Ukwazisa: Ukuqonda Izivumelwano Zolawulo

Isivumelwano se-Administrative Seating Arevention (ASA) sisivumelwano esibophelelayo esisemthethweni phakathi kombutho karhulumente nomntu okanye iqumrhu elisombulula ngokutyholwa ngokwaphulwa kwemithetho okanye imimiselo ngaphandle kokubhenela ekuchazeni ngokusemthethweni. Ezi zivumelwano zisetyeni lokunyanzelisa okusemthethweni kwale nkqubo yale mihla, zivumela amaqumrhu afana ne-Evironmental Projective Project (EPA), i-Sivumelwano-Entemental Project (ExPlationssion), iKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC), kunye neSebe leJaji (DOJ) ukuthetha ngokunelisa ngokuneyo ukungavumelani kwazo iinjongo ezisebenzayo zokulawula iinjongo zeqhinga. Kunokulandelana ukusetyenziswa kwemali nokungaqinisekiselwa kwazo, ukusetyenziswa kweqhinga, ukugwetyelwa nokunga ukuquququzelelwa kwetyala.

Ukuqinisekisa iASA kufuna uluvo olucokisekileyo lwemeko-bume esemthethweni, izityholo ezingqalileyo, kunye nezilangazelelo zombutho kunye neqela eliphendulayo. Le nkqubo iyasebenzisana kodwa ikwayalathisa ngokuthi icala ngalinye lifuna ukukhusela indawo yalo. Kwiziko, usukelo kukufumana ukuthotyelwa ngokukhawuleza, ukuthintela ukuphamba okuzayo, nokunceda umdla kawonke-wonke. Kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, injongo kukuhlisa izigwebo, ukuphepha ukuvunywa kwetyala, nokukhuselwa kwemiqathango ekhuselekileyo. Ukwazi ukuthatha amanyathelo okunceda amaqela afumaneke ngokulungileyo naphumelelayo izigqibo.

Izivumelwano zoLawulo ezizizo

Igunya le-arhente nesiseko semithetho

Amagosa olawulo afumana amandla awo okusebenza ngokuvumela imimiselo nemimiselo. Umzekelo, i-EPA igunyazisa ukukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo egunyaziswayo kunye nokuhlaliswa kwemibutho yezohlwayo zamakhaya. Ngokufanayo, i-SEC ingazinzisa ukwaphula umthetho ngokweenkqubo zolawulo phantsi koMthetho we-Secireties Exchange. Le mimiselo inika amaqumrhu igunya elibanzi lokulungisa imicimbi, ukuba anikezelwe ngokufanelekileyo imvume kunye nomthetho kunye nomdla kawonke wonke. Isakhiwo somthetho sikwabeka imiqathango: amakhaya akasayi kungqubana nenkqubo efanelekileyo, kufuneka azinikele ngokuzithandela, kwaye ngokufuthi afune isaziso sasekuhlaleni xa ebandakanya iinkcukumbeko ezinkulu zemali okanye izihlambo ezingo zomthetho ezingongoma zikawonke.

ngokungathi

Nangona iinkalo zobume nobume beli candelo zingafani, kukho iifomu eziphindaphindwayo:

  • IMimiselo eVunyiweyo kunye neMimiselo eVunyiweyo: Olona hlobo luqhelekileyo, lugcinwe kwinkundla okanye kumbutho, apho umphicothi avumayo ukuthatha izenzo ezithile (umz., ungcoliso oluhlaziyiweyo, ukuzalisekisa ulawulo lwangaphakathi) kwaye usoloko ehlawula isohlwayo ngaphandle kokuvuma ukwenza okubi.
  • Izivumelwano zolawulo olugunyazisiweyo: ezijoliswe kwimali ehlawulwayo, ezi zivumelwano zichaza ubungakanani besohlwayo, ucwangciso, kunye nazo naziphi na izinto ezibangela ukuhlawulwa.
  • [[NTL:0] Izivumelwano zeSebe se-Active Act: ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimpilo nakukhuseleko lwemeko (OSHA, FDA), zifuna intsebenziswano ukulungisa iingozi okanye iintsilelo ezichaziweyo nokuzithoba ukulandela uhlolo oluyi-196.
  • Izivumelwano zokugwetywa ezithenjiweyo (DPAs) kunye noNon pasethition Acts (NPAS): zisetyenziswa yiDOJ ngenxa yehambo engalunganga yenkampani, ezi zivumela inkampani ukuba iphephe izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokudibana neemeko ezithile, njengokusebenzisana nophando, ukuhlawula intengo, nokuphumeza iinguqu eziqulu-lungelayo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Izivumelwano zoSihlalo soMqobo woMjuxuzo woMqobo: uzikhuthaza ukuba azixele ngokwawo ngokuzichaza ngokwaphula ukuze kutshintshiswe amagama anokuyekelela; ziqheleke kakhulu ekulawuleni kwamanye amazwe nakumatyala obuqhetseba.

