Uxinzeleleko phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ludala umgca ongundoqo wempazamo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Olu ngquzulwano alululo uphawu lokusilela kwenkqubo, kodwa luphawu oluchazayo lwebutho labantu elifuna ukukhululeka nolungelelwano. Ucelomngeni lukukwakha nokumisela imithetho ekhusela izinto ngokumanyeneyo ./ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ingqibelelo yemekobume, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, //ukungathobeli kwigunya elilawulayo. Kubafundisi, abenzi bemithetho, nabemi ababotshelelweyo, ukuqonda oku kubalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi exhomekeke kwidemokhrasi.

Imvelaphi yeFilosofi Yokwahlula imigaqo-nkqubo. Ingxoxo yenkululeko

Umzabalazo wolungelelwano nenkululeko udala njengentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika ngokwayo. Ingcamango kaJohn Locke yamalungelo endalo ibekwe imida engqongqo kumandla karhulumente, iphikisa ngelithi ukufaneleka kwelizwe kuxhomekeke kumandla alo okukhusela ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla yabemi balo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uJean-Jacques Rousseau uluvo lwakhe lwe "uthanda" lucebisa ukuba inkululeko yokwenyaniso ifumaneka ngokuthobela imithetho elungiselelwe ukulunga, nokuba inyanzelela abantu ngabanye ukuba balwe kwiminqweno yabo yangabo.

Izithandi-bulumko zale mihla ziphucule ezi ngcamango. Umahluko ka-Isaya Berlin phakathi " wenkululeko ekhoyo" (inkululeko ekhoyo ekuphazameni) kunye "inkululeko" (inkululeko yokufikelela amandla omntu) inika isiseko esinamandla. Umgaqo "kaharmm" oqinisekisa ukuba amandla anokusetyenziswa kuphela ukukhusela umonakalo kwabanye. Ezi zisiseko zentanda-ntanda-bulumko zifundisa ngemiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke, ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, kunye nolawulo lwamanani.

James Madison, ebhala kuFederal List No. 51, edumileyo waphikisa ngelithi "iluvo kufuneka lwenziwe ukulwa namabhongo" ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko we-US(* kunye noxilongo lwawo kunye nolwahlulo phakathi kolawulo, uwiso-mthetho, kunye namasebe okugweba (inkqubo yokulawula uxinezeleko phakathi kwamandla karhulumente kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ilizwe langoku, elizelwe kwinkulungwane yama-20, liye lavavanya le njongo, liphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngokuthumela amandla owiso-mthetho ukuba aphinde aqululwe kwakhona amaziko. Xa amaziko ebhala kwaye enyanzelela, imigaqo esithethe yokungalawuleli negunya kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye iyadlula, idala ingxoxo eqhubekayo engomthetho eqhubekayo malunga nomgangatho omthetho omthetho.

Iinjongo Zokubuyiselwa Kolawulo Loluntu

Ukubuyiselwa akusiyo into embi ezalwa nayo; sisixhobo sokucombulula iingxaki ezisetyenziswa ngabantu okanye iimarike ezingenakuzicombulula zodwa. Imimiselo esebenzayo isebenza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo, esemthethweni, ephucula, xa ibulawa ngokufanelekileyo, kunokuba inciphise inkululeko yokwenene.

Ukulungisa Ukusilela Kwentengiso

Iimarike ezingalawulwayo zidla ngokuvelisa izinto ezingalunganga ngaphandle, `amaxabiso athwalwa ngabantu kunokuba abe ngumvelisi. Ungcoliso ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo. Umzi - mveliso ongajongani naso isohlwayo sokukhupha ityhefu ayinaso isohlwayo semali efuna ukunqanda, inyanzelisa uluntu ukuba luhlawule iindleko zempilo nemekobume. Imithetho efana nenkqubo yecap-rap- kunye nemigangatho yokukhupha ukhuphozo, ibeka izikhuthazo zabucala kunye noncedo lukawonke wonke umntu. Olu hlobo lomgaqo alunaso sohlwayo ukungaphumeleli kwentengo, yenza umgangatho wokudlala apho abadlali abangenatyalayo bangawucimiyo.

