Inkqubo yokugweba ingumqulu wokulawula kwedemokhrasi, iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni nokusesikweni akuyonjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni kodwa zizinto ezisebenzisekayo ebomini bemihla ngemihla. Iquka uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwamaziko, iingcali zomthetho, iinkqubo, kunye nemigaqo exhasa umthetho njengentlanganisela. Le nkqubo ilungiselela iindlela zokucombulula iimpikiswano, ukuchaza imimiselo, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, nokugcina ucwangco lwentlalo. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo kuyimfuneko kummi ngamnye, njengoko ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inkululeko yobuqu, ukuzinza koqoqosho, kunye nokuziphendulela kolawulo lwamandla. Isebe lenkundla elinamandla lisikelela ukulawulwa nokugcinwa kwezithembiso zomthetho. Ngaphandle komgaqo ozimeleyo nosebenzayo, umthetho wephondo, kunye nesiseko sentlalo-ntle.

Amalungu e-Coree Enkqubo yezeeJaji

Inkqubo yokugweba yale mihla yakhiwe ngamalungu aliqela adibeneyo asebenza kunye ukudlulisela okusesikweni. Ilungu ngalinye linendima eyahlukileyo ekuqhubekeni kwamatyala, ekusebenziseni imithetho, nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba iziphumo zilungile kwaye ziyaguquguquka. La malungu aquka imigangatho yenkundla, abagwebi, amagqwetha, iijaji, kunye neenkqubo ezisemthethweni ezilawula intsebenziswano yabo. Zibonke, zibumba imekobume apho iimpikiswano zinokukhutshelwa, zicaciswe, kunye nezigwebo ezinikezelwa ngokwemilinganiselo emiselwe ngumthetho.

Iinkundla: IiNkundla Ezisembindini Zokulwela Okusesikweni

Iinkundla eziphambili apho iinkundla ziququzelelwa khona kwaye zigqitywe khona. Zilungelelaniswe kwisakhiwo samatyala esilawulayo sokunika izigqibo kunye namathuba okuzihlola. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo engoomatiloshe e-330 iquka iinkundla zokuvavanya, iinkundla zetyala, nenkundla ephakamileyo (ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo). Iinkundla zetyala, ezikwaziwa njengeenkundla zokuqala, zisingatha amatyala amaninzi, (umgqaliselo nowesigqeba. Apha eUnited States, ubungqina bunika ubungqina, amangqina, yaye ijaji okanye ijaji iqinisekisa izibakalathiso ezingqinweni. Iinkundla zetyala zihlola imbali ukuvavanywa kwetyala ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe kakuhle yaye ukuba iimpazamo ze-procculture azizange ziphonise isigwebo. [umthetho oyena mgaqo-mthetho ophezulu, iNkuphendulo yeNkuphelo, ingulo yeNkupho yomthetho, ingulo yomthetho owendla yomthetho ogunyazelelwe phantsi. [1]

ABagwebi: Izahlulelo Zokwenza Intle

Abagwebi bayawongamela amatyala enkundla, bemisela imithetho engobungqina, bethabatha inyathelo lomthetho, yaye ekugqibeleni, besenza iityala zebhedi, yaye ngezantsi. Kulindeleke ukuba bangabi namkhethe, bangabi namkhethe kwimfundiso esemthethweni, kwaye babe nobuchule ekulawuleni inkundla. Iindlela zokukhetha ziyahluka-hluka ngegunya: abanye abagwebi bamiselwa ngabalawuli okanye abagwebi, ngoxa abanye benyulwa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Nokuba kutheni, ukuzimela ngokwendlela kuyabaluleka. Abagwebi kumele bakhululwe kwiingcinezelo zangaphandle, bakhululwe kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika, abafumileyo, okanye abanolwazi oluselubala, ukunikela izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nezibakala. Imigangatho ecacileyo yokulawula imigaqo engokwasemthethweni iquka ukuphumelela kwenkcawa, ukuvalela iinkcutho, nokuzimela kwimigaqo-siseko sonxibelelwano.

