Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho imi njengenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo ezithi ngazo iintlangano ziguqulele iimfuno zikawonke-wonke kwimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Yi-injini ebangela utshintsho lwenkqubo, ebangela ukuba oorhulumente baphendule ekuveleni kweengxaki, ekukhuseleni amalungelo, nasekunikezeleni izibonelelo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabemi abatsha, baqonde indlela ityala eliba ngumthetho ngayo aliyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yokufundisa. ."Bubuchule obusebenzayo ukunika ingqwalaselo ebanzi yenkqubo yomthetho, indima yayo ebalulekileyo ekucombululeni imicimbi yentlalo, nendlela abantu ngabanye abanokuba negalelo ngayo ekusebenzeni kwayo ngokunempumelelo.

Yintoni Inkqubo Yomthetho?

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kukulandelelana kwamanyathelo acetywayo omthetho `ngokuqhelekileyo obizwa ngokuba yi-paric-"imele idlule phambi kokuba imiselwe. Ngeli xesha iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezininzi zabelana ngenkqubo enye elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa uphando olucokisekileyo, ukubonakala, nokuphendula. Le nkqubo ibandakanya abadlali abaninzi, kuquka abamisi-mthetho, iikomiti, amagosa aphetheyo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abantu ngokubanzi. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kungumsebenzi wokuqala ekuqondeni indlela imithetho eyakhiwe ngayo ngeenjongo ezikhuphisanayo, ubungqina, kunye nokuphendulana kwezobupolitika.

Kwindlela ye-bidamaral .esetyenziswa ngamazwe anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, ne-Indiya, ireyithi kufuneka ivunywe ngamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo owiso-mthetho phambi kokufikelela kumphathi ophezulu. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo ze-uncameral, njengaleyo eseNew Zealand okanye eSweden, zifuna ukungena kwigumbi elinye. Oku kungafani kwesakhiwo kuphembelela isantya, ubunkimbini, kunye namandla ezobupolitika okuyila umthetho. Ukutshona okuya nzulu kakhulu kwindlela i-U.S. Congress. ukubeka kwayo yowino-mthetho, kumele kutyelele igosa igosa igosa igosa [

Imigaqo yenkqubo yoMthetho

Iqonga ngalinye lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho lifeza injongo ekhethekileyo, ukusuka kwisizukulwana sokuqala sokucinga ukuya kumboniso wokugqibela. Ngezantsi kudityaniswe okunenkcukacha zohambo oluqhelekileyo ibhunga lemali.

1. Udrafti

Le nkqubo iqala xa ingcamango yomthetho iguqulelwa kulwimi olusemthethweni. Ukudrafti kudla ngokwenziwa ngabancedisi bemithetho, iingcali zomthetho, okanye iiofisi ezingoonobuchule bokuyila. Umgangatho wokwenziwa kwedrafti unzima; amatyala abhalwe kakubi angenza izikhalazo, iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, okanye imingeni yomgaqo-siseko. I-Ideas ingavela kubalawuli, abameli abalawulayo, amaqela okubhalisa, okanye ngokuthe ngqo kubemi ngezicelo okanye ngemibutho kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, imithetho emininzi yemeko-bume ivela kwimibutho yezenzo zengca esebenzela i-ctivations.

Ukwazisa

Xa ityala libhalisiwe, liveliswa ngokusemthethweni kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. KwiNgqungquthela yase-U.S., oku kwenzeka xa ilungu leNdlu yeNdlu okanye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso lifaka isibhengezo kwi- “pork."." Intshayelelo ikhatshwa yingxelo yenjongo kwaye ngokufuthi kukhutshwa ushicilelo oluchaza iinjongo zemali. Eli qonga liphawula ukuqala kwesavezi solawulo, njengoko ireji inikwa inani, ishicilelwa, ize ifumaneke ukuze iphindwe.

