Inkqubo Yotshintsho Oluqhelekileyo: Ukujamelana Nocelomngeni Nokusebenzisa Amathuba Athile

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral luyenye yezona njongo ziphambili kodwa zidideko. Lubandakanya utshintsho lwamabhombu kwimithetho kunye neenkqubo ezilawula indlela onyulo oluqhutywa ngayo — ukusuka kwindlela yokufaka amavoti ukuya kwindlela eguqulelwa kwizihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa eyona njongo iphambili kukusoloko isenza umahluko, oququkileyo, kunye nenkqubo engakumbi yokumela, indlela yokulungisa inqabileyo ilula. Oku kuhlola zonke iingxaki ezithintela inkqubela namathuba abalulekileyo okunokuvuleka okuphumelelayo, ukuzoba ngamava nezenzo ezingcono zokunika imbono ecacileyo yoko kufunwa ngukhetho olunentsingiselo.

Ukuqonda Utshintsho Olubalaseleyo

Utshintsho lokhetho luquka naluphi na utshintsho kwinkqubo yonyulo ekhoyo. Oku kungahluka ukusuka kuhlenga-hlengiso oluncinci lwenkqubo yonyuso — njengokwandisa iiyure zovotelo okanye ukusungula uvote lwangethuba — ukuya kwimida esisiseko yendlela amavoti abalwa ngayo kwaye anikwe izihlalo. Ezona ndawo ziqhelekileyo zotshintsho ziquka inkqubo yokuvota ngokwayo (umz., ukusuka kwimida yokuqala yexesha elidlulileyo ukuya kungqinelana), imida yemimandla evoti, imithetho ejikeleze ukubhalisa nokungena komvoti, kunye nolawulo lwemibutho yezezimali kunye namaqela ezobupolitika.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zibumba indlela yokuziphatha kwezobupolitika ngendlela enzulu. Ziphembelela indlela amaqela akhuphisana ngayo, indlela abaza kuthabatha amanyathelo, nendlela abavoti abakubona ngayo ukufaneleka kweziphumo. Yiyo loo nto kungenxa yokuba uyilo lwenkqubo yokhetho lungeyonkqubo yobuchule [ — lukhetho lwezopolitiko olunzulu lwezopolitiko kunye nemigangatho. Iingcingo ziphezulu: inkqubo eyiliweyo engafanelekanga inokubangela ukuba kubekho ubungalingani, idibani, idimalise, idimalise ukuthemba kwimibutho yedemokhrasi, ngelixa exhobisayo, lo gama inkqubo ekhuthaza ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye namandla abemi. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ukuqonda ulungiso lwezicwangciso-colorlelksi lubalulekile kuye nabani nabani nabani nabani kwi-demokhrasi.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, uphando olukhulayo luchaphazele iziphumo zeenkqubo zonyulo ezahlukeneyo kumelo, kwivoti, kunye nemfazwe yezobupolitika. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge International International Institute for Democracy kunye ne Electoral Implate (International IDEA)[FL:1] kunye nenkqubo ye- ACEEctoral Knetwork ye-'ALT'ITY[ ivelise izinto ezininzi zokunceda amazwe aqhube utshintsho, zibalase okokuba imibandela yomongo idla ngokugqithisileyo — into esebenzayo kwelinye ilizwe. Isitshixo siqonde ezopolitiko zasekuhlaleni, ezentlalo, kunye nezobume zemeko-bume yasekuhlaleni phambi kokuba kwenziwe utshintsho.

Iingxaki Ekutshintsheni Okucacileyo

Nakubeni kuxhaphakile ukuba iinkqubo zonyulo zifuna ukukhutshwa ngamaxesha athile, imigudu yokuguqula isoloko inqanda okanye isilela. Imiqobo iyahluka kwaye isoloko idityanisiwe, yenza kube yimfuneko ukuyilungisa.

