Table of Contents

Inkululeko yokuthetha imele njengenye yamalungelo asisiseko kuluntu lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Lo mgaqo uxhasa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye okanye yoluntu ukuvakalisa iimbono neengcamango zabo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela, ukuhlalutya, okanye ukugunyaziswa okusemthethweni. Ukukwazi ukuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo kubumba isiseko soluntu oluvulekileyo, kuvumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala, ukucel ’ umngeni igunya, kwaye kunegalelo kwiintengiso zeengcamango eziqhubela phambili inkqubela yentlalo kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ilungelo lenkululeko yokuchaza liqwalaselwe njengelungelo lomntu kwiSindululo soMhlaba saMalungelo abantu (UDHR) nakumthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke. Oku kubonakalisa ukuvumelana kwehlabathi lonke kokuba intetho yenkululeko ibalulekile kwisidima somntu nakwinxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa nokukhuselwa kweli lungelo kwahluka ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkqubo zomthetho, izithethe, kunye neemeko zezobupolitika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soKhuselo lokuthetha

Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho ekhusela inkululeko yokuthetha. La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko asebenza njengesiseko esiphambili somthetho sokukhusela amalungelo acacileyo ekungeneleleni korhulumente. Ulwimi olukhethekileyo kunye nomgangatho wokukhuselwa kwahlukile kuhlanga nohlanga, abonisa izithethe nemilinganiselo ehlukeneyo yezithethe nezithethe.

IsiHlomelo Sokuqala EUnited States

EUnited States, inkululeko yokuthetha ifumana ukhuseleko olunamandla phantsi koMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala Wohlaziyiso. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa uthi: “Awuyi kwenza mthetho ngokuphathelele ukusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngenkululeko; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.

UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Kwezimilo Uqinisekisa ukuba iNgqungquthela inelungelo lokuthetha ngokuvala amaphephandaba okanye amalungelo abantu okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo.

Ngenxa yoMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine, ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko loMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala wenkululeko yokuthetha nenkululeko yokucinga liyasebenza nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Le mfundiso ibandakanya iqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa ngenkululeko yokuthetha kusebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente eUnited States, ithintela amagunya orhulumente naworhulumente ukuba angawachaphazeli amalungelo achazayo.

Ukuzikhusela Ekuthetheni Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngaphaya kwe-United States, amazwe amaninzi aye akhuselwa ngokukhululekileyo kwimigaqo yawo engokomGaqo-siseko. Inkululeko yokuthetha ikhuselwa ngokucacileyo kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngoMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo asekuhlaleni abophelele kumazwe amalunga nekhulu le-1050. Esi sivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe simisela imigaqo esisiseko yokuvakalisa inkululeko ekwakukhutshelwa kuyo ukuxhasa.

Inqaku le-19 loMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo oluntu nawopolitiko livakalisa ukuba "[e] uwedwa uyakuba nelungelo lenkululeko yokuchaza; eli lungelo liza kuquka inkululeko yokufuna nokunika ulwazi kunye neengcamango zazo zonke iintlobo" kodwa landule ke liphawule ukuba olu lungelo "luphumeza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo kunye neembopheleleko". Olu lwimi luyavuma ukuba kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokukhululekileyo kunye nemfuneko esemthethweni yemiqathango ethile yokukhusela ezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo.

Amazwe awahlukeneyo achaza aze asebenzise ezi zikhuseli ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente unikela ukhuseleko lokuthetha olukhululekileyo olufana nolo lomGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Kumaphondo ambalwa, njengoKhalifoniya, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchazwa njengonikela ukhuseleko olubanzi kunoMmiselo Wokuqala. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukhuseleko olukhululekileyo lokuthetha lungaguquka luze lwande ngaphezu kobuncinane bomgaqo-siseko worhulumente.

Umlinganiselo Wentetho Ekhuselekileyo

Ukuqonda oko kungumbandela wentetho ekhuselekileyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho yenkululeko yokuthetha esebenza ngayo. INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States ngokufuthi iye yazama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni kanye ethetha ngokukhuselweyo. Le nkcazelo iqhubekayo yezomthetho ibangele imida entsonkothileyo yenkululeko echazayo.

