Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States imela enye yezona nkqubo zicetywe kakuhle kulawulo-mgaqo-siseko lwaseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko okunika ngayo ukuqonda ngendlela ebalulekileyo indlela imithetho esisiseko yesizwe sethu enokuthi izenzeke ngayo ngexesha logcino uzinzo kunye nokuvumelana okubanzi. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo ebanzi luhlola zonke iinkalo zokulungisa inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, ukusukela kwisicelo sokudityaniswa, kwaye luhlolisise ukuqwalaselwa kwembali, esemthethweni, kunye nokuqwalaselwa okuluncedo okubumba lo msebenzi wedemokhrasi obalulekileyo.

Ukuqonda Inqaku V: Isiseko sotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko

Igunya lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko wase-United States lithathwe kwiGatya V loMgaqo-siseko. Eli lungiselelo limisela ulungelelwano lwangabom phakathi kobubhetyebhetye nozinzo, liqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungaqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo ngeli xesha uthintela utshintsho olungxamisekileyo okanye olungaqwalaselwanga kakuhle kwimithetho esisiseko yesizwe.

James Madison, ebhala kwiThe Federal List No. 43, wachaza ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa "igada ngokulinganayo ngokuchasene neso sibonelelo esigqithisileyo esiza kunikezela umGaqo-siseko ngokulinganayo; kunye nobunzima obugqithisileyo obunokuqhubela phambili iimpazamo zawo ezifunyenweyo. ” Olu lungelelwano lubonisa ubulumko boMsunguli xa edala inkqubo engawuqali mGaqo-siseko ngexesha okanye engayivumeli ukuba itshintshwe.

Umbhalo wenqaku V ngokwalo unika isiseko esipheleleyo sokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Imisela iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa kunye neendlela ezimbini zokuzilungisa, zidala iindlela ezine ezinokwenzeka ukwenzela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuguquka kucetyelwe ngempazamo, kwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente umisela utshintsho oluyimfuneko.

Iindlela Ezimbini Zokuhlohla Uhlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko

Inqaku V limisela iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ekunokuqatshelwa ngazo ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Indlela nganye ibonisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwaseMelika kwaye inika uvavanyo nomlinganiselo kwinkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo.

Iphulo Lengqungquthela: Indlela Eqhelekileyo

Indlela yokuqala ifuna zombini iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala ukucebisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ngevoti yama-2-3 yamalungu akhoyo. "ithetha ubukho be-quorrum" kwaye ayivoti yama-3 amabini alo lonke ilungu, akhoyo nangekhoyo. Le mfuneko iphezulu iqinisekisa ukuba ukupheliswa kwemigaqo-siseko kuxhaswa kakhulu ngabameli abanyuliweyo ngaphaya kwecandelo lezobupolitika.

Le yeyona ndlela yokulungisa eziye zasetyenziswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Enyanisweni, iKhomishini iye yasebenzisa iinkqubo zeQumrhu V ukucebisa utshintsho olungamashumi amathathu anesithathu lomgaqo-siseko ukususela oko umGaqo-siseko wagunyaziswayo, ebonisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kwale ndlela.

Inkqubo yesicelo sombutho iqala xa ilungu leKhomishoni lisungula isigqibo esidibanisayo esichaza ukulungiswa kwesigqibo. Esi sigqibo ngoko sibhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo ukuze kuqwalaselwe, apho sisenokuxutyushwa, kulungiswe okanye kukhanyelwe. Ukuba ikomiti iyasivumela isigqibo, sisiya kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokuvota.

IBhunga licebisa ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho kuhlobo lwesigqibo esidibeneyo. Ekubeni uMongameli engenayo indima ekwakheni inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yokulungisa, isigqibo samalungu esingeyoNdlu eWhite ukuze kutyikitywe okanye kuvunywe. Oku kulahlwa kombutho wobupolisa kubalulekile, kuthetha ukuba ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko akulawulwa yimbono yomongameli yokuba inguquko ifanele ibe ngumbandela weBhunga kunye namazwe kuphela.

