Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yasemthethweni: Isikhokelo Esifanelekileyo Samalungelo Neembopheleleko Zakho

Inkqubo yomthetho yenza isiseko sebutho lanamhlanje, inikeza isakhiwo, ucwangco, kunye nendlela yokulungisa iingxabano. Ngoxa isoloko ibonwa njengesoyikisayo okanye engenakufikeleleka, ifumana uluvo olusisiseko ngendlela eyakhiwe ngayo imithetho, inyanzelisa, kwaye itolikwa kukunika amandla okukhusela izilangazelelo zakho nokufeza imisebenzi yakho yoluntu. Le sikhokelo sinikela uphando olunzulu lwenkqubo esemthethweni, ukugquma iingcambu zayo zembali, amasebe akho amakhulu, amalungelo akho asisiseko, iimbopheleleko ezihambelanayo, kunye neendlela ezisebenzisekayo zokuqhuba imingeni esemthethweni ngokunempumelelo.

Yintoni Inkqubo Esemthethweni? Isakhiwo Solungelelwano Nokusesikweni

Embilinini wayo, inkqubo yomthetho yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yemithetho, amaziko, kunye neenkqubo ezenziwe ukulawula ukuziphatha, ukucombulula iingxabano, nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Le mithetho yenziwa ngamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho, inyanzeliswa ngamaqumrhu alawulayo, kwaye ichazwa yijaji. Le nkqubo isebenza kumgangatho omninzi / kweyodwa, kweyomhlaba, kweyolawulo, nakurhulumente.

Isiseko Sembali

Inkqubo yale mihla yomthetho kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi leyo inesithethe somthetho esiqhelekileyo, ilandela imvelaphi yayo kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, owavela emva kweNorman Constest ka 1066. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, iinkundla zamisela imizekelo eyaba yiyo ekwakugqunywe kuyo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo. UMGQIAT Carta[ (1215]) wasungula umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu, kuquka nokumkani, ungaphezulu komthetho (isiseko senkqubo efanelekileyo.) EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko kunye noBill wamaLungelo athelela phambili ekukhuseleni abantu abagcinezene. Ukuqonda le mbali kunceda umbandela ukuba kubekho amalungelo athile namhlanje.

Imithombo Yomthetho

Imithetho isuka kwimithombo emininzi, nganye ithwele ubunzima obahlukeneyo:

  • Izintlu: Umthetho ophakamileyo womhlaba, ochaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente namalungelo asisiseko. KuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., nguwona gunya liphezulu.
  • Imithetho ewiswe ngamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho (umz., iBhunga, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe). Imizekelo iquka uMthetho wamalungelo oluntu kunye nemithetho yerhafu.
  • Imithetho eyenziwe ngabameli bolawulo (umz., EPA, SEC) ukuzalisekisa imimiselo. Le miqathango inamandla omthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Womthetho weCape (umthetho): izigqibo zezejaji ezichaza imimiselo nomgaqo-siseko. Umgaqo we stare decis ufuna iinkundla ukuba zilandele imithetho yangaphambili kwiimeko ezifanayo.
  • [[Umthetho we- I-Common :[ umthetho owenziwe ngomgwebi kwimimandla engagqunywanga yimithetho, njengesivumelwano esininzi nemigaqo yetort.

Amasebe Enkqubo Esemthethweni

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ihlulwe yaba ngamasebe amathathu amakhulu, ngalinye lithetha ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibandela:

  • Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho: ulawula amatyala ngokuchasene norhulumente okanye ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lubekwa ityala ngurhulumente (otshutshisa) ngenxa yebutho labantu. Ityala lingaquka intengo, ukuvavanywa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye kwanokubulawa. Imizekelo: ubusela, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, ukurhwebela ngeziyobisi.
  • Umthetho we- we-Civil:[ Imathetho phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo (abantu, amashishini, imibutho). Injongo kukucombulula iingxabano nokunika unyango, oludla ngokunikwa imbuyiselo okanye imimiselo. Imizekelo: izivumelwano zokwaphula, ukumangalelwa komntu ngamnye, uqhawulo-mtshato, iimpikiswano zempahla.
  • UMthetho wolawulo: Uxakekisa imisebenzi yamaqumrhu karhulumente. Ilawula ulawulo, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nokufunxa imicimbi yokulawula. Imizekelo: imvume yokusingqongileyo, ukuva ukufuduka, iinzuzo zokhuseleko loluntu.