Intetho Yezobupolitika Neentambo

Intetho yezobupolitika ingundoqo kwiSihlaziyo Sokuqala. Ukukhuselwa kwentetho yezobupolitika kufumana umgangatho ophezulu wokukhuselwa ngumGaqo-siseko kuba kubalulekile ekuzilawuleni ngokwedemokhrasi. Ukugxekwa korhulumente, ukunganeliseki kwezobupolitika, nokungathotyelwa kweengcamango ezingathandwayo abantu abasenokuzifumanisa zingathandeki okanye zichasene nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke kusoloko kukhuselwa nguMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala.

Olu khuselo lunamandla luquka iindlela zezopolitiko eziphikisayo nezivuselela iingcinga. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa komhlaba ukhusela ilungelo lokubandakanyeka kwintetho yokomfuziselo, (umz., ukutshisa iflegi ngokubhikisha). ITexas kunye neJohnson, 491 U.S. 3997 (19989); iUnited States kunye neEichman, 496 U.S.1 (1990). Ezi ziko zomjikelezo zasungula ukuba ihambo ecacileyo, engathethi okanye ebhaliweyo, ingafumana ikhuselwa nje imigaqo-siseko xa idlulisela umyalezo wezobupolitika.

Iintlobo Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zentetho

IsiHlamlisi soQala sikhusela ukuthethwa, ukubhalwa nokusetyenziswa komfuziselo, kwakunye nomsebenzi wokuchaza, kungakhathaliseki oko kuqulethweyo. Olu khuselo lubanzi luquka iintlobo ezininzi zonxibelelwano kunye namazwi asenokungagqalwa njengesithethe njengelithi "intetho" ngokwengqiqo enciphileyo.

Indlela ekhuselekileyo yokuchaza imbonakalo iquka:

  • Uthungelwano kwimimiselo yabucala neyabucala
  • Iimpapasho ezibhalwe phantsi, kuquka iincwadi, amaphephandaba nezinto eziku - Internet
  • Ihambo engumfuziselo edlulisela umyalezo
  • Intetho yobugcisa, equka ubugcisa bemifanekiso, umculo,
  • Indibano enoxolo nokuqhankqalaza
  • Ukucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalo

UHlomelo Lokuqala luvumela abantu ukuba bathethe, bapapashe, bafunde baze bakujonge oko bakunqwenelayo, ukunqula (okanye ukungakunquli) njengoko bethanda, ukunxulumana naye nabani na abakhethayo, nokuhlanganisana kunye ukuba bacele urhulumente ukuba enze iinguqulelo kumthetho okanye alungise iimpazamo zebutho labantu. Olu khuselo lubonisa indima ebanzi ekulondolozeni ukuzimela nokuthabatha inxaxheba komntu ngamnye kwidemokhrasi.

Intetho Yentengiso

Nangona intetho yezorhwebo ifumana ukhuseleko loMmiselo wokuqala, ixhomekeke kwimilinganiselo eyahlukileyo kunendlela yezopolitiko okanye yobugcisa.

Ukhuseleko lokuthetha lusebenza kancinane kwizibhengezo, ingakumbi xa lulahlekisa abantu. UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo awuwuthinteli urhulumente ukuba akwamkele ukubhengezwa kwezibhengezo ezilahlekisayo, nangona urhulumente engenakuphazamisana nentetho yezobupolitika esenokuba iyalahlekisa. Lo mahluko ubonisa imfuneko yokukhusela abathengi kwizenzo zobuqhetseba zorhwebo ngoxa ekhusela ngamandla kwintetho yezobupolitika.

Indlela Iinkundla Eziwakhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Okuthetha

Inkqubo yokugweba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekutolikeni iintetho ezikhululekileyo. Ukugqiba ukuba yintoni na ekhuselekileyo nokungakhuselwanga kugcinelwe kwiinkundla zomthetho. Ngezigqibo zazo, iinkundla zimisela imiqathango ekhokelayo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo zize zichaze imida esebenzayo yenkululeko ecacileyo.