EHollingsworth v. Virginia (1798), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba akuyomfuneko ukubeka izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko phambi komongameli ukuze afumane imvume okanye afumane i-veto. Esi sigqibo sangaphambili seNkundla Ephakamileyo samisela umzekelo obalulekileyo oye walawula inkqubo yokulungisa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Indlela yendibano yomgaqo-siseko: Enye indlela engasetyenziswanga

Indlela yesibini yokulungisa ibandakanya indibano yezomGaqo-siseko ebizwa yiKhongosare yesicelo sezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Indlela yesibini yokumisela utshintsho kumGaqo-siseko inokwenzeka ukuba ii-3 ezimbini zeendlu zowiso-mthetho zicele ingqungquthela ukuba zimisele indibano ebhaliweyo eya kuqukwa ngabathunywa abavela kwiphondo ngalinye. Okwangoku oku kuza kufuna inkxaso ukusuka kumaphondo angama-3 kumazwe angama-50 oMbutho weNgqungquthela ukuze kufuneke iNgqungquthela V.

IGatya V leNkqutyana alizange lisetyenziswe; kodwa izilungisi ezingama-33 zicetyiwe ngolunye ucwangciso, iivoti ezimbini-ntathu kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga; kwaye ezingama-27 kwezi zivunyiwe ngabantu abathathu abane be-United States. Nangona zingakhange zibhenqwe ngempumelelo, le ndlela ilandelayo ihlala ilukhuselo olubalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yendibano yafakwa kwiGatya V ngenjongo ekhethekileyo. UAlexander Hamilton, ebhala kwiFederali No. 85, waphikisa icebo lendibano ukuba likwazi ukwenza ukuba iingxube zikarhulumente zikwazi "ukumelana nokuphazamisana kwegunya lesizwe." Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba kukho inkqubo echazayo yokucebisa ukubuyiselwa kwanokuba iBhunga alizimisele ukwenza okuthile, ingakumbi kwimicimbi enokumisela umanyano.

Imeko engokwembali yalo lungiselelo iyakhanyisa. UGeorge Mason wakutsho phantsi kweNdibano ukuba kuya kuba kungafanelekanga ukucela imvume yeSizwe, ngenxa yokuba basenokusebenzisa kakubi igunya labo, kwaye bangayamkeli imvume yabo ngenxa yaloo ngxelo. uMason wongezelela ngokuthi, akukho ziphendu zohlobo olufanelekileyo ezinokufunyanwa ngabantu, ukuba uRhulumente unokuba ucinezela.

Imibuzo emininzi engaphendulwanga inxulumene nendlela yendibano. Abaphengululi kunye neengcali zezomthetho baphikisana ngokuthi indibano enjalo inokuba yeyokuba iphelele kwimibandela ethile okanye ingaba inegunya elibanzi lokucebisa nayiphi na ingxubusho. Bambi abahlalutyi baye baphikisa ngokuthi isenokuchaza ukuba indibano yeQumrhu le-V inokuba nendibano efaka imibandela ethile okanye iqela lemiba ethile. Izindululo ezilinganiselweyo zingabiza indibano yeQumrhu V ukuqwalasela imigaqo yokumiswa kwengqungquthela okanye ifune ukuba kwenziwe uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo, umzekelo.

Eminye imibuzo esebenzayo ingekaphendulwa: Abathunywa bazakukhethwa njani? Yiyiphi imithetho elawula iziganeko zendibano? Ingakhupha izicelo zabo ngaphambi kokuba kubizwa indibano? Oku kungaqiniseki kufakelele amathandabuzo amazwe ekuphuthumeni le ndlela, phezu kwayo nje imigudu emininzi eMelika.

Izihlandlo ezithathu kwinkulungwane yama-20, imigudu edityanisiweyo yenziwa ngabaxhasi beenkqubo ezithile zokulungisa ukukhusela inani lezicelo ezifunekayo ukumema iNgqungquthela yeQumrhu V. Ngexa kungekho nanye kwezi migudu ifikelela kumnyango ofunekayo, babonakalisa umdla oqhubekayo kule nkqubo yokulungisa.

Inkqubo yokwandiswa: Ukukhusela iNtomba Ebanzi

Xa ingxubusho icetyiwe ngenye indlela, kufuneka ivunywe ngaphambi kokuba ibe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yokwandiswa kwemiqathango yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko zinenkxaso ebanzi kulo lonke uhlanga, hayi kuphela kwiBhunga okanye phakathi koorhulumente abambalwa.