Ukuchasa kwezobupolitika nokuzixakekisa

Owona mqobo mkhulu wokuguqula ungowokuzikhathaza kwabo basemagunyeni. Amaqela ezobupolitika kunye namagosa anyuliweyo angenelwayo kwimithetho yangoku — nokuba anokusoloko ephumelela okanye ngenxa yokuba ayakwazi ukusebenzisa imida yesithili ukuze angenelwe kuwo — akanasizathu sininzi sokutshintsha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abaxhasi abakhutheleyo bathintela izicelo zotshintsho, besazi ukuba inkqubo entle ingenza amathuba abo okuphinda bakhetheke. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho impikiswano ecacileyo: bona abadlali abafuna ukuvunywa yiyo basoloko besongelwa yiyo. Ukuyeka oku kufuna umbutho omkhulu wabahlazi abathi banqumle imida, okanye uxinzelelo lwangaphandle kwingini kunye noomatilo-vcovote olusenza imeko yezobupolitika ingabi ye-manyeneyo.

Ukungabikho Kolwazi Nobungqina

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral lungaba ngumxholo wobugcisa ophezulu, ozaliswe ngamagama afana novoti edluliselwa kwenye, ukuvota okunzima, kunye nokuvota okunzima. Oku kuntsonkotha kudla ngokususa uluntu ngokubanzi, olusenokungasiqondi isizathu sokuba iinguqu zitshintshe okanye indlela eyahlukileyo isixokelelwano esichaphazela ngayo intsingiselo yazo. Ngaphandle kokuqonda nokufuna utshintsho, iinkokeli zezobupolitika zijongene nexabiso elincinane ekuzityesheleni izicelo. Ngaphezu koko, xa utshintsho ludityaniswa, iinguqulelo kunye nokudityaniswa kwemidangatho kungenza badideke uvoti, bayenze bathandabuze utshintsho oluceliweyo. Imfundo yeCviccip ecacisa intsingiselo esebenzisekayo yolwimi olucacileyo, kodwa kufuneka zixhaswe yaye ziqhubeke umgudu wokuba abaxhasi abaninzi abalweli beenguquko lotshintsho balwe ekulweleni.

Imigaqo esemthethweni neyomGaqo-siseko

Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkqubo zokhetho zifakwe kumgaqo-siseko okanye kwiinkqubo zemithetho ezime ixesha elide ekunzima ukuzitshintsha. Ukutshintsha le mithetho kusoloko kufuna iiprojekthi ezinkulu kwipalamente, ii-arhente, okanye imvume kumasebe amaninzi karhulumente. Le miqobo esemthethweni ayizenzeki ngengozi — zenzelwe ukuthintela utshintsho olungxamisekileyo kwizakhiwo zedemokhrasi ezisisiseko. Noko ke, kwakhona zithetha ukuba kwaneenguqu ezixhasiweyo zinokuthatha iminyaka ukumisa. Kwezinye iimeko, iinkundla zemithetho-siseko zingabetha phantsi utshintsho ukuba zinokuqondwa ukuba zichasene nemigaqo esisiseko njengokulingana okanye ukulingana, zongeza olunye umaleko wokungaqiniseki.

Ubuchule bokufumana imithombo nobunzima

Ukusebenzisa inkqubo entsha yabavoti kubiza imali eninzi. Iimatshini zokuvota okanye izicwangciso zokuvota ezintsha kufuneka zifunyanwe, abasebenzi bonyulo kufuneka baqeqeshwe, amavoti kufuneka ahlaziywe, kwaye amaphulo okuvota kufuneka aqhutywe, kwaye amaphulo okufumana uqoqosho alinganiselweyo. Amazwe aneemeko zoqingqo-mali anokufumanisa kungenakwenzeka ukuxhasa utshintsho olubanzi, ingakumbi xa ezinye iimfuno zoxinzelelo — ezifana nezempilo okanye imfundo — zikhuphisana ngemali enye. Ngaphezu koko, kwana xa inkxaso ikhona, kufuneka utshintsho lufune ubuchule bokulawula obuthi gqolo-mvume lungabikho. Izichaphazelo ezikhoyo zinokubangela ukudidelwa, ukuphoxeka, okanye iimpazamo ezibangela ukuphelelwa kwentembelo kwinkqubo. Oku kungenxa yoko kunconywa kakhulu ukuqhuba inqwelo-moya kunye nokuvelisa iprojentiyenzile.