Uhlalutyo lwezekomiti nomgaqo-siseko

Nokuba umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente sifikelela kwintetho ekhuselweyo, akukho luvavanyo olunye lobukhulu olusetyenziswa ziinkundla kuzo zonke iimeko ukuhlalutya enoba umthetho okanye isenzo singumGaqo-siseko kusini na. INkundla ePhakamileyo yamkela iimvavanyo eziliqela (ezibizwa ngamaqondo ovavanyo), kwakunye nemilinganiselo eyongezelelekileyo engokwasemthethweni yokulawula iziphumo ezithile kunye neemeko.

Iinkundla zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza iintetho xa zivavanya izimvo ezikhululekileyo:

  • Uphando lwe-Strict: Luye lwasetyenziswa kwimiqathango esekelwe kwisiseko sokuthetha, ifuna urhulumente ukubonisa umdla onyanzelisayo kunye neendlela ezicutheneyo
  • Uphando lweIntermeterte-quequence: lusetyenziselwa imimiselo equlathiweyo-engangeni manzi, efuna umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye ithetha ukuba inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nolwamkelo
  • Isiseko se-Resation recesting: Owona mlinganiselo ubekelwe ixesha elifutshane, osetyenziswa kwimeko ezilinganiselweyo apho uthetha lufumana ukhuseleko oluncinci

Emva kokugqiba ukuba ityala libandakanya intetho ekhuselekileyo, inyathelo elilandelayo kuhlalutyo loMphengululo wokuqala lidla ngokubonisa ukuba liliphi iqondo lokuhlola okanye umgaqo osemthethweni osebenzayo. Impendulo yalo mbuzo inokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwentetho ekhuselekileyo noothunywashe abangakumbi, njengalapho intetho ikhoyo khona nendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo.

Izigqibo Ezibalaseleyo ZeNkundla

INkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe izigqibo ezininzi eziye zatshintsha inkululeko yokuthetha kule mihla. Amalungelo okuthetha anwenwa ngokuphawulekayo kwizigqibo zenkundla yama-20 nelama-21 eziye zakhusela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentetho yezobupolitika, iintetho ezingachazwanga, inkxaso yezemali, amanyala, kunye nentetho yesikolo; ezi mithetho zikwachaza uthotho lwahlukileyo kukhuseleko lokuQala lokuPhuculwa kweMimiselo.

Iimeko eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ziye zamisela imigaqo ebalulekileyo:

KwiWhitney v. California (127), uMgwebi uLouis Brandeis wabhala umahluko apho waphikisa khona ukuze afumane intetho yezobupolitika: "Abo bafumana inkululeko yethu... bakholelwa ukuba inkululeko yokucinga njengokuba uthanda nokuthetha njengoko ucinga kuyimfuneko ekufumaneni nasekusasazeni inyaniso yezobupolitika; ... ukuba ingxubusho yasesidlangalaleni ngumsebenzi wezopolitiko; kwaye le nto ifanele ibe ngumgaqo osisiseko karhulumente waseMerika." Le nkululeko yokuthetha iphembelela ngokulandela imbono yenkundla ngokubaluleka kwenkululeko ecacileyo.

Kufutshane neMinnesota (1931) neNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba uLawulo Lokuqala oluGcwebezekileyo lwakhusela ukunqanda ukuthintelwa kwangaphambili ./* kwiimeko ezimalunga nokupapashwa koshicilelo lukawonke-wonke. Ezi zigqibo zabonisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuthintela ukupapashwa kwenkcazelo ngaphambi kokuba ivele, kwanaxa loo nkcazelo isenokuba neentloni okanye impikiswano.

Ukukhuselwa Kulawulo lukarhulumente

Amagosa karhulumente namagosa karhulumente akavumelekanga ukulawula okanye ukubeka intetho okanye ukuchaza okusekelwe kwinkcazelo okanye kwiimbono zawo. Lo mgaqo-siseko wokungathathi cala ubalulekile ekukhuseleni ukuthetha, ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakuzicinezela iingcamango ezithile okanye iimbono ezithile kuba nje engavumelani nazo.

KwiAshcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002), iNkundla yathi: Inkululeko yokuHlaziya Yokuqala isengozini enkulu xa urhulumente efuna ukulawula ingcamango okanye ukuthethelela imithetho yakhe ngenxa yaloo siphelo esingaqondakaliyo. Ilungelo lokucinga lisiqalo senkululeko, kwaye ukuthetha kufuneka kukhuselwe kurhulumente kuba intetho yisiqalo sengcinga. Le ngxelo inamandla igxininisa unxulumano phakathi kwentetho ekhululekileyo nenkululeko yengqondo.

Imida Nezinto Ezikhethekileyo Ekuthetheni Ngenkululeko

Nangona ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha lubanzi, alunakuphelela. Iinkqubo ezininzi ezisemthethweni ezikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha ziyaqonda ukuba ilungelo linemida. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubalulekile ukuze siqonde umlinganiselo opheleleyo womthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha.

Ukuvuselela Isenzo Esingenamthetho

UHlomelo Lokuqala aluyikhuseli intetho ekhuthaza abantu ukuba baphule umthetho, kuquka ukwenza izenzo zogonyamelo.

Intetho ekhuthaza ukuchasana nomthetho okusondelayo ayikhuselwanga. EBrandenburg v.O. (11969), iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba intetho inokuthintela ukuba izimisele ukukhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni kwaye isenokukwenza oko. Olu vavanyo lufuna injongo kunye nomngcipheko osondeleyo, ukukhusela ukusetyenziswa kogonyamelo oluthe ngqo logama inqanda ukuphembelela ugonyamelo olukhawulezileyo.

Izisongelo Zokwenyaniso

Kwimeko yayo yakutshanje ehlolisiswa "isisongelo sokwenene", iNkundla Ephakamileyo yachaza izisongelo zokwenene ezingakhuselekanga eziquka ezo ngxelo apho isithethi sithetha ukuba sinxibelelana nzulu nenjongo yokubonakalisa ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni nxamnye nomntu othile okanye iqela elithile labantu. Olu didi lwentetho engakhuselekanga luqonda ukuba izisongelo zokwenene zogonyamelo zinokuba yingozi kwaye azinagalelo kwintetho yesidlangalala.

Izisongelo zokwenene ziquka ezo ngxelo sithethi esithi sithetha ngokubonakalisa injongo enzulu yokuqhuba ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni kumntu othile okanye kwiqela elithile labantu... isithethi asimele sizimisele ukunikela isisongelo.

Ucaphulo

UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa koMthetho usenokungasikhuseli isithethi ekumangaleleni ityala lokunyelisa, okubandakanya amazwi obuxoki abangela umonakalo kulo mbandela.

Amagosa karhulumente azisa amatyala okunyeliswa ajongene nentonga engaphezulu kunabemi bobuqu ekuphumeleleni imiqobo yokuLandlwa koMphetho wokuqala. Bamele bangqine ukuba le ngxelo yenziwa ngobubi bokwenene, nto leyo ethetha ukuba isithethi sayazi ukuba le ntetho yayibubuxoki okanye yayisenziwa ngokungakhathali. Lo mlinganiselo uphambili, osungulwe kwiNew York Times v. Sullivan, ubonisa ukubaluleka kwengxoxo enzulu ngoorhulumente nangamagosa karhulumente.

I-obcenity

Izinto ezisetyenziswayo azikhuselwa kuMphetho wokuqala. Noko ke, ingcaciso yokungcoliswa inciphile kwaye icacile, ifuna ukuba izinto zidibane novavanyo olungokwasemthethweni oluziinxalenye ezininzi. Asizizo zonke izinto ezichazayo ngeentlobano zesini ezifanelekileyo njengokungcola okuphantsi komthetho-siseko, kwaye umgca phakathi kokuzichaza okukhuselekileyo nokungakhuselekanga ngokwesini ibingumbandela wokucinywa kakhulu.