Ukwandiswa koMthetho weRhulumente

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokwenza i-rathiodiation ibandakanya ukuvunywa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ulungiso olucetyiswayo luba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ngokukhawuleza xa luvunywa ngabathathu-sine baseUnited States (38 of 50 States). Le mfuneko ibalaseleyo ifunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba ukubuyiselwa kubonakalisa ukuvumelana kokwenyaniso kwesizwe kunokuba kubonakaliswe kokhetho lwenkoliso engambazwanga.

Inkqubo yendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente isetyenziswe kubo bonke ngaphandle kokuba enye yeziphelo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kumGaqo-siseko. Indlu yowiso-mthetho nganye iqwalasela ukulungiswa okucetyiswayo ngokweenkqubo zayo, okudla ngokufuna imvume ngawo omabini amagumbi endlu yowiso-mthetho (kumazwe anezindlu zowiso-mthetho ze-mayameral) okanye yigumbi elinye (i-Nebraska, enendlu yowiso-mthetho engenazinyuko).

Ukuvota kwezwe ngalinye (ukuguqula okanye ukulandula ulungiso olucetyiswayo) kuthwala ubunzima obulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kubemi borhulumente okanye ubude bexesha kwi-Union. Olu nyango lulinganayo lwamazwe lubonisa imeko yezwe lenkqubo yaseMelika kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinci anelizwi elilinganayo kwiinguqu zomgaqo-siseko.

Ukhuthazo lweNdibano yeRhulumente

Enye indlela yokuhluza ibandakanya indibano ezibizwa ngokuba ziindibano zephondo. Amazwe angabiza iindibano ezikhethekileyo ngokukhethekileyo ngenjongo yokuqwalasela nokulungisa okucetyiswayo. Indlela yokuhluza imiselwa yiKhonkxa yaseUnited States.

Le nkqubo yasetyenziswa kanye kwimbali yaseMerika ngoqikelelo lwama-25 lokuHlakulelwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wokuqala. Uhlaziyo lwama-20 lokuqala, olwaphinda lwavunywa ngeendibano zikarhulumente kunokuba lube ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iNkomfa ikholelwa ukuba iindibano zaziya kubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi indlela abantu abavakalelwa ngayo ngalo mba unempikiswano.

Indlela yendibano yeli lizwe inika iingenelo eziliqela. Iindibano zinganyulwa ngokukhethekileyo ukuqwalasela inguquko, zisenokunika ukubonakaliswa okuthe ngqo kokuthanda okuqhelekileyo kunezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ezinamalungu anyuliweyo ukuphendula imibandela emininzi. Ngaphezu koko, iindibano zisenokungalawulwa kakhulu ziingcinezelo zobupolitika kunye neengqwalasela ezinokuphembelela amavoti omthetho.

Indima yoovimba besizwe

Emva kokuba iBhunga licebise ukulungiswa, iArchivist yaseUnited States, ekhokela uLawulo logcino-lwazi lweSizwe noLwazi lweeRegister (NARA), inikwe imbopheleleko yokusebenzisa inkqubo yokwahlula. IArchivist inike uninzi lwemisebenzi yobulungiseleli enxulumene nalo msebenzi kuMlawuli weFederal Register.

Xa i-Ofisi yoManyano-Masipala iqinisekisa ukuba ifumene inani elifunekayo lamaxwebhu okuqinisekisa aqinisekisiweyo, ilungisa isibhengezo esisemthethweni sombhinqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho luyasebenza kwaye luye lwaba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Esi siqinisekiso sipapashwa kwiBhali yoManyano-mali neMithetho eBandleni e-U.S. sisebenza njengesaziso esisemthethweni kwiBhunga kwaye kuhlanga ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa igqitywe.

Ukuphumelela Nokusilela Kwimbali: Uhlaziyo lwama - 20

Ukusukela ekuFumeni, iKhomishini iye yasebenzisa iGatya V leMicimbi ukucebisa iinguquko ezingamashumi amathathu anesithathu zomgaqo-siseko. Amazwana aye agunyazisa ukutshintshwa kwezi zindululo, eziquka iinguquko zokuqala ezilishumi, ezibizwa ngokuba yiBhili yamaLungelo. Eli nani lempumelelo elimalunga nama-82% libonisa ukuba nangona inkqubo yokulungisa inyanzelisa, ayinzima kakhulu.