Ukongeza, [[NTL:0] umthetho woburhulumente [ kunye nomthetho womhlaba wonke [ ngamaziko akhethekileyo adibana nala masebe. Umthetho womGaqo-siseko uchaza uxwebhu oluphezulu, ngelixa umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ulawula ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe kwaye ungaphembelela umthetho wasekhaya ngezivumelwano.

Amalungelo Akho Phantsi Kwenkqubo Yasemthethweni: Ukhuseleko Omele Ulwazi

Amalungelo asemthethweni anelungelo elikhusela abantu kwizenzo zoburhulumente ezizimeleyo kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo ahlukene ngokwamagunya, amaninzi aqatshelwa ehlabathini lonke kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Ukuwaqonda linyathelo lokuqala lokuwasebenzisa nokuwakhusela.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko weCore (U.S.)

  • Ilungelo elilungileyo kwityala elilungileyo (Izindululo zeSixhwenxe): Unelungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke elikhawulezayo, livela kwijaji engakhethi bulungisa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kubandakanya nelungelo lokuthetha namangqina nokunyanzela amangqina ukuba anikele ubungqina ngawe.
  • [[UMGAQO-] Ekunene Ukuhlala Uthulile (Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu): Awunako ukunyanzeleka ukuba unikele ubungqina ngawe ngokwakho. Eli lungelo liyasebenza ngexesha lokuncinwa kwamapolisa kunye nemicimbi yasenkundleni. Ukucela akunakusetyenziswa njengobungqina bokwenza ityala.
  • Ilungelo kumelo olusemthethweni (IsiHlaziso-mda se-ICT): Ukuba utyholwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho, unelungelo kwigqwetha. Ukuba awunako ukulithenga, urhulumente kufuneka akunike elinye ([[Gideon v. Wainright, 1963)).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokubhenela: Emva kokuqiniseka, ungabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo, uphikisa ngelithi iimpazamo zomthetho zenzeka ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ingtshutshiso ayinakubhenela kwisigqibo sokungamkhombisi ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphindwe kabini.
  • Ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nophendlo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye noMphetho- ngqondo (Ulwandiso lweNkqutyana): Amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sokuphendla umntu wakho, ikhaya, okanye impahla. Ezikhethekileyo zikhona (umz., iimeko ezichanekileyo, imvume, imbono ecacileyo).
  • I-Equal Device phantsi koMthetho (Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine):[ Akukho zwe liza kumkhanyela nabani na umntu olinganayo nokhuseleko lwemithetho. Oku kusisiseko semithetho echasene nocalucalulo kunye nenkqubela-phambili yamalungelo abantu.

Amalungelo Kwimicimbi Yamakhaya

Amatyala asekuhlaleni akwabandakanya amalungelo abalulekileyo, nangona ahluke kwalawo akwabaphuli-mthetho:

  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo kwisiluleko esingokwasemthethweni: Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, unelungelo lokuqesha igqwetha, kodwa urhulumente akasoloko efunwa ukunikezela ngomntu ukuba awunako ukukwazi ukulithenga (ngaphandle kwezinye iimeko njengamalungelo okuphela kwabazali).
  • Ekunene kwityala le Jury: Kwityala lamakhaya elibandakanya umonakalo wemali ngaphezu komlinganiselo othile (ngokufuthi ii-$20 000 kwiinkundla zelizwe), naliphi na iqela lingafuna ityala labachopheli-tyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuya ekuDlulisweni: omabini amacala angacela ubungqina kunye nolwazi kwicala ngalinye phambi kokuvavanywa, ukukhuthaza okusesikweni nokusebenza kakuhle.
  • Ilungelo lokubhenela: izigwebo zamakhaya zingabhena, nangona umgangatho wokuzihlola usoloko uphantsi (umz., ukusetyenziswa kakubi kobuchule kwiziphumo ezingobunyani).

Amalungelo Ngexesha Lokungenelela Nomthetho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kunokuthintela ukungaqondani kuze kukukhusele.

  • Akufunekanga uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokunikela inkcazelo echazayo (kwimimandla emininzi).
  • Unelungelo lokungavumi ukuphengulula umntu wakho, inqwelo-mafutha okanye ikhaya lakho. Kodwa ukuba amapolisa anesizathu okanye imvume, anokuphengulula ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Xa ucela igqwetha, amapolisa kufuneka ayeke ukukubuza.
  • Ukuba ubanjiwe, unelungelo lokuxelelwa ngezityholo (isilumkiso seMiranda) nokuvela phambi kwejaji ngexesha elifanelekileyo (ngokuqhelekileyo 48-72 yeeyure).

[[UMTL:0] Ugcino lwezikhundla: I Imanyano yeMelika Bar system's Indlela Iinkundla Zomsebenzi inikeza ushwankathelo oluhle lwala malungelo asebenzayo.