Ukuchasa Izithethe Nembali

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral azizizixhobo zobugcisa nje kuphela — zithwala ubunzima bomfuziselo. Kwamanye amazwe, iindlela ezithile zokuvota zidityaniswe kuphawu lwesizwe okanye kuxanduva lwembali. Umzekelo, umva wokuqala usoloko ukhuselwa kwiUnited Kingdom nase Canada njengesithethe esilula, esihlonelwayo, ngelixesha, lo gama umelo lokulungelelanisa lubonwa ngabanye njengokungalungisi kumazwekazi-mazwekazi aseYurophu. Ezi zidibeneyo zingenza utshintsho lubonakale njengohlaselo kwilifa lelizwe, ukukhuthaza inkcaso kumaqela okoyika ukuba utshintsho luza kuphazamisa ezi mpembelelo ziqhelekileyo zezobupolitika. Ngoko ke abaguquli baguquli mabandakanye nezimo zobungcaciso, abathathi-mfatho, abathi benziwe abatshintshayo abathi bajonge ukulahlwa kwento yakudala kodwa baqhelaniswe nezinto ezintsha.

Iingcinezelo Zamazwe Nakwamanye

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral alukho kwi-global compris. Abanikeli behlabathi lonke, oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, kwanemibutho ephuma kwamanye amazwe basoloko bekhuthaza okanye benyanzela amazwe ukuba amkele iinkqubo ezithile njengemeko yoncedo okanye izivumelwano zorhwebo. Ngoxa igalelo langaphandle linokunikezela ngobuchule obubalulekileyo kunye nobuncwane, lungagqalwa njengophazamisa, luxhobisa umvano-mva kwesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, iinguqu ezibekwa ngaphandle zisenokungabi nanto yasekuhlaleni, ziwenza angabi nankxaso yangaphandle esebenzayo. Iziphumo eziphumelelayo zinika ulungelelwano olungcono lwehlabathi ngeminxeba enzulu kunye nokuhambelana kwasekuhlaleni.

Amathuba Okutshintsha

Phezu kwayo nje imiqobo eyoyikekayo, utshintsho lokhetho lunika amathuba okuguqula. Xa lusenziwa kakuhle, lunokuvuselela umanyano lwedemokhrasi luze luvelise ulawulo olusemthethweni, olumeleyo.

Ukunikela Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Okwandayo

Utshintsho olukwenza kube lula ukuvota kwaye kube nentsingiselo engakumbi lunokuba nempembelelo enamandla ekuchongeni. Umzekelo, ukusungula ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, ukubhalisa nge-intanethi, okanye ukubhalisa okungosuku olunye lunganciphisa imiqobo echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abaselula, abasebenzi abahambayo, okanye abangenayo. Ngokufanayo, ukutshintsha inkqubo yokuvota komnye onika abavoti ukhetho olungakumbi — njengovoti abacetyiweyo abajongene novotiweyo — kungenza abantu bavakalelwe ukuba ukuvota kwabo kubaluleke, kukhuthaza ukuba bathathe inxaxheba engakumbi. Uphando lubonise ukuba amazwe anenkqubo yomlinganiselo elungeleleneyo i-voti eji eji ejijeze zonke iinkqubo ezifumana iziphumo, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokuba abaninzi abahlawulwayo nabavoti kunye nabavoti abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba bamelwe.

Ukwenziwa komelo lwabemi abahlukahlukeneyo

Enye yeempikiswano ezomeleleyo zokuguqula iinguqu yeyokuba ingenza ngcono umelo oluchazayo nolungaphantsi kolwamaqela akhoyo. Amabhinqa, amaqela amancinane, kunye nabantu abaphantsi kwemida basoloko bejongene nemiqobo yesakhiwo kwiinkqubo eziphambili apho bathe bahlala khona kwisithili esithile okanye apho amaqela angafuni ukufikelela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. IiNguqu ezinjengokumela ulungelelwaniso, izihlalo ezigciniweyo, okanye umlinganiselo wesini namanani onokuthi uvelise iipalamente ngokuchane ngakumbi ukuyila kwebutho labantu. Oku akuzinzi nje kuphela oku kubangela ukuba kubekho okusesikweni kodwa kukhokelela ekubeni abameli abahlukeneyo bafumane izimvo ezininzi kwingxoxo zomthetho.

