Ukwazisa

Ukulungisa isiseko somelo lwedemokhrasi. Emva kobalo-nyaka lwaminyaka yonke, kuphinda kutsalwe imida yengingqi kunye nemimandla yowiso-mthetho ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukutshintsha kwemiqathango yabemi. Le nkqubo ihamba ngaphaya kokufumana imaphu-------------yimisela ngqo ukuba ngaluphi udidi lwengingqi lwezopolitiko, indlela unyulo oluba luyiyo ngayo, nokuba ngaba umgaqo “womntu omnye, ukuvota okuko kunika imbeko. Ngenxa yokuba ukujuba oku kungayinyusa isantya samandla kangalishumi, ukuqonda intsingiselo yayo kuyimfuneko kuye na koomatshini abafunda unyulo okanye inxaxheba kumazwe aseMerika.

Yintoni Ehlaziyayo?

Ukuphinda kulungelelaniswa yinkqubo esemthethweni neyopolitiko yokufumana kwakhona imida yesithili sonyulo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ufuna ukuba izihlalo kwiNdlu yabameli zahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikwandise imfuneko elinganayo yokulawula imimandla yephondo kunye. Kwiminyaka elishumi, emva kokugqitywa kobalo lwesizwe, amazwe kufuneka alungise imigca yawo yesithili ukuze isithili ngasinye siqulathe inani elifanayo labantu. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abami bevoti baphatha ubunzima obulinganayo.

Ngaphandle kokulingana kwabemi, ukuthambisa kufuneka kwanelise ezinye iindidi zesithethe zesithili. Ezi zahluka ngokwemeko kodwa zisoloko ziquka ukudibana (isithili kufuneka sibe yindawo enye edityanisiweyo), ukudityaniswa (ukungalingani kwemo ezingalinganiyo), ukuhlonela ulwahluko olungaphantsi lwezobupolitika (njengemida okanye imigca yesixeko), kunye nokulondolozwa kwabantu abanomdla (amaqela abantu abanenkxalabo entlalweni, yezoqoqosho, okanye yenkcubeko). Ukubaluleka okunikwa kwimiqathango nganye kungawuguqula ngokuphawulekayo umlinganiselo wemaphu.

Isiseko Sembali Nesemithetho

Ukulungisa kwakukhe kwaba ngumsebenzi onzima, okhululwe kakhulu kulawulo lukarhulumente. Oko kwatshintsha ngesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ngo 1962 kubaker v. Carr, eyaseka ukuba iinkundla zesizwe zazinokujonga iingxaki zokunyuka phantsi koMgaqo-siseko ka-Celaniso ka-Celal. I-1964 elawula [[FL:] Reynolds v. yandisa “umntu omnye, ivoti enye” umgangatho wokumisela iphondo lomthetho. Kamva, iVota yamaLungelo e-Votialgions. I-Roce Active Activess (odwa icandelo 2) yayalela amatyala ohlanga okanye amda. Ezibhedrona ziventi zimisela iqo le fomu elinguquagethi ye-ligic.

Isizathu Sokuba Kuhlaziywe Imibandela

Ukuhlenga-hlengisa asikokwenza uqeqesho lwabefundisi. Sisiganeko sezobupolitika esiphezulu neziphumo ezifikelela kude.

  • [[FLT: 0] Umelo lwedemokhrasi: Ngaphandle kokuphindaphindwa okuqhelekileyo, ukutshintsha kwabemi kuya kwenza isithili esinemilinganiselo engalinganiyo, ukuphazamisa imodemokhrasi esemgangathweni elungileyo yokuba zonke iivoti zilingana.
  • Parisan Parisan Ingqinelwano:[ Indlela eziswa ngayo imida ingagqiba ukuba liliphi iqela elilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho kangangeminyaka elishumi, iphembelela inkqubo esuka kukhathalelo lwempilo ukuya kuvota amalungelo.
  • Isivumelwano se- Imigca ehlonela imimandla engqonge ingingqi, ubuhlanga, okanye imimandla yezoqoqosho ivumela amaqela anezilangazelelo zokwabelana kubameli abanyuliweyo abazazi iimfuno zabo.
  • Ukufumaneka koxanduva: Xa izithili zikhuphisana, amagosa anyuliweyo asabela kakhulu kwimibutho. Xa isithili sikhuselekile, singakhuselekanga, sijongene noxinzelelo oluncinci lokulalanisa okanye ukutshintsha.
  • [[NTL:0] Ingqokelela yemithetho: Amazwana angqubana nemilinganiselo yokuhlaziya abeka engozini ukumangalelwa okubiza ixabiso elikhulu, ungenelelo lwamazwe, kunye ne-(inmeko ezimandundu)-odolwe kwakhona kweemaphu ngumphathi okhethekileyo.

