibini ezingundoqo . "UMagna Carta" nokukhula komthetho oqhelekileyo"itshintsha indlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Mhlawumbi uxwebhu oluninzi lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwimbali yenkqubela phambili, iMagna Carta yanyanzelwa kuKumkani John ngemiqathango evukelayo. Isahluko 39 sencwadi yokuqala yomthetho wokusebenza sathi: “Akukho mntu okhululekileyo oza kubanjwa, afakwe entolongweni, agxothwe, agxothwe, okanye onakaliswe nayiphi na indlela, okanye aphumeze okanye agunyazise ukutshutshiswa kwakhe, ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. [[FLT: 0] Eli binzana, “ngomthetho welizwe,” lingukhokhokhokho wegama langoku “ukuya kumthetho. ” Ngexesha langoku iMagna Carta isebenza kuphela kumadoda (ngexesha elincinane), liyilo elikhoyo. [FLYPT: 0]

UMthetho Oqhelekileyo Nokuvavanywa Kwamatyala KaJury Ngenkulungwane Ye - 13)

Ngokulandela uMagna Carta, abagwebi baseNgilani baqalisa ukuvelisa umthetho oqhelekileyo `iqumrhu lemithetho esekelwe kwimizekelo ekhusela amalungelo abantu. Ngenkulungwane ye-13, inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala yavela kwiqela lamangqina asekuhlaleni yaya kungenamkhethe kwiqumrhu eligqibelelayo inyani. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala laba yinkuselo esisiseko kwingcinezelo karhulumente. Ababhali bezomthetho bamaxesha aphakathi abanjengoHenry de Bracton baphikisa ngelithi igunya likakumkani lilinganiselwe ngesiko nangomthetho, ngokubhekele phambili ukuqinisekisa imigaqo efanelekileyo efunekayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umthetho oqhelekileyo wanyusa amalungelo akhethekileyo afuna ukuchonga okubekwa ngokweentloko: ilungelo lokuphawula izityholo zikarhulumente, ilungelo lokumangalelwa kumangqina, kwangasekunene ukumelana nabubungqina obukhoyo.

Intanda - bulumko Yokukhanyiselwa Notshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye - 18 kwatshintshwa inkqubela efanelekileyo ziingcali zokukhanyiselwa ezaziphikisa ngelithi abantu babenamalungelo emvelo oorhulumente ababengenakuwaphula ngaphandle kwemigaqo elungileyo.

UJohn Locke Namalungelo Emvelo (ngenkulungwane ye - 17)

John Locke’s Izivumelwano Ezibini zikaRhulumente [1689] zaphikisa ukuba bonke abantu bazalwa benamalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Oorhulumente bafumana igunya ngokuvumelana nemithetho emiselweyo, hayi imimiselo engekho ngqiqweni. Ingcamango kaRhulumente ibambelele ekubeni xa urhulumente ephula lamalungelo, ilahlekelwa ligunya layo. Iingcamango zakhe zaba ligosa lentanda-bulumko lendlela yokukhusela amarhafumente aseMelika. Lockelele ukuba “apho nawuphi na uphela, ubuzwilalw, uqala, uqala, u-'umthetho olawulayo."

IBhili yamaNgesi Yamalungelo (1689)

Emva kweNguquko eMvelisiweyo, iPalamente yamisela iBhili yamaLungelo, eyafaka ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo oluninzi: ibheyile egqithisileyo nesohlwayo senkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga sasingavumelekanga; abagwebi babeza kubekwa kwindawo yokuhlala ngokufanelekileyo baze babuyiselwe; kwaye kwakufuneka imvume yePalamente ukumisa imithetho. Olu xwebhu lwaphelelisa uMagna Carta nomthetho oqhelekileyo, ukudala isiseko samalungelo asemthethweni anokubhenela kwiBhulo.