Uhlobo ngalunye luneentsingiselo ezicacileyo ezingokwasemthethweni, ngoko amaqela kufuneka ahlolisise ngenyameko ukuba yeyiphi eyona nqwelo - mafutha ilungele iimeko zawo.

Inkqubela yokuhambisa isandi: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Isicwangciso sokuququzelela

Phambi kokuba kuqaliswe nayiphi na ingxubusho esemthethweni, amacala omabini aqhuba ulungiselelo olude. Isebe lichonga ukuchasana okuthiwa kwaphulwayo, liqokelela ubungqina obuxhasayo (amaphepha, iingxelo zamaNgqina, iingxelo zobungcaphephe), lize lihlolisise amandla etyala lalo. Impendulo kufuneka igcine ngokukhawuleza isiluleko esisemthethweni esinxulumene nemigaqo yombutho enxulumene nezenzo zombutho kunye nezobugqhinga. Icebo liya kuhlola izityholo, lihlalutye iingcebiso elinokucotha ukhuseleko, kwaye liphuhlise ubuchule bokuzikhusela kwingxelo engokwahlukeneyo engokusetyenziswa komthetho. Imisebenzi enzima iquka ukuchonga kwesigqibo esingundoqo, ukumisela imiqatha, nokuvavanyanisa amandla okuphendula okuvumelana nezenzo ezicetyiweyo. Eli candelo likwabandakanya iingxoxo ezicwangciiiii-ogciso: ifuna ukukhusela ulwazi olunelwayo ngexesha lokuthethayo ngexesha lokuxoxa.

Uqhagamshelwano Lokuqala Nesaziso

Le nkqubo iqalisa ngokusesikweni xa umbutho uthumela isaziso sokwaphula umthetho okanye ileta exelela ummeli ochaphazelekayo. Esi saziso sichaza isiseko esiyinyaniso, amalungiselelo afanelekileyo asemthethweni, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Sisenokumema lowo uphendulayo ukuba abandakanyeke kwingxoxo yeziphendu. I-accessi kufuneka aphendule ngokukhawuleza, mhlawumbi aphikise izityholo okanye avakalise ukuvuma ukuxoxa. Ukungazihoya isaziso kungakhokelela kwizenzo zomgcini-mthetho, njengesikhalazo solawulo okanye isikhalazo solawulo kwiSebe logwebo lwesuti. I-graftware elungileyo ingenza isandi sentsebenziswano kunye nokubeka isiseko sesigqibo esilungileyo.

Ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi nokufunyanwa

Ngokungafaniyo nokubekwa kwengxelo yesizwe, ukufunyanwa okusemthethweni (iindawo zokulawula, ukubekwa kweliso) kunqabile kwiingxoxo zolawulo. Endaweni yoko, amaqumrhu axhomekeke kwiinkcazelo zokuzithandela. Umbutho ungacela amaxwebhu, i-data, okanye iimpendulo ezibhaliweyo. Lo mxhasi usenokucela ulwazi malunga nezibalo zesebe, phambi kokuba kubekho iindawo ezifanayo, kunye namaxwebhu akhokelayo. Eli candelo libalulekile ekulwakheni ukuthemba nokuqinisekisa ukuba amacala omabini anengqiqo ecacileyo yezibakala. Ukungaluqondisi okanye ukungagqibeleli kolwazi lungadibaniselana iingxoxo; ngaloo ndlela, ulawulo loxwebhu kunye nemveliso efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo luyimfuneko. Amanye amaqumrhulunizi avumela ukuba aphendule iimeko ezifanelekileyo, njengembali, inkxaso yemali, okanye intsebenzi yemali.