Inyathelo Lenkqubela Yokuhlaziya Ngenyathelo

Nangona ixesha elichanileyo lingafani ngokwerejista yelizwe, ukuthatyathwa kwemimandla kulandela ulandelelwano oluthe ngqo oluqhubeka kwiinyanga ezili - 18 ukusa kwezingama - 24 emva kokuba bebhaliwe.

Inyathelo lokuqala: Ubalo logcino-lwazi lwengqokelela nokukhululwa

Le nkqubo iqala ngobalo-manani lweminyaka edlulileyo, oluqhutywa yi-Voing Rights Bureau yase-U.S. Emva kokubala ummi ngamnye, i-Bureau ikhupha ii-data ezimbini ezingundoqo: P.L. 94-171 ifayile, ezinikezela ngenani elipheleleyo labemi ukuba bafikelele kumgangatho webloko, kunye nolwazi oluninzi oluthe lwamanani abantu olusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukuhambelana ne-Voing Rights Act. Ngenxa yeemfuno zomthetho, uninzi lwamazwe awana kugqibelela iimaphu zawo de bafumane ezi nkcazelo, ngokufana nolu nyaka emva kobalo. [[FLTY:]] i-Rebitubeating Office Office Office ibonelela izixhobo kunye nokhokelo lwamazwe.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukugqiba Inani leeSetts

Ukwahlulwa kweesihlalo zendlu ezingama-455 (indawo yokuhlalisana kwe-Cunivation) kunikwa izihlalo ezingama-45 phakathi kwamazwe `ii-"is' ezibalwa yi-Cunication Bureau ngokusebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuba yendlela yomlinganiselo olinganayo. Amazwe anokufumana izihlalo ezongezelelekileyo zabemi, ngeli xesha achaza ukuba ukuphulukana nabemi kusenokulahlekelwa zizihlalo. Oku kubangela ukuba kufuneke ukuvuselelwa phantsi kwephondo ngalinye, kwanabo bangatshintshi bantu, kuba ukutshintsha kwangaphakathi kuchaphazela namazwe owiso mithetho-mthetho.

Inyathelo 3: Ukuzoba Imaphu

Eli lelona nyathelo libalulekileyo kwezobupolitika. Kumazwe amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe izoba iimaphu, ngokufuthi ngerhuluneli esebenzisa iveto. Inani elandayo lamazwe, noko ke, liguqukele kwinkomfa ezizimeleyo okanye ezibupartisan ukuze linciphise impembelelo esusela phambili. Iidrowa zisebenzisa i-software ezizodwa ezigcina iibloko zokubala, ugcino-lwazi lwamanani, iziphumo zonyulo, kunye nemigca yesithili engaphambili. Kufuneka zilinganisele iindidi ezininzi ngexa zizama ukufikelela kwinzuzo esuntswana-a(a) ezisetyenziswa, xa zithatyathwele kude, zijika zibe yi-gerrymaning.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Ulwazi olunolwazi oluthe ngqo kunye nokuvakala

Umazwe amaninzi afuna ukuvalwa kwabantu phambi kokuba kuthathwe iimaphu. Izazisi namaqela akhuthazayo angangqina, akhuphe iimaphu zawo ezicetyiweyo, aphakamise iimpikiswano malunga nocalucalulo lobuhlanga okanye ucalucalulo. Amazwe ambalwa aye asebenzisa ii-intanethi zokwenziwa kwemaphu ezivumela nabani na ukuzoba nokunikezela imaphu. Igalelo loluntu lusikhuselo olubalulekileyo, kodwa impembelelo yalo iyahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela ecace ngayo le nkqubo nokuba ngaba iqela lenkoliso likulungele na ukuchaza.