Ukunika Uluntu Izinto

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe, umoya ococekileyo, kunye nophando lwenzululwazi olusisiseko azinakunqandwa kwaye azinakuthelekiswa nanto, ithetha ukuba imakethe ingaphantsi kwemveliso yayo. Imithetho kunye nerhafu ezixhasa ezi zinto azingqubani kwinkululeko, kodwa kunoko ziyimfuneko kubemi abamanyeneyo. Njengoko uOliver Wendell Holmes esaziwa, "Ixabiso esilihlawulayo kwibutho eliphucukileyo" Iinkqubo zokuxhasa ezi zinto ziqinisekisa ukufikelela kwezi zinto kukuditya okuditya okusetyenziswa kwengingqi.

Ukukhusela Abantu Abanobungozi

Ibutho ledemokhrasi lidla ngokusebenzisa imiqathango ukukhusela abantwana, abakhulileyo, nabasweleyo ngokwezoqoqosho. Imithetho yokusebenza kwabantwana, imilinganiselo encinane yemivuzo, kunye nemithetho yokhuseleko yabathengi iyamkelwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokuba ithintela abadlali abanamandla ukuba bangafaki monakalo onzima kwabo banegunya elincinane. Le mithetho iyaqonda ukuba ukulingana okusesikweni kwamalungelo akuqinisekisi inkululeko encinane ukuba omnye umntu uthengisela phantsi kwemibutho okanye akanalwazi lwaneleyo.

Ukulinganisa ulwazi

Iimarike zanamhlanje ziphawulwe ngemveliso entsonkothileyo. Ukungaqiniseki kwemali, amayeza, kunye ne-software edluliselwe kugcino-lwazi ziyinto engaqhelekanga kumthengi oqhelekileyo. Imithetho egunyazisa ukubizwa kwamagama acacileyo, inyaniso kwizibhengezo, kunye nemisebenzi yentengiso yabakhapheli ayizithinteli inkululeko; inika amandla abantu ukuze benze ukhetho olunolwazi, oluyimfuneko ekuvumeleni izinto ezinenjongo nokutshintshisana ngokuzithandela.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwezinto: Xa Ukubuyiselwa Komjelo Kusongela Inkululeko

Umgama phakathi komthetho ozimisele kakuhle kwiincwadi kunye nokusebenza kwawo esitratweni kulapho uvavanyo lokwenyaniso lwedemokhrasi luvela khona. Unyanzelo asiyonkqubo yobugcisa yobundilele; sisenzo sezobupolitika esinzulu esinokuthi sandise ukungalingani okukhoyo okanye sibangele ezintsha.

Impembelelo ekhutshwayo kunye nee-injini zenkqubo

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho kusoloko kunzima kuluntu oluphantsi. Imfazwe yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi eUnited States, ngokomzekelo, yaphumela ekuboshweni kwabantu abanombala ophezulu kakhulu nangona besebenzisa iziyobisi ngendlela efanayo kulo lonke iqela lohlanga. Olu lungiselelo lukhethayo lunciphisa ukukholosa ngenkqubo yomthetho luze lunciphise ukufaneleka komthetho ngokwawo. Xa abemi besoyika amapolisa kunokuba babe sisaphuli-mthetho, uqhawulo-mthetho olungundoqo luye lwenzekile. Umthetho kufuneka usetyenziswe emhlabeni wonke kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba ugcine igunya lawo lokuziphatha.

Ingxaki Yokufumana Ulawulo

Okudidayo kukuba, kwanamaziko asungulwe ukukhusela uluntu anokuba zizixhobo zoshishino alwenzelwe ukulawula. Le nto, eyaziwa ngokuba kukubanjwa kolawulo, yenzeka xa izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo zisebenzisa impembelelo engafanelekanga kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Isiphumo sisixhobo esintsonkothileyo semithetho esinceda abadlali basungulwe kwaye bathintele ukhuphiswano, inyusa imiqobo yokungena ekuqalisweni nasekukhuseleni ii-monobol phantsi kokhuseleko okanye imigangatho. Oku kukwenza ukonakala kwesiphumo solawulo, ukujika isixhobo sokukhululeka kwisixhobo sezixhobo eziqinileyo.