Intlanganiso yeNkcubeko

Iingxubusho ezidla ngokubakho kungcelele lweentlanganiso, iminxeba yefowuni, okanye ukudibana kweminxeba. Iqela lombutho elixubusha ngemibutho lisoloko liquka amagqwetha, iingcali zobugcisa, kunye neenkqubo. Iqela eliphendulayo liquka icebiso, iinkokeli, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abacebisi abangaphandle. Intlanganiso yokuqala igxininisa ekumiseni imithetho esemhlabeni: imfihlelo, imithetho yokunxibelelana, nemiqathango yokunxibelelana. Emva koko, amaqela axubusha ngemibandela esezantsi: umlinganiselo wempatho, isohlwayo eceliweyo, imilinganiselo yokulungisa, imilinganiselo yokulungisa, ulawulo, kunye nexesha lesivumelwano. Ukuphumelela kwemibutho nganye kufuna ukuba icace ngokucacileyo izilangazelelo. Izilangazelelo, ukulungisa, nokulungisa, nokubuyisela ulawulo.

Iindlela ezingundoqo zokuncokola ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukudibanisa kunye nokunika: ukunikezela ngemvume kwenye ingxaki xa utshintshisa inkqubela phambili kwenye.
  • Imilinganiselo yenjongo ebhaliweyo: yokunika iziphumo zentengiso, imigaqo yemithetho ye-stateory magada, okanye ugcino-lwazi olukwimbali yemfuno ye-ankile.
  • Ukuchaza izisombululo zokudala: ezinje ngenkonzo yoluntu, imisebenzi yokulungisa imekobume, okanye uqeqesho olunyusiweyo lokuthobela.
  • Ukuphumelela kweziphumo: amagama avumela amacala omabini ukuba afumane impumelelo, umzekelo, isohlwayo esiphezulu segama esingamiselwanga ngemiqathango yentlawulo eninzi.

Uyilo noHlelo

Xa amaqumrhu efikelela kwisivumelwano sengqiqo, umbutho ukhokela ekwenzeni uxwebhu olubhaliweyo. Idrafti kufuneka ichaze ngokuchanekileyo amagama: izibakala ezivunyiweyo okanye ezingavunywanga, izenzo ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo, iimali kunye neenkqubo ezifunekayo, iimfuno, iinkqubo zokuphikisana, kunye neengxelo zoluvo. Isehlo sesiluleko sihlolisisa ukwenziwa kwedrafti ngenyameko, ukunikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kumalungelo (ngokunjalo kokungavunyelwa kwempinda yophicotho-mthetho), amalungiselelo eyimfihlo, kunye nolwimi olungelulolwamgaqo-mthetho. Imijikelezo ezininzi zoluvo ziqhelekile. Zombi iinka zolu macala maziqinisekise ukuba isivumelwano singqinelane kwaye azingqubani nangaphakathi kwaye azingqubani nane nemiyalelo yemithetho. Kuyacetyiswa ukuquka “isivumelwano esipheleleyo” ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuva iimpikiswano ngoluko-mlomo.

Ukugqibela, Ukutyikitya nokuzalisekisa

Emva kokuzihlaziya kokugqibela, isivumelwano sokusivala sisayinwe ngabameli abagunyazisiweyo bobabini. Abanye abameli bafuna imvume yamagosa omgangatho ophezulu okanye ibhodi (umz., i-EPA’s Invironmental Applications Board). Xa isayiniwe, isivumelwano siyabopheka ngokusemthethweni. Isivumelwano masiqalise ukuzalisekisa izivumelwano ezifunekayo: ukukhupha intlawulo, ukuseka iinkqubo zokuthobela, ukumisela inkqubela, okanye ukugcina ii-moniadi ezizimeleyo. Isebe liya kuthobela, ngokufuthi ngemibambo okanye iikhankanyo. Ukuba i-antswana iyasilela ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zalo, izibonelelo zisenokufuna ukunyanzelisa isivumelwano kwinkundla yenkundla okanye ukumisela izigwebo ezongezo ezithe krali. Ngokuphunyezwa kwempumelelo, iziphumo eziqhelekileyo iingxelo zemali okanye ukukhululwa kolawulo lokugqibela.