Amagama Alwayo

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yachaza ukulwa okubizwa ngokuba "ziziinkomfa" okuchasene noMphetho-mva weSigqibo sokuqala ngo1942. Kwiminyaka elandelayo iNkundla iye yayinciphisa imfundiso yamagama okulwa. Oku kucaphuka okumxinwa kusebenza ekujongeni ubuso bomntu ngamnye okungabangela ukusabela kogonyamelo ngokukhawuleza.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, amazwi angakhuselekanga ngamazwi awo abangela umonakalo yaye atyekele ekuvuseleleni ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhawulezileyo. Imfundiso yokulwa iye yasetyenziswa ngokucokisekileyo, yaye iinkundla ziye zagxininisa ukuba intetho egqwethekileyo okanye engcolileyo yodwa ayingeni kweli candelo.

Umbuzo Obangela Impikiswano Wokuthetha Ngentiyo

Amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthetha kulo mbandela, nto leyo ebonisa imilinganiselo eyahlukahlukeneyo yezithethe nezithethe ezingokwasemthethweni.

Yithiye Intetho EUnited States

EUnited States, intetho yentiyo ifumana ikhuselwa ngokuphandle phantsi koMphetho-mvakalo wokuqala, osekelwe kwingcamango yokuba asiyondima efanelekileyo karhulumente ukuzama ukukhusela abantu kwiingcamango nakwizimvo abazifumanisa zingamkeleki, zingathandeki, okanye zingekho nzulu. Endaweni yoko, indima karhulumente kukukhusela inkululeko yabantu yokuthetha ngokuphandle kumzamo wokuvumela ukubonakaliswa koluvo olungelulo lwamkelekileyo noluchasayo, nokukhuthaza impikiswano enzulu kwimicimbi kawonke wonke naxa impikiswano enjalo ibangela intetho erhabaxanduva okanye yentiyo ebangela abanye abantu ukuba babe buhlungu, umsindo, okanye uloyiko.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yase-United States iye yathi intetho yentiyo ikhuselwa luHlaziyo Lokuqala yaye ayinakupheliswa, yohlwaywa okanye ithwaliswe ngokungeyomfuneko yiyunivesithi ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe kolunye uhlobo okanye ngaphezulu olungathintelwanga luMhlaziyo Wokuqala, njengesisongelo okanye ukukhathazwa ngokwenene. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukubonakalisa iimbono zentiyo ezisekelwe kwisizwe, kunqulo, okanye kwezinye iimpawu kudla ngokukhuselwa, nangona loo ntetho isenokuba yenye into ebuhlungu kakhulu.

Urhulumente akanako ukohlwaya umntu ngenxa nje yokubonakalisa iimbono zentiyo. Ukuvumela urhulumente ukuba achaze into ebaluleke njenge "thiye" kusivulela urhulumente ukuba ahlule nayiphi na into engathandekiyo njengentiyo. Le ngxalabo ekhoyo ngegunya likarhulumente lokuthintela iimbono ezingamkelekanga ingundoqo kusiqhubela kwindlela yokuthiya intetho yaseMerika.

Ukuqalisa Kwezizwe Ngezizwe Ukuthiya Intetho

Amanye amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa indlela eyahlukileyo, engafuni ntetho yentiyo ngomthetho wamakhaya.

Amazwe athe athwaxwa kukubulawa kwabantu ngokumanyumnyezi okanye ukubulawa kwabantu ngokubulawa kwabantu, adla ngokuyijonga imiqathango yokuthetha ngentiyo njengeyimfuneko ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphinda kuphinde kubekho ezo zenzo zenkohlakalo, ngoxa iUnited States igxininisa iingozi zokuhlolisiswa ngurhulumente nexabiso lokuphelisa intetho embi ngokuthetha okungakumbi.

Isicombululo Esininzi

Kunjengokuba iJaji uLouis Brandeis wabhala ngodumo oludumileyo, "[i]f kukho ixesha lokubhenca ngokuthetha ubuxoki kunye namaqhinga, ukukhusela ububi ngeenkqubo zemfundo, isicombululo esiza kusetyenziswa sintetho eninzi, hayi ukunyanzelisa ukuba kungabikho nto ithile. Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 377 (197) lomgaqo uye waba lilungu lesiseko lentanda-bulumko yokuthetha ekhululekileyo yaseMelika, icebisa ukuba eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphendula kwintetho eyingozi ayichasana nentetho eyingozi kodwa ayichaziyo nemfundo.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Kwanaxa intetho ikhuselwe ngokupheleleyo, urhulumente ungayibeka imiqathango esengqiqweni xa, apho, nendlela eyenzeka ngayo. Urhulumente angabeka imiqathango yexesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayiphazamisi ulungelelwano lukawonke-wonke. Le miqathango kufuneka idityaniswe ngokungenanxaxheba kwaye ilungiselelwe ngokucuthayo ukulungiselela izilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente.