IBhili Yamalungelo NeziHlomelo Zokuqala

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi, ezazisaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zacetyiswa yiBhunga lokuqala ngo-1789 kwaye zagunyaziswa ngu 1791. Ezi zindululo zazibalulekile ekukhuseleni inkxaso yomGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, njengoko amazwe amaninzi aye agunyazisa uxwebhu lwantlandlolo ngokuqonda ukuba irekhodi yamalungelo iza kongezelelwa ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

IBhili yamaLungelo yaseka ukhuseleko olusisiseko oluquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, kunye neyoondaba; ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo; ukukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula; amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo; kunye nenkxaso kwisohlwayo senkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Ezi zindululo ziye zaba zezona ziphambili kumthetho-siseko waseMerika kwaye ziye zaguqula indlela eliqonda ngayo ilungelo lomntu ngamnye.

Ukuhlaziywa

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine neseshumi elinesihlanu, savunywa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, saguqula ngokusisiseko umGaqo-siseko. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesithathu lwaphelisa ubukhoboka, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lwamisela amalungelo alinganayo obumi kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kunye noMphetho-weshumi elinesihlanu wokuHlaziywa kwakwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoti. Ezi zindululo zabonisa imvukelo yomgaqo-siseko, ukukhuselwa komthetho wokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu kwaye ngokusisiseko kwaluguqula ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente.

Ithuba Eliqhubekayo Nezicombululo Zale Mihla

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabakho utshintsho oluninzi olubalulekileyo ekusingatheni utshintsho lwedemokhrasi nemibandela yentlalo. UHlaziyo lweSihlanu lwagunyazisa irhafu yengeniso karhulumente, ukuHlakulelwa kweMiqathango yeSevententh, ukundululwa koMmiselo weSindululo weshumi elinesibhozo kwasungula iProjekthi, kwanoMthetho wokuHlaziywa kweSikhundla weSikhundla weSikhundla wanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota.

Kamva utshintsho lwaqhubeka ukwandisa ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kunye nolwakhiwo lukarhulumente olunoburhulumente. UHlomelo lwamashumi amabini anesine lweSihlaziyo lwasikelwe umda kumabinzana amabini, uHlomelo lwamashumi amabini anesihlanu lwaphelisa iirhafu zovolo, uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwahlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaya kwishumi elinesibhozo, kunye noMphetho-mashumi amabini anesine weSindululo soMbutho oyalelwe kwingqungquthela.

Uhlaziyo Olungaphumelelanga

Kubekho izindululo ezingama-33 ezipheleleyo zokulungisa ezigqithiswe ngee-3 ezimbini zeBhunga zaze zathunyelwa kumaphondo. Kwezi, ezine zisekho ezilindeleyo. Ezi zindululo zijoliswe kuzo azizange ziqukelele iinjongo zokwenza imigca eqingqiweyo, intsingiselo yokuba ngokwentelekiso zisenokugunyaziswa ukuba iimeko ezaneleyo zikhethelwe ukwenza njalo.

Iziphendu ezibalaseleyo eziye zasilela ziquka uHlaziyo lwaMalungelo aLinganiso, olwawela kumaphondo amathathu angalufumani ulwahlulo lomthetho nangona lunexesha elide, kunye neezicelo ezahlukeneyo zokulungelelaniswa kweemfuno zoqingqo-mali, imida yexesha lombutho, nezinye iinguqu zesakhiwo. Ukusilela kwezi zindululo kubonakalisa ukuphakama komGaqo-siseko wotshintsho nobunzima bokufikelela ukulungelelaniswa okuyimfuneko kuwo wonke amazwe neembono zobupolitika.

Ixesha Nezinto Ezifileyo Kwinkqubo Yohlaziyo

Inqaku lesihlanu alithethi ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokulungisa okucetyiswayo, kodwa ulungiso oluninzi olucetyiweyo ukususela ngowe-1917 luquke ummiselo wokusetyenziswa kweminxeba. Lo mkhwa waqalisa ngoMgqiqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesibhozo kwaye uye waba ngumqathango wezicelo ezininzi zale mihla zokulungisa.

Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokugqiba iminyaka esixhenxe, nangona iKhomishini iye yandisa eli xesha. UMthetho oMalunga namalungelo oMsebenzi, umzekelo, wafumana ulwandiso lweminyaka emithathu ngaphaya kommiselo wayo weminyaka esixhenxe yangaphambili, nangona isasilela ukufikelela ekufumaneni ukudityaniswa ngenani elifunekayo lamazwe.