Oyena Mdlalo Wokuqwalasela Ukusetyenziswa Kwegazi

Ukuququzelelwa okungokwasemthethweni nokuvavanywa

Ligama ngalinye kwi ASA elivumelekileyo phantsi kwemimiselo esebenzayo. Umzekelo, umbutho awunakwamkela isohlwayo esiphantsi kunomthetho ongaphantsi ngaphandle kokuba ugunyaziwe ngokuphandle. Ngokufanayo, umvo akavumi ukwenza isenzo esiphula eminye imithetho (umz., i-antiplans okanye imithetho yendalo). Uvavanyo olunobungozi olupheleleyo . "ukuvavanya amathuba okubekwa kwetyala, ukusehlelwa kwetyala, kunye nomonakalo odumileyo ngaphandle kokuba ugunyaziwe."ukungagunyaziswa kokuma. Kwiziimeko eziphezulu, amaqela angaqwalasela ukubandakanya umlamleli okanye umgwebi womthetho wolawulo ukulungiselela isigqibo.

Shicilela Uxwebhu

Imicimbi yolawulo idla ngokujongwa nguwonke-wonke. Nangona ezinye iingxoxo ziyimfihlo, isivumelwano sokugqibela sisoloko siyingxelo kawonke-wonke. Ii-Profects zingathumela izibhengezo kwii-website zazo okanye zipapashe izaziso kwi-Federal Register. Ngoko ke, omabini amacala kufuneka agcine iirekhodi ezichanileyo zazo zonke iintsebenziswano, iidrafti, kunye nokuzithethelela izigqibo ezingundoqo. La maxwebhu anokuba agxeka ukuba indawo yokuhlala icelwwa kamva ngamaqela esithathu okanye ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bakholelwa ukuba ikho ngokholo olungalunganga.

Uxanduva loluntu

Xa umbutho umisa inyathelo lonyanzelo, kufuneka uqwalasele umdla kawonke-wonke. Izinto ziquka ukugqithisa kolwaphulo, imfuneko yokunqanda, ixabiso lokungadibanisi ngabahlawuleli, kunye nokudityaniswa kwemibutho engundoqo. Iingingqi zingacela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bakulungele ukuchaza isizathu sokuba ukunikela kwabo kunceda uwonke wonke. Kwezinye iimeko, umxhasi unokucebisa iinzuzo ezingaphaya kweemfuno ezincinci ```eziyimisetyenziso yemali okanye ukuxhasa iprojelo yophando okanye ukukhuthaza umdla kawonke-wonke.

Unyanzelo kunye nomanyano lwexesha elizayo

Isivumelwano sokuhlalisana silungile kuphela njengoko kunyanzeliswa. Ngaphezu koko, izivumelwano kufuneka ziquke zingqale, zinokufumaneka, kwaye zinokufumaneka. Uxanduva lwemali lubangela iingxabano. Umzekelo, isithembiso sokusebenzisa “imigudu engcono” kusenokuba asicacanga; endaweni yoko, zichaze izenzo ezineenkcukacha, iilayini zexesha, kunye nemiqathango. Ngaphezu koko, isivumelwano kufuneka siquke iindlela zokulungisa izinto xa iimeko ziguqukile (umz., ubunzima bemali) kunye nenkqubo ecacileyo yokucombulula iingxabano ngaphandle kokuphelisa yonke inzala. Izivumelwano ezininzi zimisela iliso elizimeleyo ngegunya lokuhlola nokungabhaliswa. Ngokubhekela ukuthobela okunempumelelo ukusuka ekuqaleni kobugroso-mthetho kunye nokungagqibeki.