Ukuthembana Okuphuculiweyo Kurhulumente Nakumaqumrhu Edemokhrasi

Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba unyulo lulungile nokuba imibandela yabo yevoti idla ngokuthenjwa ngurhulumente baze bamkele iziphumo zonyulo, kwanaxa abo bakhethwayo bengaphumeleli. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa unyulo luthathwa njengoluxhotyisiweyo okanye olungaqhubekiyo, uvuselelo, uvuselelo, maxa wambi oluxhobisa ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika. Iinkqubo zobungangamsha ezibonakala zingenabulungisa — njengokuphelisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, okanye ukuqinisekisa ukubalwa ngokuchanekileyo kwevotistiki — zinokuqinisa ummiselo wolawulo-demokhrasi. Umzekelo, ukurhoxina kwezo ezizimeleyo ziye zaboniswa zinciphisa ukulawulwa kwe-Grekiniki kunye nokwandisa ukuthembeka kwabantu kwimiqathango yesithili.

Ukubuyiselwa kwiindlela zokusebenza kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral luvula umnyango kuphuhliso lwezobugcisa olunokwenza ukuvota kube lula, kukhuseleke kwaye kube nokusebenza. Oomatshini bovota bekhompyutha, ukuhanjiswa kwe-intanethi kubavoti phesheya kwelizwe, kunye neenkqubo ezisekelwe kwibloko zokunyusela ivoti ezikhuselekileyo zonke ziyahlolwa kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ngelixesha ubugcisa kufuneka bukwazi ukuthintelwa ukukhusela ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko okanye ukwahlulwa kwamanani, kunika amandla okunciphisa amathuba okulinda, kuphelise iimpazamo ekubaleni ngezandla, kwaye kuvumele ukuba ivoti yenze ukuba ikwazi ukuphosa iibhola zomfatho wamaqela azimeleyo. Iinguquko ezithi zifake izixhobo zangoku zigcina ukukhanya nokulunga komgangatho ophezulu.

Ukwamkelwa kweMigangatho ePhakathi neNgqeqesho

Akukho lizwe lifuna ukuphinda liphinde lifumane ivili xa kufikelelwa kutshintsho lonyulo. Amava ohlanga oluye lwaziguqula ngokunempumelelo iinkqubo zalo anika ugcino oluninzi lwezifundo. Ukutshintshela kwe New Zealand kumelo lolwahlulo-malungu kwi-1990, umzekelo, kucatshulwa rhoqo njengemodeli ye-DAremocratic Institute yezolawulo nokuphumeza imodeli kawonke wonke. Ngokufanayo, ukusebenzisa kwe-Ireland ivoti enye edluliselweyo kwindlu yayo ephezulu kubonisa indlela ezintsokothile ngayo iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezisebenza ngayo. Ii-intername ezinje nge-oms ezithi zelizwe zisebenza ngayo njenge Icandelo elingumfuziselo kunye nenkqubo ye-ELTY] ye-ElFFOLD [FOLD]] inceda ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obuqhelekileyo nokwenyusolu buchule bobugcisa, ukuphepha okusetyenziswa kobuchule obuqhelekileyo, ukuphepha nokuzisulutha uphando oluqhelekileyo.

Ukomeleza Ukuqina Kwezobupolitika Nesigqibo Sengxabano

Kumazwe ahluleke kakhulu, utshintsho lokhetho lungadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ubuhlanga, unqulo, okanye uxinzelele lwengingqi. Amalungiselelo agunya-ombane, anjengenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukumela amaqela amancinane, aye asetyenziswa kumazwe afana neLebhanon, iBosnia neHerzegovina, kunye neMzantsi Afrika ukunciphisa imfazwe kwaye kwakhe ulawulo oluzinzileyo. Nangona iinkqubo ezinjalo zingezongenazo iingxaki zazo, zibonisa indlela esengqiqweni yokuyila ukhuphiso olunokhetho olunokruqululo lwe-zero-sum lwezobupolitika lube lukhuphithi olunoxolo, umanyano oluzinzileyo.