Imiqathango Yexesha

Urhulumente angalawula xa kuthethwa, kodwa hayi oko kuqulethwe yiyo. Umzekelo, ukuqhankqalaza kungavunyelwa emini kodwa kuthintelwe ebusuku. Imiqathango enjalo kufuneka igwetyelwe kukuxhalabela okufanelekileyo njengokulawula ingxolo okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa njengesizathu sokucinezela iimbono ezithile.

Imiqathango Yokubeka

Kusenokuthintelwa intetho kwiindawo ezithile. Ngexa iindawo zikawonke-wonke ezinjengeepaki kunye neendlela zendlela zivulekile ukuze kuvuleke izikhalazo, awunakuvala iindlela okanye uhlanganisele kwiindawo zabucala ngaphandle kwemvume. Ii-focums zoluntu eziqhelekileyo njengeepaki kunye neendlela zifumana umgangatho ophakamileyo wokhuseleko kumsebenzi wokuchaza, ngeli lixa urhulumente enegunya elingakumbi lokumisela ukuthetha kwimimandla engeyoyakuyo eyasekuhlaleni.

Imiqathango Emiselwe Abantu

Urhulumente angalawula umthamo wemibhiyozo okanye ukuba iimegaphone zingasetyenziswa, kodwa kuphela ukuba imiqathango iqulathe-nethithi (isebenza kubo bonke, hayi kwimiyalezo ethile). Le mithetho kufuneka incede izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo kwaye ishiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano ivulekile.

Iyunivesithi ingathabatha kwaye inyanzelise ixesha, indawo kunye nendlela yokubeka imiqathango yokuthetha nemisebenzi, njengemigangatho yesithuba seyunivesithi kunye nemigangatho yokutyikitya kwe-yunivesithi. Eli xesha lonyaka-nyaka, indawo kunye nendlela yokubeka imiqathango zibekwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufundisa kweyunivesithi, ukufunda, uphando, inkonzo kunye neentlanganiso zokunyamekela abaguli zinokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Lo mgaqo usebenza kungekuphela nje kwiiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke kodwa nakumaziko karhulumente jikelele.

Intetho Ekhululekileyo Ngokwemibandela Ethile

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yenkululeko yokuthetha kuyahluka kuxhomekeka kumongo wentetho ekhoyo. Izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zinika uqwalaselo olukhethekileyo oluchaphazela indlela amalungelo okuthetha alungelelaniswe ngayo nezinye izilangazelelo.

Izikolo Zasekuhlaleni Nezongamele

Kukho icandelo elikhethekileyo "phakathi" kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Abafundi banawo amalungelo oMmiselo Wokuqala, kodwa la malungelo anokulinganiselwa kwiimeko ezithile. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba izikolo zineenjongo ezifanelekileyo zokulondoloza ucwangco nokukhuthaza iinjongo zemfundo ezisenokuthethelela imiqathango ethile ekuthetheni kwabafundi.

Abafundi banelungelo lokunxiba iintambo ezimnyama esikolweni ukuqhayisa imfazwe ("Abafundi abawayeki amalungelo abo esiseko somGaqo-siseko kwisango lesikolo."). I-Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 (1969). Eli tyala liphawula ukuba abafundi bagcina amalungelo omgaqo-siseko esikolweni, nangona loo malungelo elungelelaniswe nomsebenzi wemfundo wesikolo.

Noko ke, izikolo zinokuyithintela indlela ethile yokuthetha yabafundi, intetho ephazamisayo okanye ephazamisa amalungelo abanye abantwana.