Iingenelo Neengozi Ezinokwenzeka

Iingenelo Zezivumelwano Zolawulo

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukwaneliseka kunye nexabiso lokugcina: NGOKUPHEZULULA iingxabano kwiinyanga kunokuba iminyaka, ukugcina omabini amaqela eendleko ezibalulekileyo zomthetho, iindleko zoochwepheshe, kunye nesiphazamiso solawulo.
  • Ithuba elilungileyo: Iqela lingavumelana neendlela zonyango ngokweemeko ezithile", ugwebo olufana nenkundla echaziweyo, ii ndawo zingaquka utshintsho, izenzo ezingezozo ze-emonita zenzo ezilunge ngakumbi ezibhekisa kwiingcambu.
  • Ugcino lweRelship: Isiqwenga sentsebenziswano sishiya umnyango uvulekile kulwalamano oluqhubekayo loshishino nombutho, njengemvume, imvume, okanye izivumelwano. Ikwaphepha isisongelo soloyiso oludibeneyo.
  • I-Risk yolawulo lwe- iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo ziphelisa ukungaqiniseki kokuvavanywa kunye nokungaqiniseki kwetyala letyala okanye izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinokurhoxisa umbutho.
  • Focus kwiNxulumano yokuLandelana nekamva: NGOKUQINISELA ingxaki nokuthintela ukuphinda kuphindeke, okuhambisana nosukelo lomgaqo wokuphucula impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, okanye ukuthembeka kwemarike.

Iingozi Nocelomngeni

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha Amalungelo asemthethweni: NGOKUBA] Uninzi lufuna ukuphendula kumalungelo okubhena okanye ukukhuphisana neziphumo zombutho. Abaphangi abaphangaleleyo bangangavumelekanga kwiinkundla ukuba abasebenzi.
  • [[NTL: 0] Idisplacism: Amagama esivumelwano angenziwa eluntwini, abhenca lowo uphendulayo kumonakalo wodumo, ukumangalelwa kwabaphathi, okanye ukulandela ilitha labucala.
  • Intelekelelo ezibanzi: Amaziko ngamanye amaxesha afuna ujongo olubanzi, ukunikela ingxelo, okanye utshintsho lwesakhiwo olubeka imithwalo eqhubekayo ngaphaya kokwaphulwa okusisiseko.
  • Ilaphu lokwalathisa kwezaphuli-mthetho: ngokungafaniyo nemithetho yemvume yabemi, izithuba zolawulo zisenokungabi nabugocigoci benkundla. Ukuba umbutho awuphumeleli ukunyanzelisa ngokufanelekileyo, ukuhlaliswa kowaphulo kusenokungasebenzi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isikhitshana samandla angalinganiyo: Amaziko aqhele ukuba namava, ubuncwane, kunye nezixhobo zokuxhathisa. Abancinane abaphendulayo bangaziva benyanzelekile ukwamkela amagama angemahle kunokuba bajongene noluvo olutsalekayo.

Ukuze banciphise ezi ngozi, abo baphenduliweyo kufuneka bathethe ngeenjongo ezicacileyo, iindleko zokuhlola ezifanelekileyo, kunye namalungiselelo okuphelisa ukuthobela okupheleleyo. Icebiso elingokwasemthethweni kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba nayiphi na into evumelekileyo ixhomekeke kumongo ongqalileyo wekhaya kwaye isivumelwano asibuzi ubungqina bezinye iziganeko.

Isiphelo

Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano soLawulo oluManyano sisenzo esidityanisiweyo esidibanisa umgaqo-nkqubo womthetho, ukuqonda okulungelelanisayo, kunye nengxaki esebenzisekayo. Xa kufikelelwa ngokucokisekileyo, ngonxibelelwano olubonisayo, kunye nokujolisa kwimiba ephambili, okungathi kunokuzicombulula ngokunempumelelo iimbambano ngexa uqhubeko loluntu. Amaqumrhu karhulumente ayangenelwa ekuthobeleni ngokukhawuleza nasekunciphiseni imithwalo emincinane; abaphicothi-nxaxheba banokufumana ulawulo oluqinisekileyo, nethuba lokubonakalisa ukubuyiselwa kokholo kakuhle. Noko ke, inkqubo ifuna ingqalelo enonophelisekileyo kwimithetho elawulayo, ukunyanzeleka, nokunyanzeleka, kunye nokuhlobana okude. Ngokufunda inyathelo ngalinye.

Ukuphinda ufunde kwiinkqubo ezithile zombutho olungisa, jonga kumthetho wenkqubo yecandelo le-ELT kunye nokhokelo lokuthobela , iingxelo zikawonke-wonke zeendawo[FLT]], , [[FLT]], i-'projekthi' yecandelo lolwaphulo-mthetho's'''''''inkqubo yonyanzelo-mthetho'[[[FLTLT:5]], kunye nezixhobo zokugcina i-FTC'. Ezi mithombo zinika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwiziko eziphambili kunye neziko zingundoqo, zinceda ukulungiselela ngokunempumelelo.