Umthwalo Wokulungelelana Nentsebenziswano Yezoqoqosho

Kumnini weshishini omncinane, ukuqokelela iirhafu, ukuqhuba imithetho elawula indawo, kunye nokuqhubana neemfuno zokhuseleko lomsebenzi kusenokuba ngumsebenzi opheleleyo. Xa ixabiso lokuthobela liphezulu kakhulu, lisebenza njengerhafu yokuphelisa intengiso kwishishini. "Umthwalo wephepha lokusebenza" asiyonto nje ephazamisayo; kukuzibamba ngenene kwenkululeko yezoqoqosho. Ucelomngeni lwabalawuli kukufumana igalelo elisebenzayo lobuveleli eliphumeza usukelo lukawonke wonke ngaphandle kokukhuthaza inyathelo labucala eliqhubela phambili kwimpumelelo nophuhliso.

Ukukhulula Kwamakhaya Nokugwetywa Kolawulo

Uninzi lwezenzo zonyanzelo-mthetho namhlanje alwenzeki kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kwiinkundla zolawulo kunye namatyala. Oku kutshintshwa kungumphathi-gosa ` [ingqondo enegunya] kukwandiswa ityala elingqongqo nesohlwayo sabemi) ukuya kutsho kwimiqathango engqongqo nemigangatho esezantsi yobungqina, kunye nemisebenzi ephantsi yengingqi ekhoyo. Ngoxa ivumela ukugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kwemithetho entsonkothile (njengesigxilo okanye imithetho esingqongileyo), ikwanyusa inkxakeko ngokukhukuliseka kwendlela yesithethe sokhuseleko. Ukungabikho kwemiqathango, umgangatho ophantsi wobungqina, kunye nomgxumi wolawulo kunye nomtshutshisigosa omnye wesigqesho okhoyo kungenza inkqubo apho imo yemeko ekhoyo njengomtshutshisijaji, umgwebi, kunye nengqi, ingcungcungxulu, imbono engundoqo

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukuvavanya Imida Yokunyamezela

Ukuhlolisisa imimandla ekhethekileyo apho ukungqubana komthetho nenkululeko kunceda ekusekeni le migaqo ingekho ngqiqweni kumava aphilayo.

Impilo Kawonkewonke Nokuziphatha Okuhle Komzimba

Isifo se-COVID-19 sisebenza njengengqungquthela yezakhono zomhlaba wonke zokwahlula umthetho. Ingxoxo yenkululeko. Ukuxina kwemiqathango, izigunyaziso zemaski, kunye neemfuno zokugoma amachiza anyanzelisa abantu ukuba balinganise umgaqo wengozi kaMill nxamnye nomzimba womntu ngamnye. Abaxhasi bemiyalelo baphikisa ukuba ukwala isitofu okanye isigqubuthelo sobuso kwakungesosenzo sokuzichasa ngokwaso; kwabangela ingozi ecacileyo yokungxhwalekisa abanye kwimeko-bume esasazekileyo. Abachasi baphikisa ukuba unyango lwezamayeza lumele ukuchasana okuyintlekele komntu ngamnye. Ilifa le ngxaki ende engokweenjongo yokuziphikisa kobuqu isenokungalungisiswa ngokwemithetho esemthethweni kunye nemilinganiselo yamandla, ngokucophelelayo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye nokulungele ukufikelela ukulungele ukulungele ukufikelela kokulungele ukuphumeza ukulungele ukuphumeza ulawulo. Isitshixo sokuhlala ebantwini sisikhulu sixhomekeke esiphezulu.