AbaLawuli: Abameli Nabacebisi

Abameli, okanye amagqwetha, bamela abameli phambi kweenkundla nakwezinye izicwangciso ezisemthethweni. Basebenza njengabameli, abameli, nabameli, abakhokela abantu, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente ngemiqathango emininzi esemthethweni. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, abameli bamela urhulumente, befuna ukungqina ukuba unetyala elingaphaya kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo, ngoxa abameli bekhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, kunye nelungelo lokuzilawula ngokwawo kunye nelungelo lokuzibeka ngokwalo. Kwimicimbi yomthetho yezaphuli-mthetho, amagqwetha asingatha imicimbi yezivumelwano, impahla, umthetho, imicimbi yoorhulumente, ukulungiselela, ukukhusela, kunye nokungakumbi. Amagosa eencwadi axhasayo, anceda abaxhasi benkqubo, imodelikiphi ye-od projectracrac, kunye nemigaqo-od syst syst, i-octracracration, imigaqo yemithetho yexesha elizayo. Imithetho emiselwe ngumthetho emiselwe ngu-A.[10] I-A, i-A.

Iintlanganiso: Ilizwi Loluntu

Inkqubo yabachopheli-mthetho ibeka abahlali ngqo kwinkqubo yokugweba, inikela uhlolo kumagunya aseburhulumenteni nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zomthetho zibonakalisa imilinganiselo yoluntu. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, izigwebo eziqhelekileyo ziquka amalungu ali-12 (nangona amaqumrhu amathandathu anesijunga aphambili) aqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezincinane) amele afikelele kwisigqibo esinye sokuqiniseka kwiimeko ezininzi ezinzulu. Kwimiba yabachopheli-mthetho, umlinganiselo wabachopheli-mthetho usenokuba mncinane, yaye izigwebo zidla ngokufuna ukubekwa kwemi kumalungu aphezulu. Abagwebi bakhethwa kwiimeko eziquzelelayo ngokwendlela eziquka ukuthulwa nokuncitshiswa kwemi nje okungaqondanileyo. Amadoda asoloko afumana imiyalelo eluncedo kumthetho ofanelekileyo, yaye afumana isigwebo esingesongelo esingesongelo esingeyo.

Iinkqubo Ezisemthethweni: Imithetho Yomdlalo

Imithetho elawulayo ingulawulo lonke lwetyala, ukusuka ekufakeni isikhalazo ukuya ekuqinisekiseni umgwebo. Le mithetho iqinisekisa okusesikweni, ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, kunye nokusebenza. Inkqubo efunekayo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko esiyalela urhulumente ukuba ahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni anikwe umntu, kuquka isaziso, ithuba lokuvinjwa, kunye nesigqibo sobundindindiswano. Isigqibo sokungathathi-nxaxheba. Ilungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, "```````Simkeli-'''''''''.' Inyathelo lokulungisa iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho/ukungaqiniseki''.) Ukunikela ingxubuliso yemiqatha yeminye yemiqobo eUnited States. Ukongeza ingxube yolunye uhlobo lwezigwebo (i-R) imigaqo ebambene ngokomthetho nezixhobo ezithenjiweyo, ichaza ngokuphanyaniswa ngokukhawuleza nangezimeko ezikhoyo, nangona inika nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo iprojelo yolwazi efunekayo.

Imisebenzi yenkqubo yezeeJaji

Ngapha koko kusungulwa kwayo, inkqubo yokugweba yenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo egcina ibutho labantu elisesikweni nelilungeleleneyo. Umsebenzi ngamnye womeleza abanye, udala isiseko esilungelelanisiweyo sokusebenzisa imithetho, ukucombulula iimbambano zabucala nezasekuhlaleni, nokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko. Le misebenzi ikwanxulumene nemikhosi ebanzi yezobupolitika nezentlalo, ukwenza umgwebi angabi ngumenzi-mikhosi wasemthethweni kodwa abe ngumdlali ongundoqo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukutolika Imithetho