Umbuzo wokuba ngaba iimeko zingalususa na ulungiso lwazo phambi kokuba kulungiswe ngokupheleleyo kuhlale kungalungiswa. Abanye abahlalutyi bangathi hayi `ekanye imeko ivunyiwe, ejongene neekota ezintathu ezifunekayo, nokuba yintoni enokwenziwa ngurhulumente kamva. Kodwa abanye abahlalutyi banokuthi urhulumente angaphinda afake ukhuthuzo lwakhe ixesha elide njengoko enza njalo phambi kokuba inkqubo yokulungisa igqitywe.

Impembelelo Enamandla Yezopolitiko Yokwenziwa Komgaqo - siseko

Ngeli xesha inkqubo esemthethweni yokuguqula umGaqo-siseko ichazwa ngokucacileyo, iimpembelelo zezobupolitika ezigqiba ukuba ziziphi izindululo eziphumelelayo okanye ezisilelayo zintsonkothile kwaye zidibene. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kunika ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ezinye izindululo ziphumelela ngelixa ezinye zingaphumeleli, phezu kwaloo mgangatho wenkxaso yokuqala.

Ukwakha IConsensus ngaphaya Kwezilangazelelo Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Imfuno ze-oyile enkulu kakhulu kwisicelo nakumanqanaba olwakhiwo-mali athetha ukuba ulungiso olunempumelelo kufuneka lubhenele kwimibutho emininzi edibeneyo, amaqela ezobupolitika, kunye neembono zengqiqo. Le mfuneko yokuvumelana isebenza njengamandla kunye nomlinganiselo wenkqubo yokulungisa.

Le nkqubo ifuna utshintsho ukuze kuxhaswe imvumelwano. Kodwa kukho izizathu ezinamandla zokufuna inkxaso enjalo, njengokuthintela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko echasana ngamandla neqaqobana elininzi lelizwe ukuba ingenziwa, nto leyo enokuthi ithobe ukuzinikela kohlanga kumGaqo-siseko.

Indima YeziNtlanganiso

Utshintsho oluninzi oluphumelelayo luye lwaba yimveliso yemibutho eqhubekayo yoluntu eyakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke kwiminyaka emininzi okanye kwangamashumi eminyaka. Umbutho wamabhinqa oziintshukumisa, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, kunye nombutho wokunciphisa iminyaka yokuvota zonke izinto zibonisa indlela ukulungelelaniswa kolawulo okunokuyoyisa ngayo ukuchasa kokuqala nokufikelela kutshintsho lomGaqo-siseko.

Le migaqo idla ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi: ukulungelelanisa iingca, amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke, ukukhuthaza amagosa anyuliweyo, ukusungula imizekelo esemthethweni, kunye nokwakhiwa komanyano kwii-intertiques ezahlukeneyo. Impumelelo yale migudu ayixhomekekanga nje kuphela kwimpumelelo ecetyisiweyo kodwa kubuchule bokuzinzisa ingcinezelo yezobupolitika eqhubekayo kwaye ilondoloze umgudu oqhubekayo.

Ukuqwalasela Iinkalo

Ngelixesha ezinye iziphendu zifumene inkxaso ye-bipartisan, ezinye zidibene nezobupolitika ezidibeneyo. Ubunzima bokufumana inkxaso yesibini-sithathu kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga kuthetha ukuba iziphumo ezicingelwa ukuba ziyingenelo kwelinye iqela ngaphezu komnye umqobo obalulekileyo. Le qela linamandla lingathintela ukuqwalaselwa kokulungisa okunokuthi ngenye indlela kube nesizathu, njengokuba ubalo lwezopolitiko luzisusa kwiinkalo eziphantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo.

Ukuthelekisa Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kweminye Imigaqo

Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko waseMerika inzima kakhulu kunaleyo yezona zizwe zininzi zedemokhrasi. Amazwe amaninzi avumela ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ngemithetho ephantsi okanye afuna kuphela izakhiwo eziphezulu eziphantsi. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa isalatha ukuvumela iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho indima ecacileyo ekuthatheleni inxaxheba.