Ulawulo lwamanani nokwakhiwa kwe-Internet

Kummandla wamanani, imfazwe igqugqisa phakathi kwenkululeko yolwazi kunye nemfuneko yokukhusela abasebenzisi ekonakalisweni. Ngokunjalo, i-European Union’s Theological Protection Regation (GDPR) imela ukuthethwa ngamandla kwamalungelo obuqu nxamnye namalungelo ogcino-lwazi akhutshwayo eenkqubo zobugcisa. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba kubangelwa yindleko enkulu yokuthotyelwa intlawulo ebangela ukukhuselwa kwezinto ezikhoyo. Ngokunjalo, impikiswano ngomlinganiselo wobungcathuzelo olungaphakathi nombuzo obalulekileyo: kufuneka amaqonga aphathwe njengeendlela zobungxeba-nxaxheba zokuthetha (ukuzingela inkululeko) okanye njengabavakalisi abajongele izinto abaziquletheyo (ukukhusela)? [FLT: 0]. Ngokunjalo, ukuphikisana nokuncitshiswa kwento engundoqo ye-'imfihlelo. kuphikisa imithetho eyimfuneko ekulawuleni ulwazi, xa kunikwa intetho ngemvume yokuthetha, okanye ukunyaniswa kwemithetho enyaniswa kwe-empempempe- ye-onxa-.

Umthetho Wokusingqongileyo Nentlekele Yabantu Abaqhelekileyo

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo unika ucelomngeni olungaqhelekanga kuba ingozi yentsebenziswano isoloko ikude kwixesha nakwisithuba, ngelixa amaxabiso esenzo ekhawulezileyo kwaye edibene. "ii-"gadey yento eqhelekileyo" icebisa ukuba ngaphandle kolawulo, ubuncwane obahluleleneyo obufana nomoya kunye nolwandle buza kuba ngaphezulu ngokungenakunqandwa. Kodwa, imithetho yemo yendalo enzima inokuthintela ukuphuhlisa inkqubela yezoqoqosho nokulibazisa imisebenzi yesiseko somsebenzi obalulekileyo kwiminyaka emininzi. Ukuhamba ukuya "kufikelela-kusekelwe" okanye "umgangatho" umthetho owenziweyo ufuna ukusombulula oku ngokuxelela iifemu [[[FLT:] [iiii] [ii-FLT] [1] kufuneka ifunyaniswe ngokugqithisyo, ukunciphisa okuthe ngqo kokukhupha umbane.[FFodromesting]

Imigaqo Yokunyanzeliswa Koluntu Olukhululekileyo

Ibutho ledemokhrasi linokuyinyanzelisa njani imithetho yalo ngaphandle kokuba lingurhulumente wamapolisa? Impendulo ayikokulahla imiqathango, kodwa kukwamkela imigaqo ekhokelayo ukuze isetyenziswe kwaye ibulawe.

Ulawulo kunye nendlela yokusikelwe umda

Oorhulumente kufuneka basoloko bebuza: lo mthetho uyimfuneko, kwaye ngaba kukho indlela encinci ephazamisayo yokufikelela olo sukelo? Ukuba impilo kawonke-wonke inokukhuselwa ngemfundo nangezihlomelo zokuzithandela, ukuhlawuliswa okanye ukuvalelwa kwetyala okunyanzelekileyo ngenxa yokungaqhubeki. Lo mgaqo, ofakwe ngokunzulu kumthetho-siseko waseYurophu, unyanzelisa abalawuli ukuthethelela ngokucacileyo imfuneko kunye nomlinganiselo wemiqathango yabo kwinkululeko.

Ubulungisa bemveli kunye nokubonakala

Abami basenokuyithatha ngokulula imithetho abayijonga njengelungileyo. Oku kufuna ulwimi olucacileyo lomthetho, iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokwenza imithetho, amaxesha okuzivocalulo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokubekw ngokolunyulwa. Iikhamera zomzimba zamapolisa, iidatabase ezifikelelekayo ekunikezeleni umsebenzi, kunye nezishwankathelo zolwimi olucacileyo zemithetho entsonkothileyo zonke izixhobo ezakha intembelo. Xa uwonke uyakwazi ukubona kunye [FLT] nomthetho onyanzelekileyo wokwenza inkqubo ye-demokhrasi ebonakalayo. umthetho uyanyanzeleka, izityholo zamandla angenalusigwegwegwe. [FLT: 4.]