Imvukelo yaseMerika Neziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko

Abenzi bolawulo lwamaMerika, ababengene nzulu kwizithethe zomthetho namaNgesi kunye neengcamango zokukhanyiselwa, benza imfuneko ephambili kumzabalazo wabo wokuzimela geqe. UmGaqo-siseko wase-United States kunye neBhili yamaLungelo yaphumela kwinkqubo efunekayo njengelungelo lomGaqo-siseko, idala imodeli yehlabathi.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (1787)

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawuneenkqubo ezimbalwa ezicacileyo zokukhusela, kodwa isakhiwo sawo sasibonakalisa imigaqo efanelekileyo: isebe lemithetho lalingenakukwazi ukudlulisela amatyala e-ander (izigqibo zetyala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa) okanye imithetho yamva; amandla enkundla anwenwela kuphela kwiimeko neempikiswano; kwaye ilungelo le-habeas corpus alinakumiswa ngaphandle kwemvukelo okanye ukuhlasela. Ezi zikhuselwe zesakhiwo zazingasayi kuthintela inyathelo elingokwasemthethweni likarhulumente.

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu (1791)

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. sichaza ngokucacileyo: “Akukho mntu... oza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Eli binzana, kunye nokhuseleko oluchasene nokuzimela kwakhe kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini, wamisela umgangatho wesizwe wokufumana okusesikweni. Ibinzana elithi “umthetho owenziwe kuqala” wabolekwa ngqo kwimimiselo yamaNgesi echaza uMagna Carta. Umphetho wesiHlam-5 usebenza kurhulumente wesizwe, kwaye malunga neminyaka engama-80, yayiyinkqubo efunekayo eqinisekisiwe kuMgaqo-siseko. Iimeko zangaphambili. [[FLT: 0] Intetho yeNkundla] esezantsi ye-Mondey'. [i-Londbo & derciecence] [[FLD] [56], iqala ukuchaza ukudibana kwayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuqhelekileyo komthetho.

ISindululo Seshumi Elinane (1868)

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uMphetho-Mda-mva weshumi elinesine wandisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwizenzo zorhulumente. I-'Account Process Claus' Yalo ilela nawuphi na urhulumente ukuba ahluthe “nabani na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Le nguqu yaba sisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela amalungelo abantu, isenza ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikwazi ukungquzula imithetho esisiseko. Ekuqaleni, iNkuNkundla yasebenzisa inkqubo efanelekileyo kumgaqo wezoqoqosho (obizwa ngokuba “ixesha elinguLochner”), kodwa phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-20, iye yaba sisixhobo sokukhupha ukhuseleko oluninzi kumatyala. Le mfundiso yezomthetho [[FOLD:] ikhuphe iprojective [FF1] [FM], i-Enyethrencelight, kunye ne-Extermondmentmentalties, i-rectionmental, i-rectionmentalmental, ingmentmentmentalmental, ing, i-rectionmentalmous, i

Ukwanda Kwenkulungwane Ye - 19 Neyama - 20

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 inkqubo efunekayo yaguquka yasuka kwingcamango encinci yemfundiso ebanzi yaza yaquka namalungelo angaphantsi. Iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zandisa intsingiselo ye- “imvume” kunye“ nemfuneko” kunye nenkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwiinkqubo ezintsha.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iyakhula (Leta 19/predee Century)

Njengoko amasebe karhulumente ayekhula, iingxelo ezifanelekileyo zavela kwiimeko zolawulo. Londoner v. IsiXeko se-Denver (1908), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi abanini-mpahla banelungelo lokuphawula nokuchongwa phambi kokuba kufunwe iirhafu. Kamva, Goldberg v. Kelly[ [1970]) yalawula ukuba abamkeli bentlalo-ntle abanakupheliswa ngaphandle kokuva okucacileyo, bendisa inkqubo efunekayo kwi-statvocations. Namhlanje, iprocedcoverationationementationementationstions ifuna isaziso, ithuba lokuviwa, ukuva, ukwenza isigqibo sokungakhethi, kunye nesigqibo nakwesiphi nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi na isigqibo sobomi, okanye ukucingela umntu.

Inkqubo ePhambili

INkundla ePhakamileyo yavelisa imfundiso yenkqubo encinci efunekayo, ethi amalungelo athile angundoqo abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba akukho rhulumente (Roev, kungakhathaliseki iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Griswold v. Connecticut[[[[FL:1]] [1965]), iNkundla yamkela ilungelo lomtshato; [[FLT:]] Rhoev. Wadev [ [73]) iyakwazi ukuwandisa oku kwilungelo lomfazi lokukhetha ukuqhomfamfamfako; [[FLT] kunye [54] izigqi zezombili zetyala.[5] [iiiiiijini] i-fellgnomes.[5]