Enye yeendima ezibalulekileyo zejaji kukuchaza intsingiselo yemimiselo, imimiselo, kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Xa ulwimi lomthetho ludidane nomnye umthetho, iinkundla zingena ekucombululeni imbono engacacanga. Ngokucacileyo, iinkundla zicacisa iinjongo zemithetho, zizalise izithuba kumthetho, kwaye ````inkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo'' ezidibanisa imizekelo ekhokelela kwiimeko zexesha elizayo. [[FLT: 0]] umgaqo we-decis[ [umthetho] [umthetho owenziwe ngolu hlobo olubanzi] (umthetho owenziwe umgaqo) [umthetho ocacileyo)] (ungakhuthathi)) ukhutha ulungele uzinzo nokungaguquguquko, kodwa iinkundla zinokufumana amandla okulawula imiqathango yokulawula xa iimeko eziphelelwe lixesha okanye ukuguquka. Elinye ilizwe lisebenza njengemeko. [FT.5]

Ukucombulula Iimpikiswano

Iingxabano azinakuphetshwa kulo naliphi na ibutho labantu, yaye inkqubo yokugweba ilungiselela inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo, yoxolo yokuzicombulula. Ngezilingo nezibongozo, abantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho ingabeka ityala labo phambi kwegunya elingoondilele(a ijaji kunye/okanye ijaji-/i-av) kwaye ifumane isigqibo esisinyanzelisayo. Le nkqubo inciphisa amathuba ekwamkelekileyo okanye okusesikweni, okuya kwenza ukuba abantu bangakwazi ukutshintsha ibutho labantu. Kwimibango yolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala elityholo, ukufuna isohlwayo okanye ukubuyiselwa kwetyala. Kwimiba yoluntu, amaqela afuna iingxelo enjengemali, imiqathango yokugweba, okanye izala ityala. Iinkundla eziqhelekileyo ezikhongonwayo ziyalungela ukunikela ubungqina obungcono kunye neenkundla zerhafu, nangona iinkundla zezongazelelenezelele, zisebenzisa umahluko omkhulu wemiqathangongoma yetyala.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo

Inkqubo yogwebo yinkqubo epheleleyo yokufumana amalungelo nenkululeko. Iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko ziqinisekisa ukuba kumiselwe umthetho wamalungelo abantu, ukugatya imithetho ephazamisayo ekuthetheni, kunqulo, ukuzimela, okanye ukukhusela okulinganayo. Iinkundla zamalungelo abantu ezithi zichaphazele igunya, ukuthuthumbisa, okanye ukuphatha okungekho sesikweni. Iinkundla ziyakwazi ukukhusela amalungelo entolongo abekwe ngokungekho mthethweni (anelungelo lokufumana ityala), njengamalungelo okukhawulezileyo, ilungelo lokuchasa amangqina, nokukhusela ilungelo lokuchasana namangqina. Xa urhulumente echasa igunya lakhe, iinkundla zinika imvume yokuwaphelisa. Umzekelo, iinkundla ziyakwazi ukukhupha imvume yokukhuselwa kwebanjwa ngokungekho mthethweni, ukusetyenziswa komthetho oluntu, xa kusetyenziswa iinkondlalo lombane. [Ngaphanye, iNkutsho kungene iNkundla yeNkulelo lomthetho-wonke wonke, i-Elworks, inikela ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokungekho mthethweni lomthetho womthetho woluntu, xa kukhangelwayo.[10]

Ukulondoloza Ulungelelwano Lwasekuhlaleni

Ngokumisa imithetho nokubeka isohlwayo, inkqubo yokugweba inceda ukugcina ucwangco lwentlalo nokuthintela isimilo solwaphulo-mthetho. Ukugweba kufeza iinjongo ezininzi: isohlwayo, ukunqanda (kokubini okungqalileyo nokuqhelekileyo), ukuchatshazelwa, ukubuyiselwa kobomi, nokubuyiselwa. Isisongelo esiqinisekileyo sokuchotshelwa nokugwetywa sikhuthaza ukuthobela umthetho. Ngaphezu koko, ukubekwa kwemi yasekuhlaleni kunye nokupapashwa kweembono kukhuthaza imigaqo ekhuthaza imigaqo engokwezeleyo, imigaqo ekhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo entle nemilinganiselo ephakamileyo, ifundisa abemi ngehambo entle kunye nemilinganiselo ephakamileyo, ukufundisa ngehambo eyamkelekileyo. Umthetho othe ngqo (*) umgaqo wokuba bonke amagosa berhulumente, babonise ukulawulwa yingcingo esisiseko yemigaqo-mthetho. Xa inkqubo yobulungisa isenza kube lula ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephakamileyo, kodwa isenokuhlala ikho, iinko yobulungisa obungena ngqongqo, kodwa isenokusetyenziswa nakusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-monga, kodwa, ukuyeleleka, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo, isenoku, isala u