Imimandla Engundoqo Yokujolisa Kwiinguqu Eziqhelekileyo

Ukufumana utshintsho olunentsingiselo, imigudu yotshintsho kufuneka iqwalasele imilinganiso emininzi edityanisiweyo yenkqubo yokukhetha. Indawo nganye ifuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo kunye nokuvisisana nemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Iinkqubo zokusasaza: Ukukhetha indlela i Votes eziguqulela ngayo kwiiSeet

Inkqubo yokuvota yintliziyo yotshintsho. Iindlela zokukhetha ziquka ukuphuma phakathi kobuninzi/ubuninzi, umelo lwendawo, namandla amaqela ezobupolitika angaphambili kunye neenkqubo ezimbini ezijikelezayo) kulungelelwaniso lweenkqubo (uluhlu lwePR, ukhetho olunye oludlulisiweyo, umanyano oludityanisiweyo, icandelo lolwahlulo) kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo. Ukhetho lubandakanya ukuthelekisa phakathi kokulula, ulungelelwaniso, umelo lwendawo, namandla edityanisiweyo, kunye namandla eenkqubo yezobupolitika. Umzekelo, okokuqala-mva-orhulumente abahlukeneyo badla ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abahlukeneyo abangamelelwanga, ngelinye ixesha, ngoxa umelo olunyululo lolwahlulo lwezipili luqinisekisa ukuba kungenelwe kwimithetho engqungqungquthelanayo kunye noo-orhulumente. Ukuqonda oku kuluncedo ekukhetheni inkqubo yesizwe yezopolitikitiki.

Uhlaziyo noMda woMda

Hayi indlela eziveliswa ngayo izithili ezikhethiweyo zinempembelelo enkulu ekumelweni. I-Gerrymander — ukusetyenziswa kwamaqumrhu kwemida yephondo ukuze kuzuze inzuzo edityanisiweyo — ingafaka ingxinano yentlawulo kwaye igqwethe iziphumo zokunyulwa. Imigudu yotshintsho kule ndawo isoloko ijolise ekuveliseni iikhomishini ezizimeleyo, ezingabalawuli abahlukeneyo; ukwamkela iinketho ezicacileyo ezifana nokudityaniswa, ukudityaniswa, nokuhlonelwa koluntu olunomdla; kwaye ukusebenzisa ubugcisa ukuvelisa iimaphu ezinentsingiselo. IUnited States iye yabona ukuhambela phambili koothumelo oluzimeleyo kumgangatho wezwe, kwaye amazwe afana neKhanada neUnited Union aneenkqubo ezihlala ixesha elide zikhutshiwe ngokukhutshwa komda.

Ukufumaneka koMkhosi kunye noBhaliso

Iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangabhalisa ngokulula ukuvota nokufaka ibhola kusukelo olusisiseko lotshintsho. Izithintelo ezinjengemithetho ye-ID engqongqo, iifestile zokubhalisa ezisikelwe umda, iindawo zokuthelekisa amanani angenelanga, kunye nemiqobo kubantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe abakhubazekileyo okanye abo bahlala kwamanye amazwe ngokungenakuthelekiswa namaqela akwindawo akwindawo esezantsi. Utshintsho kweli ngingqi luquka ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, ubhaliso lwe-intanethi, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota kwangelwa kweposi kwibholoti, kunye nezikhundla zokuntyhala. Amazwe afana ne-Estonia aye afaka uvoteko kumgama okwenye imigangatho ekude, lokwenza ubhaliso olulula nokuthatha inxaxheba kufutshane. Isitshixo sibandakanya ulwandoqonga olulula.