Inkundla yaseWarren neSigebenga iProcedure (50s-1960)

IJaji enkulu eMphathiswa uWarren yaguqula inkqubo yetyala. [[FLT:] Mapp v. Ohio (1961) wasebenzisa umthetho wokuzikhulula kumazwe, wargar-bhari wafumana ubungqina obungekho mthethweni. Gideon v. Waingrid[[FLT:] [196]] [1963] [iiiindlela eziguquliweyo] zaqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika icebiso le-indigligin kwiimeko zefelon. [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]]

Iinkcazelo Zale Mihla Neembono Zehlabathi

Kwele nkulungwane yama - 21, inkqubo eqhubekayo iyaqhubeka iguquka njengoko iinkundla zizama ukuxhathisa ubugcisa bezobugcisa, ukhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke.

Inkqubo yobuxhakaxhaka, imfihlo kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ubugcisa obutsha bucela ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bokwenza isiseko solwazi. .Riley v. California (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla idata yezomanani kwifowuni yeseli, eqonda ukuba izixhobo zangoku ziqulethe ubuninzi obukhulu bolwazi lobuqu. I-Carpenter v. United States [2018]]) i-iqikelelo kuqikelelo lwendlela zeseli-embali, ifuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo imele ikwazi ukukhusela ubucala ngexesha lamanani. [[FLT:]

Amalungelo abantu ehlabathi kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe samatyala e-Politiki kunye namaLungelo e-Political (ICCR), samkelwa ngo-1966 kwaye sasebenza ngokucacileyo, siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo kwiGatya 14. Kufuna ukuba wonke umntu afanele agwetywe ngokusesikweni nangobulungisa ngumthetho ozimeleyo, ozimeleyo, nongakhethi nkundla; ukuba abamangalelwa bamatyala bagqalwe njengabamsulwa; nokuba banelungelo lokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni, nokuvavanya iinkolelo. Amazwe amaninzi aye afaka le milinganiselo kumthetho wasekhaya, edala isiseko somhlaba wonke ukwenzela inkqubo efanelekileyo. Noko ke, ukunyanzelwa komthetho kuhlala kungalingani, kunye nemibutho yamalungelo abantu iyaqhubeka ingena ngokomthetho. [[FLT:] iofisi yeZizwe Eziphezulu yamaZwe [FLD]

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ijongene neengcinezelo ezintsha kwimeko yokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukufuduka, kunye namaqumrhu olawulo. Umthetho we-USA PRITIOT kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ezilandelayo ziye zaphakamisa inkxalabo ngobungqina obufihlakeleyo nokusetyenziswa kweenkundla zemikhosi. Ingcebiso zokuthintela isoloko ingenazo izithethe ezininzi ezinikezelwe kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezikhokelela kwiingxoxo eziphathelele “enkqubo yexesha elizayo” yokungangeni mvume. Inkundla ePhakamileyo i-FLT:0 i-Hamadi v. I-Rumsteld[[FLT:] [2004]) ikholelwa ukuba kwaneemfazwe evalelwe eUnited States ifanele iphawulwe yaye ifumane ithuba elibalulekileyo lokukhunjululwa kwesigqibo sayo sokuvalelwa kwanekwakwakwakwakwayiyo kwanexesha elifanelekileyo kwinkqubo ekufuneka ePhondo.

Isiphelo

Umgca wexesha othe ngqo wenkqubela-phambili efunekayo utyhila umsonto othe rhoqo: umzabalazo wokuqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lisetyenziswa ngokusesikweni, ngokuqikelelwa, nangokuhlonelwa kwesidima somntu ngamnye. Ukusukela kumacwecwe odongwe aseBhabhiloni ukuya kwii-cellphone zanamhlanje, ingcinga engundoqo ihlala ifana, "akukho mntu ufanele ahluthwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenawo amathuba abalulekileyo okuvinjwa kunye nesigqibo esisekelwe kumthetho, hayi ngokungxamisekileyo. Njengoko ubugcisa kunye nabantu bemibutho iya kukhula, imigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo iya kuqhubeka ivavanywa kwaye ihluziwe. Ucelomngeni lwesizukulwana ngasinye kukuhlonela izinto zakudala ngoxa sisenza ezi zinto zize zikhuseleke eziyimfuneko kwizinto ezintsha zolawulo nezobulungisa.