Ubunzinye obunxulumeneyo benkqubo yaseMelika bunazo zombini iinzuzo kunye neengxaki. Kwesinye isandla, iqinisekisa uzinzo kwaye ithintela utshintsho oluthe rhoqo olunokulonakalisa igunya lomGaqo-siseko. Kwelinye icala, ingenza umGaqo-siseko ungabi namdla ekutshintsheni iimeko zentlalo kunye nokhetho lwedemokhrasi.

Abaxhasi benkqubo yangoku bathi ubunzima bokulungisa buye banegalelo kubomi bomGaqo-siseko kunye nobungangamsha. UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngowona mgaqo-siseko wesizwe omdala obhaliweyo wehlabathi osele usetyenziswa, kwaye ukuzinza kwawo kunikezele isiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukunqongophala kwendlela esesikweni yokulungisa kuye kwakhokelela ekuthembeleni ngokugqithiseleyo kutoliko lwezomthetho ukutshintsha umGaqo-siseko kwiimeko zanamhlanje, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuba udemokhrasi uxanduvano lwedemokhrasi.

Iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko wethutyana

Ngeli xesha inqaku V linikela indlela esesikweni yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, umGaqo-siseko ukwaye wavela ngendlela engacwangciswanga. Olu tshintsho lungacwangciswanga aluwutshintshi umbhalo womGaqo-siseko kodwa luchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo utoliko lwawo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo.

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo

Amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo ohlalutyo logwebo, asungulwe eMarbury v. Madison (1803), uvumele iNkundla ukuba ichaze amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ngeendlela eziwavumela ukuba alungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo. Izigqibo zophawu kwimibandela esukela ekuphumeleni kohlanga ukuya emtshatweni omnye zitshintshe ngokunempumelelo intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokulungisa okusesikweni.

Le ndima yokugweba ithanda ukuphikisana. Abaxhasi bathi ivumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba uhlale ufanelekile kwaye usabela ekupheliseni amaxabiso entlalo. Abahlalutyi bathi ivumela abagwebi abangakhethwanga ukuba benze izigqibo ezifanele zishiywe kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba inkqubo yokuzilungisa ngokwayo ingabi luncedo.

ISiqheliselo soMthetho neSigqeba

Intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ikwaye yavela ngoqheliselo lowiso-mthetho nolawulo olumisela imizekelo nemigaqo. Ukwanda korhulumente wolawulo, ukwanda kwamandla omongameli kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yeekomiti kwiBhunga konke kumela inkqubela-phambili ebalulekileyo yomGaqo-siseko eyenzeka ngaphandle kokupheliswa okusesikweni.

Iinguqulelo Ezentlalo Nezenkcubeko

Ukutshintsha kwentlalo nezithethe kukwachaphazela indlela ochazwa ngayo umGaqo-siseko.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elizayo Nezindululo Zotshintsho

Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ngokwayo ibingumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo kunye nezicelo zokuguqula. Abaphengululi abahlukahlukeneyo, abezobupolitika, namaqela angoosomashishini aye acebisa utshintsho ukuze le nkqubo ibe lula okanye ibe yeyedemokhrasi.

Izityholo Zokwenza Isicombululo Zibe Lula

Bambi abahlalutyi bathi inkqubo yangoku inzima kakhulu kwaye ithintela utshintsho olufunekayo lomgaqo-siseko. Babonisa ukuba iinguqu eziye zasilela ukuxhathisa abaninzi kodwa azinakuphumelela izinto ezifunekayo ezibalaseleyo, ezifana noLawulo lwamalungelo alinganayo okanye izicelo zolungiso lwezemali.

Utshintsho olucetyiweyo luquka ukunciphisa izinto ezingundoqo ezifunekayo kwizicelo okanye ekupheliseni, ukuvumela ukuthunyelwa kwesizwe ekulungisweni komgaqo-siseko, okanye ukumiswa kwemida yexesha apho iBhunga limele libize indibano xa liceliwe ngamaphondo. Abaxhasi baphikisa olu tshintsho bangenza umGaqo-siseko uthabatheke ngakumbi kwizinto ezikhethwa yidemokhrasi kwaye banciphise ukuxhomekeka kutoliko lwezomthetho.