Inyathelo 5: Ukunconywa Nokuphengululwa Okusemthethweni

Emva kokugqiba imaphu, indlu yowiso-mthetho okanye ikhomishini yokuvota ukuba yamkele. Ezi zithi zibe ngumthetho, kodwa ziphantse zibe phantsi kwemingeni esemthethweni. Kwimijikelezo ethile, inkundla zingaluphelisa ucalucalulo lohlanga, i-gerrymandering, ukungalingani kwabemi, okanye ukwaphula umthetho we-Voing Rights Act. Iinkundla zesizwe zinokuvala okanye zilungise iimaphu ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo. Kwezinye imijikelo, iinkundla zinokuthatha yonke inkqubo yokuqululisa imigaqo-siseko xa i-mthetho ithe yaphelelwa yigosa okanye yavelisa iimaphu ezingekho mthethweni.

Inyathelo lesi-6: Uzalisekiso lokhetho

Iimaphu ezivunyiweyo zisetyenziswa okokuqala kumjikelo wonyulo olandelayo. Abaphathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bamisele ukuba yesiphi isithili abahlala kuso, kwaye abavoti bangazifumana bekwisithili esitsha nabameli abatsha. Oku kungenza isiphithiphithi, ingakumbi xa izithili zinqumla imida eqhelekileyo yoluntu. Abalawuli bokhetho bahlaziya iingxelo zobhaliso lovoti kunye nemida yeqonga ngokufanelekileyo.

Imisebenzi

Iingenelo Nezifo

Ukuvuleka kwezixhobo ezinamandla zokusebenzisa ulawulo lwabaququzeleli. Ngokupakisha abavoti-majoni bemida embalwa (ukuphakanyiswa) kunye nokusasaza abaxhasi abaninzi kwisithili ezininzi (ukurhwaphiliza), iqela linokukhusela inani elingenakulinganiswa leesihlalo elinxulumene nesabelo salo sokuvota. Lo mcimbi, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-Rexxtergerrymanling, uye wantsonkotha ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa i-data ephezulu kunye nemaphu ye-algametric. IZiko le Brennan leMili yeJalathi yeJaji [[

Unyuso lwelinye icala lunesiphumo esiyingozi kukhuphiswano lonyulo. Xa izithili zitsalwa ukuba zibe ngabavoti abakhuselekileyo (umz., isithili esivota ngokuzingisileyo >55% kwiqela elinye), unyulo ngokubanzi alukhuphi. i-Candidate ijolise kwivoti ephambili, ikhokelela kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo. IVoter ingayekelela kuba abemi bavakalelwa ukuba ivoti yabo ayikhathazi. Inkundla ephakamileyo ilawula ukuba iinkundla zelizwe azinakuva i-Roggerrydering ithetha (njengoku [[FLT: 0]]Ruco. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo[FFLT:1], kodwa inkundla neebhola ziye zabangela ukungenelela kwingxelo.

Ukhuseleko Lokungakhuselwa

Iidrowa zemapu zingenza iilayini ezikhusela abezobupolitika ngokuquka iidilesi zabo zasekhaya kunye nokongezelela abavoti abanobuhlobo xa kususwa iindawo ezinobutshaba. Lo mkhwa, obizwa ngokuba ukhuseleko olubutshaba, unciphisa ukujika kwaye unokuzikhusela kwimithetho-siseko ekuphenduleni. Kumazwe apho indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwe-redifirifi, ukukhuselwa kweqela elininzi kudla ngokukhuselwa kakhulu. Amanye amazwe ayakunqanda ngokucacileyo ukusebenzisa iidilesi zekhusi njengendinyana.

Umelo oluncinane

IVoiting Rights Act ifuna ukuba amaqela amancinane abenethuba elifanayo kunyulo lwabanyulwa beenkokeli. Ngokwesiko, oku kudla ngokuthetha ukwenza imimandla encinane apho iqela elinobuhlanga okanye ulwimi oluncinane libumba uninzi lwabemi abakwisigaba sokuvota. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ezi mimandla zinyuse ngokuphawulekayo inani labamnyama, abaHispaniki, nabameli base-Asia. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba bangafaka inani elincinane labavoti kwinani elincinane lesithili, ngaloo ndlela behlisa impembelelo yabo kwimimandla engqongileyo. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokukhusela amalungelo okuvota abambalwa nokuphepha igerrydering, i-irrymanings ingenye yeembambano eziphambili ezibomvu.