Abasebenzi bakaRhulumente

Abasebenzi basekuhlaleni bahlala bekhululekile ukuthetha, kodwa loo malungelo asenokuba mancinane xa bethetha besemagunyeni okanye kwimicimbi enxulumene nomsebenzi wabo. Imiqathango esekelwe ekudibaneni isenokuba ifanelekile kwezi zicwangciso zoqeqesho kubathethi abangakwaziyo ukuthobela imigaqo ebekwe ngokwemeko yabo. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa komthetho awuthinteli umbutho karhulumente ukuba ufune umqeshwa agcine ulwazi olusemthethweni luyimfihlo, umzekelo, nangona oku kungumgaqo osekelwe ekuthetheni.

Iinkundla zilungelelanisa umdla womqeshwa ekugqabazeni ngemicimbi yoluntu ngokuchasene nomdla karhulumente wokukhuthaza ukuphumelela emsebenzini nokugcina intembelo yoluntu kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Ukuthetha ngemicimbi enomdla wobuqu kufumana ukhuseleko oluncinci kunentetho ethetha ngemicimbi ebalulekileyo kawonke-wonke.

Izithuba Zabucala nabaqeshi

Umahluko obalulekileyo kumthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha kukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lusebenza kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente, kungekhona kwihambo yangasese. IsiHlanzi Sokuqala sithintela imiqathango karhulumente yokuthetha.

Nangona iindawo zikawonke wonke zikhuselwe ukuze zikwazi ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, iindawo zobuqu, njengeendawo zemisebenzi, iikholeji zabucala, okanye ikhaya lakho, zahlukile. Umzekelo, umqeshi wabucala angadubula umntu ngenxa yento ayithethileyo kwi-intanethi, kwaye iyunivesithi yabucala ingabohlwaya abafundi ngenxa yokwaphula imigaqo yokuziphatha, kwanokuba intetho ebuzwayo ikhuselwe kwiindawo zikawonke wonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkampani zabucala, kuquka imigangatho yezentlalo-ndaba, zingaseka kwaye zinyanzele imithetho yazo ezizineyo ngaphandle kokwaphula uLawulo Lokuqala.

Iintetho Ezikhululekileyo Nezimbo Zonxibelelwano

Ukuvela kwe-media yezentlalo kuye kwadala imingeni emitsha nemibuzo yomthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha. I-Facebook kunye nezinye ii-media zentlalo-ntle zingalawula okanye zithintele intetho ebekwe kumaqonga abo ngenxa yokuba zizinto ezizimeleyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngendima yamaqonga azimeleyo ekudluliseleni intetho yesidlangalala nokuba afanele athotyelwe kusini na imimiselo eyahlukeneyo kunabapapashi besithethe.

Iindawo zonxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle ziye zaba ziindawo eziphambili zokuxoxa ngoluntu nentetho yezobupolitika, ukanti zihlala zihleli iinkampani zabucala ezinegunya elisemthethweni lokwanela ngokufanelekileyo njengoko zibona kufanelekile. Oku kubangela uxinezeleko phakathi kwamalungelo empahla eqonga kunye nobuchule bomhleli kwelinye icala, kwaye zixhalabisa ngokuvavanywa kohlalutyo kunye nokubekwa kwamandla kwintetho yesidlangalala.

Bambi bathi amandla amakhulu eenkampani ezinkulu zezentlalo-ntle abumba incoko kawonke-wonke afuna ukuba kubekho umgaqo omtsha. Abanye bathi ukunyanzela imigaqo equlethwe yiprotfomu yabucala ngokwayo kuya kungqubana nemigaqo yokuthetha ngemigaqo yenkululeko ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo afuna intetho ayithande. Ezi ngxoxo ziyaqhubeka ziguquka njengoko ubugcisa kunye notshintsho lwendlela yoluntu.

Ubuchule Bokuthetha Ngenkululeko Yokuthetha

Xa amalungelo okuthetha ephulwa, kukho iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisemthethweni zokufuna ukubuyiselwa nokukhusela.

Ucelomngeni LomGaqo-siseko

Imingeni yokuHlaziya koQala inokuba ziintlobo ezininzi. Iqela lingakucel ’ umngeni ukusebenza komthetho ebusweni balo (ucelomngeni olungokwesithethe) okanye njengoko kusetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yabo yokuthetha (njengocelomngeni olucetyisiweyo). Njengokuba amatyala asetyenziswayo axhaphakile kuba "iityala lidla ngokusingatha imeko yomgaqo-siseko ngokwemeko, hayi ngokwesixa esininzi".