Iimpikiswano Zokulondoloza Iimfuno Zangoku

Abameli benkqubo yangoku baphikisa ngelithi ubunzima bokulungisa buphawu, hayi bubugq. Baphikisa ngelithi umvalo ophezulu wotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko uqinisekisa uzinzo, uthintela izigqibo zengxamiseko, kwaye ufuna ukuvumelana phambi kokuba umthetho ongundoqo utshintshwe.

Aba bakhuseli baphawula ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa iphumele impumelelo ekulungiseni iziphumo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ibonisa ukuba ifuna kodwa ayingenzeki. Baphikisa ngelithi ukwenza utshintsho kulula kunokukhokelela kutshintsho olusoloko lusenza buthathaka igunya nozinzo loMgaqo-siseko.

Indibano Yentlangano Yamazwana

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwakho umdla ovuselelekileyo wokusebenzisa indlela yendibano ukucebisa ukulungisiswa kwemeko. Amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo alungelelanisiweyo okuqinisekisa ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho zephondo zifakelwe indibano ukuze ziqwalasele ukupheliswa kwemibandela enjengemiqathango yexesha, iimfuno zoqingqo-mali ezilungeleleneyo, okanye imida kumandla orhulumente.

Le migudu ibangele impikiswano ebalulekileyo ngendlela yendibano. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi inika uhlolo oluyimfuneko kumandla orhulumente kwaye ivumela amazwe ukuba amisele utshintsho lokuba iKhomishini ayinakuze iqalise. Abahlalutyi baxhalabele ukuba indibano enokuthi "ibhadule" ingachaza ukubuyiselwa okungaphaya komsebenzi ocetyiweyo, okunokuba kusongela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olumiselwe.

Ukunyamekela Abameli Bokuhlaziywa

Kubantu abanomdla wokufuna utshintsho, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinto ezinokwenzeka kule nkqubo. Amaphulo okulungisa izinto aphumelelayo afuna ukuceba ngenyameko, umgudu oqhubekayo nokucinga ngendlela elungeleleneyo.

Ukwakha Isivumelwano

Izilungiso eziphumelelayo zifuna inkxaso evela kwii-continuts ezahlukahlukeneyo. Abameli boLawulo loMgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka bakhe imibutho enqumla imibutho eyahlukeneyo, amaqela ezobupolitika, namaqela abantu abanomdla. Olu lwakhiwo lufuna ukufanisa izinto ezifanayo, ukuphendula amaxhala abo basenokuba bachasene, nokubonakalisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke.

Ixesha Nemeko Yezobupolitika

Imeko yezobupolitika ichaphazela kakhulu amathemba okulungisa. IziHlaliso zinokuphumelela xa zicombulula iingxaki eziqatshelwe ngokubanzi, xa kukho umdla wongxamiseko okanye amanqam, okanye xa zinxulumene nemibutho ebanzi yezentlalo. Ukuqonda ixesha lezobupolitika nokukhetha ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuzama ukulungisa izinto kunokuba yimfuneko ukuze kuphumelele.

Udrafti noLwimi

Ulwimi olungqalileyo lwezilungiso ezicetyiweyo lufuneka kakhulu. IziHlanziso kufuneka zicetywe ngocoselelo ukuze kufikelelwe injongo yazo ngeli xesha ziphepha iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Olu lwimi kufuneka lucace ngokwaneleyo ukuze lunikezele ukhokelo kodwa lubhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuze luvumele ukutolikwa nokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo.

Indlela yokusebenza Yemeko

Kwinqanaba lokwenza iinguqu, abaxhasi bolungiso kufuneka baphuhlise iindlela zolawulo, beqonda ukuba umazwe awahlukeneyo anezithethe zezobupolitika, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye neenkqubo. Impumelelo ifuna ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yorhulumente ngamnye, ukwazi abenzi-zigqibo abangundoqo, kunye nokulungisa iingxoxo kwimicimbi namaxabiso asekuhlaleni.

Ikamva Lohlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko

Njengoko ibutho labantu baseMerika liqhubeka liguquka, imibuzo ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko iya kuhlala ifanelekile. Imibandela edityanisiweyo efana nokuzimela ngokwamanani, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, nokuqondwa okutshintshayo kwamalungelo kunye nenkululeko ingafuna ekugqibeleni ukuphendulwa komGaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yokulungisa isenokuqhubeka ijongene noxinezeleko olusisiseko olusoloko lujamelene nalo: imfuneko yokulungelelanisa uzinzo nokuvumelana, ukulondoloza imigaqo esisiseko ngexa ukuvumela utshintsho olufunekayo, nokuqinisekisa ukusabela kwedemokhrasi nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane.