Igalelo

Ukuhlengahlengisa kuchaphazela indlela abavoti abayiqonda ngayo impembelelo yabo. Xa izithili zikhuphisana kakhulu, abavoti banokuziva iivoti zabo zinenjongo kwaye babuyele kwisantya esiphezulu. Ngokuphikisanayo, xa izithili zikhuseleke kakhulu kwiqela elinye, ingakumbi kumazwe apho isithili ezininzi zingangeni mphindi mphindi mphindi, umvoti uyakwazi ukuphazamisa abavoti: abantu abasenokungazi ukuba bahlala kwesiphi isithili okanye baphi abaqhubi beqela, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni bathobe kwinxaxheba ephantsi kwemijaho yebhola.

Iingxaki Ekulungiseni Umhlaba

Gerrymandering

I-Gerrymandering ihlala ingucelomngeni oluzingisileyo. Ngexa omabini amaqela eququzelelo engenelele kuqheliselo xa elawula le nkqubo, inguqulelo yangoku ixhomekeke kugcino-lwazi olukhulu nakwi-software yokuzoba echanekileyo. Ezinye isithili ziye zaba luhlobo olunentsingiselo oluqhelekileyo-------------------------metarhayi yodwa ayiyo isalatha esithembekileyo sokungabikho mthethweni. Okunanto ingeyo i-gerrymaning ayinayo ye-uzwelonke emva kokuba [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [[FLT]], ngoko ukulwa kuye kwatshintshela kwiinkundla kunye neemeko zotshintsho.

Iingxaki Zasemthethweni Nokuxolelwa

Phantse umjikelo wokophula umthetho uvelisa uthotho lwetyala. Iingxaki zingabangela unyulo lwezobuhlanga olulungelelanisiweyo, ukonakalisa “umntu omnye, umlinganiso wevoti”, okanye ukusilela ukuzoba iimaphu ngokuhambelana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko wezwe. Unyuso lungatsala kaninzi iminyaka, maxa wambi lubangela ukuba unyulo lubanjwe phantsi kweemaphu zexeshana. Oku kungaqiniseki kubangela ukucwangcisa iphulo kwaye kunokubangela ukungathembana kwabantu bonke. Ngo-2022, amazwe amaninzi abona iimaphu ziphenduliswa ziinkundla ze-grion-german syt sy.

Ukuthenjwa Kuluntu Nokubonisa Imbonakalo

Ukuvuleka kuyenzeka emva kweminyango evaliweyo, ngophando oluncinane lukawonke-wonke. Kumazwe ngaphandle kolawulo oluzimeleyo, iqela elininzi lingayizoba iimaphu ngasese, likhokelele ekumangaleleni kolwabo lwegumbi langasemva. Kwanaxa kubanjwa iindlebe, zingaziva njengendlela yokusebenza. Iingcali ze-Brookings Institution[ iingcali ziye zabiza amanyathelo angakumbi okubonakala ngokucacileyo, kuquka izixhobo zokuzoba, ii-mepu ezikhoyo eziva ezivayo, kunye neenkokeli ezizimeleyo. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba i-redidiodingssssssssssssssssssssssss systrupywooreage.

Ukutshintsha Kwabemi Neenkqubo Zokutshintsha Kwendlela Yokusebenza Kwabantu

I-United States iya ikhula kwaye iyahluka-hluka. Ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni neyase-Sun Belt, ecaleni kokuncipha kwabemi kwimimandla yasemaphandleni ne-Rust Belt, kubangela uxinzelelo oluzingisileyo kwimigca yesithili. Imimandla yemibala iyakhula kwiindawo ezininzi, kodwa isoloko ingenabalwa ngokweenjongo zobalo okanye ipakishwa kwimimandla elinganisela impembelelo yayo. Ngaphezu koko, indyikitya yokufa ye-COVID ye19 yenza ukuba inani labantu abambalwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni lilibazise ugcino-data kunye nezixhobo ezicinezelelwe ixesha lokuzobalayisha ukuzobala imaphu. I-United States ayinakugqiba ukunyuka ngexesha lokufumana intloko entloko, imingeni esemthethweni, kunye nonyulo oluphambili.