INgxelo yeKomiti

Iikomiti ngamahashe asebenzayo enkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Emva kokuqalisa, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti elawula lo mba, ngokomzekelo, iintlawulo ezinxulumene nezempilo ziya kwiikomiti zempilo. Iikomiti ziqhuba ukuva apho iingcali, abagcini-matyala, kunye namagosa karhulumente angqinela. Kwakhona zibamba “intlanganiso apho amalungu eengxoxo kunye nevoti elungisayo. Le ndawo ivumela ukuvavanywa okusuka phezulu kwaye igqibe iziphumo zemali. Imali eninzi yetyala ifa kwikomiti ngenxa yokuswela inkxaso, iinguqu kwizinto eziphambili zezobupolitika, okanye inkcaso enzima. Ikomiti iyakwazi ukunikela ingxelo yemithetho elungileyo, engafanelekanga, engafanelekanga okanye ngeenguqu ezicetyiweyo. Kwezinye iinkqubo, kwakhona ikomiti inamandla okubulala ngokungekho nje “kuqhelisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali.

4. Ingxoxo ehambayo kunye noqeqesho

Emva kokuvunywa yikomiti, ityala liqhubekela kwigumbi elipheleleyo lengxoxo kunye nokuvota. Imithetho yengxoxo iyahlukahluka: ezinye iinkqubo zimisela imida engqongqo yexesha; ezinye zivumela ingxubusho engapheliyo, kuquka i-finbusters. Ebudeni bengxoxo, abalawuli bezindululo banikela iimpikiswano kunye nokuchasene, bacebisa ukurhoxiswa okuqhubekayo, kwaye bazama ukucenga abo basebenza nabo. Uvotel-wo lokugqibela lungaba ngowona uninzi olulula, ubuchule obuphezulu, okanye ivoti yelizwi, exhomekeke kwimithetho yegumbi nakuhlobo lomthetho. Kwizimali ezinkulu okanye edidaniswayo, iivoti ezibhaliweyoyo zinika ukubonakala nokuphendula.

5. Ukuqwalaselwa zezinye iZiko

Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ze-biadral, irejista kufuneka idlulise omabini amaziko ngendlela efanayo. Ukuba igumbi lesibini ligqithisa ityala ngokulungisa, ikomiti yengqungquthela (ixutywa yamalungu ukusuka kuzo zombini iigumbi) ngokuqhelekileyo yenzelwe ukuxolelanisa. inguqulelo yolalanisa kufuneka ivunyelwe ngamagumbi omabini kanye njengoko kubhaliwe. Eli nyathelo linokuba yibhotile enkulu, ingakumbi xa amagumbi amabini elawulwa ngamaqela awahlukeneyo okanye eneenkqubo ezingqubanayo.

6. Ukuvunywa kwegunya

Inyathelo lokugqibela kukuzithoba kumphathi-mphathi-preant, kwirhuluneli, okanye kwigunya eliyintloko. (ukuze avume) Igunya eliphetheyo lingasayisayina ityala kumthetho, okanye kwezinye iimeko, liyivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kwexesha elichaziweyo. I-veto isoloko ingenaluvotelo olukhulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, inika uvavanyo kumandla egunya lempatho. Eli qonga likwaquka ukunokwenzeka “kompompoza iveto" kwiinkqubo apho intloko-makhampasi ingathathi nyathelo emva kokusebenza kwendlu yowiso.

Indima Yomthetho Ekucombululeni Imicimbi Yentlalo

Umthetho ungomnye wezona zixhobo zinamandla ekwenzeni iinguqulelo zenkqubo yoluntu. Ngokungafaniyo nemigudu yokuzithandela okanye inyathelo lobucala, imithetho ilawula urhulumente, yenza ukuthobelana kube yinto enyanzelisayo nokulungiselela iinkqubo zokugcinwa komthetho. Ngomthetho, ibutho labantu linokusingatha iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna ukulungelelaniswa kwenyathelo, elifana ne:

  • Ukunciphisa ubushushu – imithetho emisela intlawulo encinci, iminatha yokhuseleko loluntu, kunye neenkqubo zezindlu ezinokufikeleleka.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukufikelela kokwalathisa – Umthetho onyusa i-inshorensi, ulawula amaxabiso eziyobisi, okanye izibonelelo zemali zoluntu.
  • utshintsho lotshintsho lwemfundo – imithetho ebeka imigangatho yezifundo, ukwandisa inkxaso-mali yesikolo, okanye ukwandisa ukufikelela kwimfundo ephakamileyo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwe-Environmental khusela – iMithetho ethintela ungcoliso, ikhusela iintlobo zezilwanyana ezisengozini, kunye nokukhuthaza amandla avuselelekayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho esesikweni – imithetho ethintela ucalulo, ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota, nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Umlinganiselo womthetho uye wakhula njengoko imibutho iye yaqonda ukuba kufuneka ungenelelo lukarhulumente kwiindawo ebezijongwa njengezobuqu.