Ukubaluleka Kwencwadi Yesityhi Esizimeleyo

Ijaji ezimeleyo ingundoqo wedemokhrasi esebenza. Iqinisekisa ukuba iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni zigqitywe ngokufanelekileyo komthetho nezibakala, kungekhona ngokweminqweno yegunya elinamandla. Inkululeko yejaji ikhuselwa ngezixhobo zesakhiwo: ubomi okanye imigaqo emide kubagwebi, ukukhusela ukuncitshiswa kwentlawulo, kunye neenkqubo zokumisa ezigquma abagwebi ekubekeni ityala kwimpikiswano yezopolitiko. Xa icandelo liqwalaselwa njengelixanduva, ukuthembana kwabantu kwanda, yaye abantu bakulungele ngakumbi ukwamkela izigqibo zenkundla kwanokuba baphulukane nemali. Ngokuphikisana noko, i-projectaltic joyitisssssssssssssss, ingcelo yokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ulawulo olunetyala eliphezulu, i-ekhohlolo lwezi ezimele ukulawulwa kwemithetho-mthetho esemthethweni nemigaqo-yongamele ukuxhasa ukulawulwa kwemithetho elawula imigaqo elawula imigaqo elawula imigaqo yobulungisa.[10]

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo ebalulekileyo, inkqubo yokugweba ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi. Ukukhula kwetyala kunye nokuthotywa kwemithetho kulibazisa okusesikweni, ngokufuthi kunyanzelisa amaqela ukuba alungise okanye alahle izicelo. Indleko ephezulu yokumela imelo elisemthethweni idala ukungalingani, njengoko izityebi zinokukwazi ukufikelela amagqwetha angcono kunye namaqhinga anzima. Ubuchwepheshe bunika izicombululo ezinokwenzeka zesigqibo sokulungisa, ukupheliswa kwetyala nge-electal, i-AIN, ukunyusa inkxalabo yolwazi-mfihleko-mgamfa, kunye nokufikelela kwabo abangenabuchule bamanani. Imigudu yokwandisa ukwahluka kwemiba neenko yobuchule bokulungisa inkqulukwano nokuphucula imbono entle yoluntu nokuzisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwisigqibo somthetho. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kwemiqatha kwemibutho yomthetho kunye nokuhlasela kwemigaqo-mthetho elungileyo kusongela ukusongela ukulawulwa komthetho.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokugweba ingaphezulu kakhulu kunengqokelela yeenkundla nemithetho esemthethweni; lilungiselelo eliphilayo elibandakanya ukuzinikela kwebutho labantu ekungakhethi bulungisa, ukulingana, nokuphendula. Ngeenkundla zalo, abagwebi, amagqwetha, amatyala, kunye nemithetho eququzelelwayo, ichaza imithetho, icombulula iimpikiswano, ikhusela amalungelo, kwaye igcina ulungelelwano lwentlalo-ntle. Ukuqonda amaqela nemisebenzi yalo kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka inkqubo esemthethweni, ukudibana ngokufanelekileyo, enoba ngabalawuli, abachongi, okanye abaxhasi bemithetho ehlaziweyo. Njengoko intlalo luguquka, inkqubo yokugweba, kufuneka ilungele imilinganiselo emitsha, itshintshe, kwaye ibonakale izisongelo eziphambili kumthetho. Kodwa umsebenzi wayo ukulondoloza okungundoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuyo yinyaniso kodwa kuyingenelo kumntu wonke umntu ofundayo, uqeqesho oluluvo olulungeleyo olulungeleyo, olulungeleyo olu lungiselelo lulungele ukumanyana lweziko, olulungele ukungenelelana lokusebenza ngolukulwayo, luluxhotyiso lwezo lwezo lolawulo loburhulumente.