Ubuxhakaxhaka nogcino-lwazi

Ubugcisa bokuzoba obuqhubela phambili bunceda kwaye buthintele ukuvuleka okufanelekileyo. Kwesinye isandla, buvumela iidrowa zemaphu zilinganise abemi kwaye zihambelane nemigaqo esemthethweni. Kwesinye isandla, yenza utyando olungakumbi. Ii-algoric zingenza amawaka emaphu enokwenzeka zize zikhethe leyo inyusa ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kwemida esemthethweni. Amanye amazwe aye azama ukumisela ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi lwe-Gratyamitha emaphuni, kodwa kunzima ukunyanzelisa. Ukwanda kobuchule be-software ehlaziyayo i-software kubangele ukuba kungenelwe ekuvuleni umzobo kunye nokubonakala komgaqo we-algamenti.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Nekamva Lokuhlaziya Umhlaba

Ukuphendula i-gerrymaning esoloko ikhohlakele, igalelo lotshintsho liye lafumana amandla. Ukususela ngowama-2000, ngaphezu kweshumi elinesibini lamazwe aye adale iikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye ezi-bipartisan reddification, isusa inkqubo kwimibutho yemithetho. I-Citizens Redicoliging Commission kunye ne-I- Independent Citizence Redigaligialing Commission eMichigan idla ngokukhankanyiswa njengemizekelo. La magunya afumana iimvoti zikawonke, asebenzisa imigaqo ecacileyo, kwaye afuna iivoti ezinkulu zokwamkela iimaphu. Ubungqina bakuqala bacebisa ukuba iimaphu zomsebenzi zikhuphisana, azikho zimbalwa, zimbalwa iziphene ze-computergenti.

Iintshukumo zebhola ezikwimimandla enjenge Ohio ne Utah zifake imiqathango kwindlela ezinokuzotywa ngayo izithili, njengokuvalwa kweemaphu ezixhasa iqela ngokungeyomfuneko. Ezinye izicelo zihambela phambili, zityhalela phambili, zinyanzelela ukuphengulula uluvo olususa ucalucalulo lomntu. Kodwa iindlela ze-algorithm zinemingeni yazo.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, amatyala afana neFoour People Act kunye neJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act zazama ukwenza utshintsho lube luhlengahlengiso lwesizwe, kodwa luye lwathintelwa kwiBhunga. Ngokuqwalasela ubunzima bezobupolitika bokuguqulwa kwemeko, olona tshintsho luthembisayo luyenzeka kumgangatho karhulumente ngokwezindululo zenkundla eziqhutywa ngabemi kunye nezindululo zenkundla yephondo. Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ukuhlala benolwazi ngotshintsho olufanelekileyo akuyo inkqubo yemfundo nje ephambili, kwaye ayiyondlela yokuqonda indlela ebhalwe ngayo nebhalwe ngayo kwakhona imithetho yedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Ukuzinzisa kungumqulu obalulekileyo kodwa osoloko ungaqondwa kakuhle wonyulo lwaseMelika. Imisela ukuba ngubani onyulwayo, yiyiphi iinkqubo, nokuba ngaba abavoti baziva iintetho zabo zivakala. Le nkqubo iye yaqalisa ukuphikisana kwishumi ngalinye leminyaka, njengoko izixhobo zogcino-lwazi zikhuthaza amadabi alwayo kunye nokutshintsha koluntu. Kodwa ukuququzelela ukuququzelelwa kwemibutho ekhoyo yesizwe. Kodwa ukuvuselelwa koluntu kwakhona kunika ithuba lokufumana imvume yoluntu: abemi bangathabatha inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, bakhuphe iimaphu, batyhalele ukubonakala mhlophe nokungaguquguquki. Ucelomngeni lwedemokhrasi ephilileyo kukuyila inkqubo elingana nomelo olulinganayo, amalungelo amancinane, ukhuphiswano, nokuthembana abantu ngokubanziswa kwabantu. Ukuqonda ezi zinto linyathelo lokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iimaphu zizoba abantu.