Uphando lwetyala lomthetho

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

ISivumelwano saMalungelo oLuntu sangowe-1964 singumphumo ophambili womthetho wamalungelo abantu embalini yaseMerika. Salugweba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Isivumelwano sajamelana nenkcaso ekrakraza enzima kwiBhunga, kuquka i-75-Religinbuster kwiBhunga-ligini / ubude bembali yembali yelizwe lase-U. Ngelo xesha. Ingxelo ephambili yembali yembali nengokoburhulumente yayafuna intsebenziswano nengcinezelo enkulu yesizwe kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu, kuquka nomthetho we-Matshi e-Washington. Umthetho ogunyazwe eligunyazwe. [F.1]

2. UMthetho weNtolongo (ACA)

Ityikitywe kumthetho ngo-2010, uMthendeleko weNto yokuLangulwa kweMfama eBalulekileyo ojolise ekunciphiseni inani lemali engaxhaswanga kunye nokulawula iindleko zonyango ezinyukayo. Uhambo lwemithetho-mthetho lwaphawulwa yingxoxo enzulu yabalawuli, izihlandlo ezininzi ezikufutshane ne-Relancess eCongress, kunye neengxaki ezilandelayo ezingokwasemthethweni. Amalungiselelo angundoqo aquka ulwandiso, ulwandiso lwe-Medfordid, ukwenziwa kwe-inshorensidensis-yo yempilo, kunye nenkxaso kubantu abaneemeko ezikhoyo. Phezu kwako nje okuqhubekayo, i-AAAA incopho yandisa ukufikelela kubantu abazizigidi ezingama-20, ukuhambela phambili kokuthintela, kwaye ihlisa ukukhuliswa kwendlela yokusetyenziswa kwempilo. Inkqubo yomthetho yomthetho emva kwe-ACCA ibonisa indlela ezifuna ngayo izilangazelelo-mali eziphicothayo, izigulana, izigulana, izigulana, izigulana ezithene zemali ezithene. Ezininzi ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo [U

3. Umthetho wococeko lomoya

Kuqala okwenziwe ngo1963 kwaye womelezwa kakhulu ngokulungiswa kwemiqathango yomthetho we-Emoyer ngo-1970, ngo1977, nango-1990, i-Cec Air Act ingumthetho wokusingqongileyo eUnited States. Igunyazisa i-Nzaleko yokukhusela i-EPA) yokumisela imigangatho yomgangatho womoya wesizwe, ukulawula ukukhutshwa komsi osuka kwimithombo yezithuthi zezithuthi zekhompyutha, kwaye ifuna ukuba kubekho imithetho yokusebenza. Igalelo loMthetho lomthetho liye laba likhulu kakhulu: phakathi ko1970 no-20202020, ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezintandathu ezingcolisayo eziqhelekileyo ezihla ngama-77% eephesenti, kwana nje uqoqo lwezoqoqosho lwe-U. Impumelelo yomthetho ekusetyenzisweni kwemigangatho yezoshishino-yo, i-Active-ocestions [F] e-octive-oct:[0]

Iingxaki Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Nakubeni ibalulekile, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isoloko idibana nemiqobo enokulibazisa okanye ingasebenzi kakuhle kwanemigaqo eqinisekiswe kakuhle. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile kubaxhasi abafuna ukuqhuba inkqubo ngendlela ephumelelayo.