Ulawulo olulungelelanisayo nolulingwayo

Kwihlabathi elikhawulezayo ukutshintsha, imimiselo emileyo iphelelwa lixesha. Le nkqubo yophando lokutshona kwelanga (imihla yokuphelelwa kwesiphelo ezenzekelayo) inyanzelisa uhlolo oluthe rhoqo. Iibhokisi zesanti zolawulo, ezisetyenziswa ngabalawuli bemali kunye nobugcisa, ivumela ukuqala ukuvavanya imveliso zobugcisa ngaphandle kokujonga ngokukhawuleza ubunzima obupheleleyo bemithetho ekhoyo. Le nzame yokuchaza indlela yokulawula imilinganiselo njengenkqubo yokuvavanya nempazamo, kunokuba imisele yemithetho engqongqo enikezelwe phantsi ukusuka phezulu. Iyavuma ukuba abalawuli abalawuli abanalwazi olugqibeleleyo kwaye kufuneka bafunde kwiziphumo zokwenene zehlabathi.

Iimfuno zohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho kunye neendleko

Ukucela abalawuli ukuba bahlolisise ngokungqongqo amaxabiso kunye neengenelo zemithetho emikhulu ngaphambi kokuba bathathe isiphumo sisixhobo esinamandla sokuqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kolawulo. UMthetho wolawulo oluphezulu 12866 eUnited States ugunyazisa ukuba uncedo lomgaqo ocetyiweyo kufuneka luthethelele amaxabiso awo. Ngelixesha abagxeki bephikisa ukuba ezinye iingenelo (njengobomi obusindisiweyo okanye uhlobo olugciniweyo) kunzima ukuqwalasela ngokwemvelo, uqeqesho lwamandla okuhlola alungelelanisa urhwebo olucacileyo nokufuna iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwandisa. Le nkqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengesivikelo kwiindleko zombini ezingaphantsi komthetho kunye nomgangatho ongaphezulu.

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi kunye nolawulo

Izigqibo kufuneka zenziwe kumgangatho ophantsi osebenzayo wolawulo. Oku kugcina isithuba sokwahluka-hlukene novavanyo lwasekuhlaleni, kuvumela abantu abahlukeneyo ukuba balungelelanise phakathi kwenkululeko nocwangco. Oko kusebenza kwisixeko esixineneyo kungasilela kucwangciso lwasemaphandleni. Ukuvumela iinguqu ezikhoyo kwimimandla yasekuhlaleni ezimele imimandla yabantu kwaye kukwenze kube lula ukuba abemi bagcine abameli babo benoxanduva. Ukhuselo loluntu ngokwalo lukhusela iinqobo ezisembindini, ukulungiselela iintyatyambo ezininzi zokumiselwa kwedemokhrasi kunye nokusungulwa kwemithetho.

Ukuthembeka Okungunaphakade Kolawulo - melo

Umnqweno wokulungelelanisa umgaqo nenkululeko asiyonto idida ukuconjululwa, kodwa uxinezeleko olumele luphethwe. Kufuna ukuhlala uphaphamile, ingxubusho kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuzibophelela okunzulu kwisidima somntu ngamnye nento elungileyo eqhelekileyo. Akukho mpendulo yokugqibela, akukho mlinganiselo ozinzileyo osikhululayo kumsebenzi onzima womgwebo. Ulawulo-demokhrasi olunempilo lolona lubangela ukuba abemi babandakanye ngokukhutheleyo nale misebenzi yabo, bagcine urhulumente wabo benoxanduva ngezenzo zabo nangezenzo zabo. Igunya elisemthethweni lemithetho lixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ekukhonzeni ibutho elikhululekileyo, lingalawuleki. Ukugcina olu mahluko lucelomngeni lokulawula idemokhrasi, olufuna ukufundiswa kwemigaqo yenkululeko kunye namandla. Ukulawula okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho kunye nokulawulayo.