Iimbopheleleko Zakho Phantsi Kwenkqubo Esemthethweni: Imisebenzi Exhasa Ubulungisa

Amalungelo neembopheleleko ziyinxalenye ezimbini zengqekembe enye. Inkqubo yomthetho esebenzayo ixhomekeke kubemi abasebenza ngokukhutheleyo befeza imisebenzi yabo. Ukungazi umthetho akusoloko kusisingxengxezo, kwaye ukungaphumeleli ukufikelela iimbopheleleko kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Imisebenzi Esisiseko

  • [[NTLA:0] Ukusebenzisa uMthetho: Lo nguwona mthwalo osisiseko. Imithetho iwiselwe ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, impilo, kunye nentlalo-ntle. Ukuyaphula ngesiquphe kululaza ucwangco lwentlalo kwaye kungaphumela kwintengo, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye ezinye iimvume.
  • Ichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho: Imithetho emininzi inyanzelisa umsebenzi osemthethweni ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile olunzulu (umz., ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, ukubulala) ukuba uyazazi. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kungakhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ukungagqibeki kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kwamanye amazwe).
  • Ukusebenza kuJury: Xa ubizwa, unyanzelekile ngokwasemthethweni ukuba ukhonze ngaphandle kokuba uvunywe ngesizathu esisebenzayo (umz., ubunzima, ikhethe). Inkonzo kaJury limbombo lobulungisa bokwahlula.
  • [[UMTLA:0] Ukuhlawula Irhafu: Umanyano, urhulumente, kunye neenkundla zemali yerhafu, amapolisa, abakhuseli boluntu, kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezisemthethweni. Ukubhalisa irhafu kululwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu.
  • Ukunikezela ngeMiyalelo yeNkundla: Ukuba inkundla ikhupha ipeyinti encinci, ithintela umyalelo, okanye ithumela, kufuneka uthobele. Ukungaphumeleli kungaphumela ekudeleni inkundla, iimali ezihlawuliweyo, okanye ukubanjwa.

Iimbopheleleko Kwinkqubela Esemthethweni

Ukuba ubandakanyeka kwityala elingokwasemthethweni, -- njengomntu ongomnye, ummangalelwa, ingqina, okanye ijaji-nemisebenzi eyongezelelekileyo:

  • Uvavanyo oluphantsi kwesifungo lufuna ukunyaniseka. Ukuhlala enkundleni kuyingozi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingxelo: Kwimiba yoluntu, amaqela kufuneka atyhile amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kunye nobungqina ngexesha lokufunyanwa. Ukufihla okanye ukutshabalalisa ubungqina kukukhupha imvume kwaye kungakhokelela kwimvumelo okanye kwimifanekiso ephikisayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukujongela phantsi iNkundla: Ukubonisa ngexesha, ukunxiba ngokufanelekileyo, nokulandela imithetho kubonisa intlonelo ngenkqubo. Ihambo echaphazelekayo ingenza ukususwa okanye ukuthotywa.
  • Ukuhlawula Imigwebo: Ukuba uphulukana nomba woluntu kwaye uyalelwa ukuhlawula umonakalo, umele ubhatala ngokusemthethweni ukwanelisa umgwebo. Ukungaphumeleli kungakhokelela ekuhlawuleni ityala, iindleko zebhanki, okanye ubuxoki kwimpahla.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingokomthetho Ngaphezu Koko Kufunwa Ngumthetho

Umthetho umisela umlinganiselo ophantsi wehambo. Iimbopheleleko zezobungcali zidla ngokuhambela phambili, ziphathe abanye ngokufanelekileyo, zihlonele ukuzimela, zize zikhuthaze ibutho labantu abanobulungisa. Umzekelo, ngoxa kusenokuba semthethweni ukusebenzisa i-elementi yobugcisa, isimilo sikwenza kungakukhuthazi oko xa kusetyenziswa abanye.

Ukumisela Inkqubo Esemthethweni: Izindululo Eziluncedo Zempumelelo

Kusenokuba nzima ukuqhuba le nkqubo isemthethweni, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba ube ligqwetha ukuze usebenzise indlela ephumelelayo.