  • Parisan igridick – udityaniso olunzulu lwezobupolitika lungathintela ukulalana, nto leyo ekhokelela kumaqabane owiso-mthetho angasebenziyo. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, urhulumente uvala okanye ukungaphumeleli ukugqithisa uqingqo-mali oluyimfuneko luphumele kulwahlulo olunjalo.
  • Ukwanda kwamaqela anomdla okhethekileyo – Ukuphanga kwemibutho, imibutho yorhwebo, kunye nemibutho yorhwebo ingawuqinisa umthetho wemithetho kwimiba enciphileyo kunokuba ungenele uluntu. Iinkqubo zemali yenkamkelo zingakhulisa lo mphumela.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukufakelwa kwemiba---yangoku imingeni `njengenguquko yemozulu, utshintsho lwerhafu, okanye ucoselelo lwempilo-------atnucity entsonkothileyo ekunzima ukuyibamba kwisivumelwano esinye. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-oyile ingakhokelela kwimithetho engancediyo okanye eyingozi.
  • Ukunganyaniseki kwe- - Abemi abaninzi abakwazi ukulinda umthetho okanye iindlela zokuwuphembelela. Umvoti osezantsi urhoxiswa kwaye unciphise ukuthembana kumaziko kubangela ukuba angabi nabudlelane.
  • [[NTL:0] Izithintelo zexesha – Imithetho isebenza kwimimiselo eqinileyo. Ityala elinye eliphikisayo lingathabatha iiveki zengxoxo, lishiye igumbi elincinane kwezinye izinto ezicinezelayo. Isiphelo seseshini ye-logjam sidla ngokukhokelela kumthetho owenziwe ngokukhawuleza.
  • Imiqobo engokwenyani - Imithetho efana neemfuno ezinkulu, ii-filbusters, kunye nezabelo zekomiti zingasetyenziswa ukuthintela umthetho ongavumelaniyo.

Ezi ngxaki azinakunqandwa. Imithetho emininzi ephumelelayo ivele ngenxa yokuba abaxhasi kunye nabenzi bomthetho bafumana iindlela zokuyoyisa, ngokudibanisa imibutho enqamlezayo, ukudibanisa uwonke wonke, kunye nokwenza ubuchule bezicelo ezithetha ngenkxalabo esemthethweni.

Ubandakanyeko Olukhuthazayo Lwemibimbi

Ubuchule nobusebenzayo bobumi bokomeleza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Xa abantu beqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho yaye beziva benikwe amandla okuba nenxaxheba, bangaba netyala kumagosa eenkqubo ezibonakalisa iimfuno zoluntu.

Ukuganana kwe-Pigcol kukwadlulela nakubantu abadala. Ukuya kumatyala kawonke-wonke, ukunikela amagqabaza ngemithetho ecetyisiweyo, ukuthelela imibutho yobugcisa, nokuvota kuzo zonke iinyulo kunegalelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho echubekileyo. Ulawulo-melo asingomdlalo wababukeli; kufuneka ukuba nenxaxheba ngenkuthalo kuwo onke amacandelo ebutho labantu.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bayo nokungafezeki kwayo, ihlala iyinkqubo esemthethweni nehlala ixesha elide yokusingatha imicimbi yentlalo kwibutho labantu elilawulwa yidemokhrasi. Ivumela ukuba kuviwe, kuthathwe ubungqina obahlukeneyo, kunikezelwe ulwamkelo. Ukusuka kwimithetho yamalungelo abalaseleyo ekwamkeleni nokukhusela indalo kunye nokulungisa impilo, umthetho unamandla okuguqula ubomi babantu ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ngokuqonda amanyathelo aqukiweyo, imiqobo ephakamayo, namathuba okubandakanyekileyo, abemi bangahamba ngaphaya kokuqwalaselwa kwinyathelo elibalulekileyo. Abafundisi, ngokukodwa, banembopheleleko yokuxhobisa isizukulwana esilandelayo ngolwazi nangobuchule obufanelekileyo. Ngokwenza njalo, baqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yemithetho iqhubeke ukusebenza njengenkqubela yenqwelo-moya, ukulingana, nokusesikweni. Ngokunxibelelana nabanye, okanye ngokunxibelelana kwabanye abameli, ngokunxibelelana, okanye ngokunxibelelana nabanye, unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo loncedo lwempilo olufanelekileyo.