Unqabiseko Lokhetho Nengqibelelo

Ukuthemba unyulo kuxhomekeke kunyulo lwazo. IiNguqu ezomeleza ukhuseleko ziquka ukuvavanywa okungqongqo nokuphindwa koomatshini bokuvota, imikhondo yokuvota, imida yomngcipheko, kunye nemithetho elawulayo eqinileyo yezogcino-lwazi kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lonyulo. Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe igxininisa ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo — ukusuka kushicilelo lokubala ukuya kumaxwebhu. Abavoteli abazimeleyo, abasekhaya nabezizwe ngezizwe, badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iinkqubo zikhululekile kwaye zilungile. Utshintsho oluthi ukulungiselela le misebenzi lungathintela ukuqhatha, lunciphise ukwandiswa komfakelwa kwe-RGenethiweyo, kwaye luqinisekisa uluntu ukuba iziphumo ziyasebenza.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwemibutho Yezobupolitika Nezemali

Imali kwezobupolitika inkxalabo engapheliyo. Ezinye iziguqulo ezijolise ekunciphiseni impembelelo yababoneleli abafumileyo kunye nemibutho ziquka iminikelo, inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke yonyulo, iimfuno zokophula isaziso, kunye nee-kepati ezisetyenziswa kwiphulo. Kumazwe afana neJamani neSweden, inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke yamaqela ezobupolitika idibene neemfuno zokubonisa ukukhanya nedemokhrasi. Ezinye iiNguqu zijolise ekuvinyweni kweminikelo yemibutho, ukulinganisela ukuchithwa kwamaqela angaphandle, nokuvelisa amaqumrhu ukuze kunyanzelelwe imithetho. Ngoxa iphulo lidla ngokudidelwa impikiswano kwaye lintlukwanomthetho, liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa icandelo apho onke amazwi anokuviwa.

Uhlolisiso Lweenguqu Eziphumeleleyo

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene inikela ubungqina obucacileyo bokunokwenzeka nendlela enokuyoyiswa ngayo.

INew Zealand: Umzekelo Wotshintsho Olunentsingiselo

Ekuqaleni kowe-1990, iNew Zealand yaqalisa enye yezindululo ezibanzi zonyulo olubanzi kwimbali yale mihla. Yakruquka yinkqubo yokuqala yemiboniso eyavelisa iziphumo ezingalinganiyo — njengonyulo luka-1992 apho iSizwana soMbutho sabonisa inkxaso enkulu kuphela kuma-48% yevoti kodwa ama- 68% ezihlalo — urhulumente waseka iKhomishini yobukumkani kwiNkqubo yonyulo. Emva kokucebisana kakhulu, ikhomishini yancomela ukwamkela i-interlity-m (MMP) inkqubo edityanisiweyo. Unyuso-wonke ngo-192 wabonisa ukuxhasa okunamandla, kunye nokubotshwa kwesibini kwesakhelo ngo-empehla ngo-mthetho. I-MMP yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1996. Ulungiso lwezi inguqulelo lwakhokelela kumelo olwahlukeneyo (kuquka amabhinqa amaninzi, kunye nolunyusothulelo lwaselukhulu, uluvoteko lwaselukhulu.

EJamani: Ukulungelelanisa Impumelelo Nesibambiso

Inkqubo yokhetho lwaseJamani ixubene nezixhobo ezidityaniswe ngokulinganayo nonyulo olungqalileyo. Abavoti bavota kabini: omnye wabavoti kwisithili sawo sobulali kunye nomnye woluhlu lweqela kumgangatho wesizwe. IiSetts kumgangatho weBoundestag zibekwa ngokulinganayo ngokusekelwe kwivoti yeqela, kodwa abaphumeleleyo abaphumeli bephondo baqinisekiswe izihlalo zabo. Inkqubo iphuculwe ngaphaya kwamashumi eminyaka, kuquka utshintsho lokulawula inani leesihlalo ezingaphezulu kwe-angg (apho iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi kunezahluzo ezilungelelwanayo). Inkqubo evelisa iziphumo ezithe kratya kakhulu ngoxa begcina unxulumano olunamandla phakathi kwabameli basekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo zolungiso zivezwe ngokweelwano ezidityaniswe yimithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa nokulungelelaniswa kwemithetho eqhubekayo, kwaye zilungelelaniswa ngokuhambelana kwezifundo ezifunekayo, nangokunikwa inkqubela.