Zifundise Ngokuzimisela

Ulwazi lunamandla. Qala ngokuqonda imithetho echaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla: amalungelo asebenzayo, umthetho wemisebenzi, imigaqo esisiseko yesivumelwano, imimiselo yendlela, kunye nemithetho ethile yesizwe sakho. ubuncwane obukhululekileyo[[FLT: 1] buquka:

  • Iincwadi zomthetho zasekuhlaleni (ngokufuthi uwonke-wonke)
  • I-webhsayithi ye-Rhulumente (ezininzi zinika abathengi abaluncedo)
  • USA. icandelo lomthetho neNkundla (ulwazi loluntu)
  • Imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni (abantu abangenayo)

Funa Amacebiso Asemthethweni Afanelekileyo

Imfundo yobuqu ibalulekile, kodwa ayinakuthatha indawo yesiluleko sobuchule. IiAttorney zineminyaka yokuqeqeshwa namava. Xa zidibana negqwetha:

  • Buza ngamava abo kwiimeko ezifana nezakho.
  • Lungisa izakhiwo zomrhumo (ngeeyure, umrhumo osicaba, imvume).
  • Jonga ingxelo yabo yoqeqesho kunye neqela lebar yesizwe.
  • Zithembe iingcinga zakho zemvelo ngezantsi xa igqwetha libonakala ligqwesa okanye lingcungcuthekisa, funa uluvo lwesibini.

Iinkundla ezininzi zinika amaziko oncedo lwazo ngokwazo kubantu abazimelayo (pro se) kodwa kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo, ukuqesha igqwetha kububulumko.

Phendula Yonke Into

Uxanduva lwasemthethweni lusoloko luxhomekeke kubungqina.

  • Zonke ii-asethi (ii-email, oonobumba, ii-logs zefowuni) ezinamalungu afanelekileyo.
  • Imali, ii-isithili, iingxelo zemali, imifanekiso.
  • Imihla, amaxesha, kunye neenkcukacha zeziganeko.
  • Naziphi na iingxelo zamapolisa, iingxelo zezamayeza, okanye izimvo zeengcali.

Lungisa amaxwebhu ngexesha elithile kwindawo ekhuselekileyo (amafu akhuselekileyo aluncedo). Uxwebhu olulungileyo lungaqinisa imeko yakho okanye lukuncede uphephe ukudityaniswa okungeyomfuneko.

Ukuqonda Iindlela Iinkundla Ezibonisa Ixesha

Iinkundla zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo yenkqubo kunye nexesha elimisiweyo. Ukungawulandeli ummiselo wemithetho kungaphumela ekugxothweni kwetyala lakho. Iingongoma ezingundoqo:

  • Ziqhelanise nommiselo wesithintelo (ixesha elilinganiselweyo lokufaka ityala).
  • Funda imithetho yenkundla yasekuhlaleni (edla ngokupapashwa kwi - Internet).
  • Kufike kwangoko xa kuthethwa ityala. Nxiba ngobuchule. Yithi cwaka ifowuni yakho.
  • Ukuba ushumayela okanye ungumgwebi, phulaphula imiyalelo uze ubuze imibuzo ukuba kukho into engacacanga.

Qwalasela enye impikiswano

Asizizo zonke iimpikiswano ezifuneka ukuya etyaleni. Ukuququzelelwa nokukhutshwa kwetyala kudla ngokukhawuleza, kungabi naxabiso, yaye kungabi namali ingako. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuba azame ukuzama ukuphendula phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. I-ADR iyakwazi ukulondoloza ulwalamano kwaye ikunike ulawulo olungakumbi kwisiphumo. Noko ke, lumka okokuba izigqibo zokulungisa ityala zidla ngokuba zokugqibela kwaye zinyanzelekile, zinamalungelo alinganiselweyo okubhenela.

Hlala Usazi Iinguqulelo Zomthetho

Imimiselo emitsha, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nemimiselo ingachaphazela amalungelo akho kunye neembopheleleko. Sikela uhlaziyo oluvela kwimithombo esemthethweni edumileyo, okanye ubhalise kumaphephandaba avela kwimibutho enjenge ABA Imfundo kawonke-wonke[ okanye Iziko lolwazi lweziko le-Cornell Law [].

Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Eziphosakeleyo Ngenkqubo Esemthethweni

Ukungaqondani kunokubangela izigqibo ezingafanelekanga, nazi iintsomi ezimbalwa nenyaniso:

  • [[FLT: 0] Myth: "Ukuba ndibanjiwe, ndisithi 'ndifuna igqwetha' liza kundenza ndibonakale ndinetyala" ubunyani: Ukucela ilungelo lakho ekucebiseni akukokuvuma ukuba netyala. Amapolisa alindele, kwaye akanakusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nawe enkundleni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izamvo: "Andinakumangalelwa ukuba andinanto". Into eyenzekayo: Usengamangalelwa, kwaye nokuba uphulukana, umgwebo ungakulandela kangangeminyaka. Ii-asethi zingathathwa kamva, umvuzo uhlawulwa, kwaye ityala liyonakaliswe.
  • Imbaza: "Inkqubo esemthethweni yenzelwe ukukhusela izityebi". Into eyenzekayo: Ngoxa ubutyebi bunokuphembelela iziphumo, inkqubo iquka ukhuseleko olufana nabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke, uncedo olusemthethweni, kunye nokubekwa umgangatho othe ngqo wokufaka ibala lokudlala. Injongo kukusesikweni kubo bonke, nangona kukho ukungafezeki.
  • Myth: "Ukuba ndiphumelele enkundleni, elinye icala kufuneka ndihlawule iimali zam zegqwetha" ubunyani: Umthetho weMelika" ufuna ukuba iqela ngalinye lihlawule intlawulo yamagqwetha alo, ngaphandle kokuba umthetho okanye isivumelwano sitsho ngenye indlela. Umthetho okanye isivumelwano sikhona (umz, amatyala amalungelo oluntu).
  • [[FLT: 0] Myth: "Uxwebhu oluchanekileyo lubophelele ngokwasemthethweni nokuba luqulathwe luyintoni" Ukwenyaniseka: Ukwenziwa kophawu kuphela kungqina uchazo nokukulungela ukutyikitya; akuvumelani nokusemthethweni komququlo. Ukungavumelani okanye izivumelwano ezingekho mthethweni ziphuthileyo ziphuthile nokokuba zingenziwangachaziwe.

Indima Yamagcisa Asemthethweni Enkquboni

Ukuqonda umntu owenza into enokukunceda unxibelelane nenkqubo ngokunentembelo:

  • Abagwebi: Abalawuli kwiinkundla, umthetho kwiinkupho zomthetho, kwaye ugqibe izigqibo (kwizigwebo zesihlalo) okanye abamangalelwa. Kufuneka bahlale bengakhethi buso.
  • Abameli be-Attorney: abaxhasi, acebisa ngamalungelo asemthethweni, amaxwebhu eempiliso, kunye namatyala akhoyo enkundleni. Babotshelelwe ngemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni (umz., imfihlelo, umelo lwenzondelelo).
  • Abagwebi boRhulumente abazisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho kurhulumente. Banembopheleleko yokufuna okusesikweni, kungekhona amabanjwa nje.
  • Abakhuseli bePublic: AmaAttorney ahlawulwa ngurhulumente ukumela abamangalelwa abagqwesi-mthetho abangoogqwirha. Bangamagqwetha angoochwepheshe, nangona ngokufuthi bethwele umthwalo onzima.
  • [[UMTL:0] IiParegegal kunye noncedo lomthetho: Ixhasa amagqwetha ngokuphanda umthetho, ngokulungisa amaxwebhu, nangokuphatha amatyala. Abakwazi ukunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni ngokuzimeleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] AbaGcini nabaphathi: Phatha iirekhodi zenkundla, ucwangciso lokuchonga, kwaye uncede uluntu ngemibuzo yemvelaphi.
  • [[NTLA:0] Unyanzeliso lwasemthethweni: Amapolisa, abaphathi-mikhosi, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente anyanzelisa imithetho, awenze amabanjwa, aze aqokelele ubungqina. Baphantsi kwemiqathango esemthethweni (umz., enokuba ngunobangela ofanelekileyo, ukukrokrela okusengqiqweni).

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yomthetho asiyonkqubo engekho ngqiqweni ```ingumsebenzi onzima''. Ichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi bakho, ukusayina isatifiketi sokuvota ukucombulula impikiswano nommelwane. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho neembopheleleko, uxhotyiswe bhetele ukuze uzikhusele, uthabathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, kwaye ufak'eburhulumenteni. Ngoxa umthetho unokuba ntsonkothile, akufuni ukuba ube ingcali; akufuni siseko sidityatyelwe ukufuna uncedo xa kufuneka rhoqo. Hlala usazisile, sebenzisa amalungelo akho ngendlela efanelekileyo, kwaye ufeze imisebenzi yakho njengommi. Inkqubo isebenza kakuhle xa wonke umntu ephumeza indima yakhe ngolwazi nangengqibelelo.

[[UMTL_E] ukufunda ngokuphinda-phindeneyo:[[UMTLL:1]

  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla ezikwanguMphathiswa – inikezela izikhokelo ezicacileyo zolwimi kwijaji yequmrhu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkundla yephondo laseNew York Uncedo oluzifumaneleyo – Umzekelo omhle womgangatho wobuzwe wenkxaso yobuqu.