Enoba ingendlela esesikweni yokulungisa okanye yendaleko engacwangciswanga, umGaqo-siseko uza kuqhubeka uphuhlisa ukuphendula kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa imbali, amakhaniki kunye neziphene, kuhlala kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wamaMelika.

Amanyathelo Angundoqo malunga nenkqubo yokuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko

  • Inkqubo yokulungisa ifuna ukuvumelana okungaqhelekanga, nenkxaso efunekayo kwisicelo kunye nee-asethi ezintathu-ne zokwenza amanxeba
  • Iindlela ezimbini ezikhoyo zokulungisa: isindululo sombutho (sisetyenziswe kuzo zonke ii-asethi ezingama-33 ezicetyiweyo) kunye nendibano yomGaqo-siseko (engakhange isetyenziswe)
  • Iindlela ezimbini ezikhoyo zokwandiswa: iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente (ezisetyenziswe kwiinkonzo ezingama-26 ezingama-7 ezivunyiweyo) kunye neendibano zikarhulumente (ezisetyenziselwa uHlaziyo lwama-20 kuphela)
  • UMongameli akanandima esesikweni kwinkqubo yokulungisa, kwaye ukubuyiselwa okucetyiweyo akufuni kuvunyelwa ngumongameli
  • Iintlawulo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ziye zavunywa ukususela ngowe-1789, zibonakalisa ukuba nangona kunzima, iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko zinokwenzeka
  • Ibhari ephezulu yokulungisa iqinisekisa uzinzo kodwa ikhokelele ekunyuseni ukuthembela ekutolikeni kwejaji ukutshintsha umGaqo-siseko
  • Impikiswano yeNkcubeko iyaqhubeka enoba inkqubo yokulungisa ifanele ilungiswe ukuze kwenziwe utshintsho olulula okanye olungaphezulu lwedemokhrasi
  • Ukuphumelela kwempumelelo kudla ngokufuna imibutho eqhubekayo, imibutho ebanzi, kunye nemeko entle yezobupolitika

Ongezelelweyo Kulwazi Lohlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi malunga nenkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Abalawuli belizwe bagcina ulwazi olubanzi malunga nenkqubo yokulungisa kunye nembali yazo zonke ezicetyiweyo nezigunyazisiweyo. Iziko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika oovimba bokufundisa, uhlalutyo, kunye nemifanekiso edityanisiweyo ehlola imbali kunye nenkcazelo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko.

I- I-Cunitution Active , epapashwe yiThala leencwadi leBhunga, inika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwelungiselelo ngalinye lomGaqo-siseko, kuquka ingxubusho ebanzi yenkqubo yokulungisa ityala kunye nomthetho onxulumene nomthetho. Oolindixesha beAcademic kunye nohlalutyo lomthetho bapapasha rhoqo amanqaku ahlalutya iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, ukubonelela ngokunzulu imibandela yomzi neyangoku.

Ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kungundoqo ekuqondeni idemokhrasi yaseMelika ngokwayo. Le nkqubo ibonisa ukuba uMseki ulungelelaniso olucokisekileyo lwamaxabiso okukhuphisana: uzinzo notshintsho, amandla orhulumente, ulawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane. Ngoxa le nkqubo ifuna kwaye maxa wambi idimaza abo bafuna utshintsho, iye yalunceda uhlanga kakuhle ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ivumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba uzenzekele ngoxa ulondoloza uphawu lwawo olusisiseko negunya.

Njengabemi, ukuqonda indlela umthetho wethu osisiseko onokutshintshwa ngayo kusinika amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiingxoxo zedemokhrasi malunga nentsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko kunye notshintsho. Ukuba ubani ufuna ukugcina umGaqo-siseko njengoko ubhaliwe, ukuwuchaza ngokusekelwe kumaxabiso akhoyo, okanye ukuwulungisa ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsha, ulwazi lwenkqubo yokulungisa lubalulekile. Oku kusinceda siqonde ukuzinza okubalaseleyo komGaqo-siseko kunye nobuchule bawo bokutshintsha, siqinisekisa ukuba olu xwebhu lwesiseko lusasebenza kwizizukulwana ezizayo.