EKhanada: Iingxoxo Eziqhubekayo Nemilingo Yasekuhlaleni

IKhanada ikudala ilwisana nokungafezeki kwenkqubo yayo yokuqala yemva. Phantsi koMphathiswa omkhulu uJustin Trudeau, isithembiso sonyulo ngo 2015 sonyulo lokugqibela phantsi kwenkqubo endala yadala yavelisa ikomiti yepalamente kunye nokhangelo lwelizwe lonke. Noko ke, ukungavumelani ngenye indlela ekhethekileyo — i-oceced shantial-icement, okanye enye into — yakhokelela ekuweni kwemigudu yotshintsho kumgangatho karhulumente. Kodwa kumgangatho wephondo nowe-masipala, kuye kwenzeka utshintsho. Izixeko ezifana neVancouverver no-Toronto ziye zalinga ukubekwa kweminye i-ace yokhetho lukamasipala. Iphondo laseBritish Columbia labonisa ii-rends ezimbini ekusebenziseni inkqubo yolungelelaniso; ngoxa zombini zingaphumeleli, inkqubo kawonke kunye nenkundle yelizwe eliphilayo.

Estonia: Umculo wamanani osetyenziswa ngoovulindlela

I-Estonia ibalasele njengeyona isebenzisa ubugcisa ekuphuculeni unyulo lonyulo. Ukususela ngo-2005, abemi base-Estonia baye bakwazi ukuvota kwi-intanethi kunyulo lwesizwe besebenzisa inkqubo ye-ID ekhuselekileyo. Inkqubo ye-i-Unit ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake iibhola zokuvota naphi na ehlabathini iintsuku ezininzi ngaphambi kosuku lonyulo, benokukhetha ukutshintsha amavota ukuze bafumane umhla wokuvota. Ukubhalisa kunye nokuhlola i-data kunceda ukulondoloza ukhuseleko. Umatshini wokuvota unyuso unyuke, kwaye ngoku impumelelo ye-Estonia yakhiwe kwimpucuko yokuthembana nakumazimvoti kwaye ingcaciso evumela ukuvavanywa nokuthemba kwabantu. Nangona amazwe onke angakwazi ukuvelisa ukhuseleko lwawo, i-Estonia ibonisa ukuba ubugcisa bungakhuselwa kwisixhobo esinamandla ukuze angene kwinqobo.

Indima Yobugcisa Kutshintsho Oluqhelekileyo

Ubuxhakaxhaka bulithuba kwaye buyingozi ekutshintsheni unyulo. Xa lusetyenziswa ngokusengqiqweni, lungadala iinkqubo eziziindawo ezithe ngqo, ezisebenzayo nezikhuselekileyo. Kodwa ubugcisa obungasetyenziswanga kakuhle bungadala izinto ezintsha ezingaqhelekanga nokungalingani okunzulu.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphakathi nolwabelo olukude

Uvota lwangaphakathi lunako ukuguqula ukufikelela kwabavoti, ingakumbi abemi abahlala kwamanye amazwe, abantu abaneziphene, kunye nabo bakwimimandla ekude. Amazwe amaninzi, kuquka i-Estonia, iSwitzerland, neKhanada (kwizinye izinyuko zikamasipala), aye azama ukuvota i-Internet. Noko ke, inkxalabo ngokusetyenziswa kwekhompyutha, umahluko wamanani, nokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntu osebenza ngokufihlakeleyo kwimekobume engalawulwayo kuthetha ukuba ukwamkelwa ngokusikelwa kwabantu okusemgangathweni kuxhomekeke kukhetho ngokuthe ngcembe, novavanyo oluqinileyo. Isitshixo kukulungelelanisa umgangatho ongundoqo we-demokhrasi wokuvela nokubonakala nokungalawuleki.

Ubugcisa bokuthintela kunye nokusasazwa komkhokeli

Iblockchain inyuswe njengendlela yokwenza iingxelo zokuvota ezikhuselekileyo ekungeneni, ngevoti nganye ebhalwe njengentengiselwano engekho mgangathweni. Ezinye iziqhubi zenqwelo moya ezincinci, njengenqanawa yenqwelo-moya yaseNtshona Virginia ngo-2018, iye yahlola ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Noko ke, ibloko, i-tabchain ayiyombumbulu yesilivere. Inokuchaphazeleka ekuhlaseleni kwiincam (isixhobo sovoti) kwaye ukuntsonkotha kwayo kuyenza kube nzima ukuqinisekisa iziphumo eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ezinye iinkqubo ezithintelayo ze-injinichain kungumsebenzi. Sekunjalo, njengokuba ubugcisa buvukile, bungafumana indima ekusetyenzisweni kwezo meko ezikhuselekileyo njengodluliselo lwevoti okanye uvavanyo.

Inkcitho yobhaliso lwe Voter kunye nogcino-lwazi

Ubuxhakaxhaka sele buguqule ubhaliso lwabavoti. Amazwe amaninzi ngoku asebenzisa uvoti ombindi, olungelelanisiweyo iirolophu ezinokuhlaziywa ngexesha lokwenene kwaye zilungelelaniswe nezinye iziseko zogcino-lwazi (ezifana neelayisensi zomqhubi okanye ii-ID zesizwe). Oku kunciphisa ubhaliso oluphindaphindiweyo kwaye kwenza kube lula ukugcina umqulu uchanile. Abavoti-data banganceda abalawuli bokhetho baphawule iindawo ngokuhamba phantsi, amaphulo okuvota, kwaye banike oovimba abasetyenziswa njengeendawo zokuqokelela ngokunempumelelo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-data kunyusa imfuno ye-ontathe-mfota, kwaye imimiselo engqongqo iyafuneka ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-proliver.

Izixhobo zoPhicotho-zincwadi noLokhuseleko

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxenye ibalulekileyo yezobugcisa ekunyuleni impumelelo yonyulo kukuphuhliswa kobuchule bophicotho-zincwadi obuqinileyo. Uphicotho-zincwadi olunomda wengozi, olubandakanya ukuhlola ngezandla isampuli engakhethiyo yeebhola zokuqinisekisa amanani e-elektroniki, lusiba yimigangatho kwimithetho elawulayo efana neColorado neDenmark. Ngokufanayo, ukuvulwa kwemithetho ekhuselekileyo yonxibelelwano ikhusela ukudluliselwa kweziphumo kwindawo zokuhlola amagunya asembini. Ukuvula umda we-software yokuvota kuvumela iziphumo ezizimeleyo ukuvavanya ikhowudi engalunganga okanye iintambo zangasemva. Ezi zixhobo zinceda ukwakha ukuthemba uwonke ngokuba nobungqina obuchanekileyo, kwanabo bokusetyenziswa kobuchule.

Isiphelo

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral luyinkqubo entsonkothileyo, ngokufuthi edimazayo — kodwa kwakhona yenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokomeleza ulawulo-melo. Ucelomngeni lokuxhathisa kwezobupolitika, ukungakhathali kwabantu, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kunye nokusikelwa kwezibonelelo zemali luyinto yokwenene kwaye luzingisa. Kodwa amathuba — ukubotshwa kovota, ukuma okusesikweni, ukubuyiselwa komthemba, kunye neendlela ezintsha zokuthatha inxaxheba — yenza utshintsho olunempumelelo kumazwe afana neNew Zealand neJamani lubonise ukuba utshintsho oluphumelelayo lunokwenzeka xa abaguquli bedibanisa uhlaziyo olungqongqo, ukudibana kwabantu abaninzi, kunye necebo lomonde. Ubugcisa, nangona bungeyokuko imigudu yokuvotelela, inokwenziwa ngocotho oluqhelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, usukelo lolungiso lweenguqulo lweenguquko olugqibeleleyo lungelulo kodwa lungafezeki, kodwa lubonisa ukuba, ngexa lubonisa kakuhle ulawulo lwabantu kunye nolawulo lolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.