Ingxaki yobuso iphikisa ngelithi umthetho awuvumelani nemithetho kuzo zonke okanye kwinkoliso yeesicelo zawo, lo gama imingeni edityanisiweyo iphikisa ngelithi umthetho awuhambelani nomthetho njengoko usetyenziswa kwihambo ethile ye-potlaff. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele uhlobo locelomngeni lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo olusekelwe kwinkangeleko yomthetho egqithisileyo, okokuba umthetho ojoliswe kwihambo engacinezeli okanye ukuthetha okungakhuselekanga ufikelela kwintetho ekhuselwe kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nendima evumelekileyo.

Ukufumana Uncedo Olungacombululiyo

Iinkundla zingakhupha imimiselo ethintela urhulumente ekunyanzeleni imiqathango engagunyaziswanga yezomthetho ekuthetheni. Le miyalelo yenkundla inikela ukhuseleko olukhawulezileyo kumalungelo akhethekileyo ngoxa ihlaziywa. Imiyalelo yangaphambili inganikwa xa abalawuli be-statiff bebonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iphumelele kwiimfanelo zentetho nokuzenzakalisa ngokungenakulungiseka kummiselo.

Umonakalo Nezicombululo

Abantu abamalungelo abo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo aphulweyo basenokufuna umonakalo wemali phantsi kwemimiselo yamalungelo abantu. La mancedo abuyisela amaxhoba ngenxa yengozi ebangelwa kukungathobeli kwemithetho-siseko kunye nokuthintela ukuphulwa kwemithetho yexesha elizayo. Iindleko ze-athorney zisenokufumaneka nakubantu abachaphazelekayo, nto leyo ekwenza kube lula ngakumbi ukucel ’ umngeni ukuphengululwa kolawulo lukarhulumente kwanaxa umonakalo ngamnye uthozamile.

Ucelomngeni Lokuthetha Ngenkululeko

Kule mihla, abantu bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi, nto leyo efuna bahlale bephaphile yaye bekwazi ukutshintsha indlela abasebenzisa ngayo imithetho.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo yobuxoki kwi-intanethi kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho umlinganiselo othe kratya kunye nomthetho. Noko ke, ukunika urhulumente amandla okufumana inyaniso nokukhohlisa kubangela inkxalabo enkulu yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Iinkundla bezisoloko zingayikholelwa imigudu karhulumente yokuthintela intetho yobuxoki, ngaphandle kokuba kwimeko ekhethekileyo ifana nobuqhetseba okanye ukunyeliswa apho ukuqhatha kubangela umonakalo ocacileyo.

Ingxaki ixhomekeke ekucombululeni iingozi zokwenene ezibangelwa yinkcazelo ephosakeleyo ngoxa ukulondoloza ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lokuthetha olusenokuba aluthandwa, olungamkelekanga okanye oluphosakeleyo. Uluntu lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke kubuchule babemi bokuhlola izinto ezikhuphisanayo nokufikelela izigqibo zabo, kwanaxa ezinye zezigqibo zisenokuba azichananga.

Ukukhathazwa Kunxibelelwano Nezisongelo

I - Internet iye yenza ukuba kubekho iindlela ezintsha zokuhlasela nokusongela amaxhoba ngenkohlakalo ngoxa iphakamisa imibuzo enzima yokuthetha, xa kuthethwa abantu abangcungcuthekiswayo, besoyikiso okanye besatyekwa, ayikhuselekanga.

Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise iingozi ezibangelwa kukuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha nxamnye nengozi yokuthetha ngendlela engaqhelekanga evakalayo. Ukungayazi nokukwazi ukunxibelelana kwi - Internet kunokukwandisa iingenelo zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokuxhatshazwa.

Isiphumo Sokhupho-mali Lorhulumente Neziphumo Ezixhobisayo

Uphando lukarhulumente lothungelwano lungabangela ingqele yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa ngqo. Xa abantu besoyika ukuba unxibelelwano lwabo luyajongwa, basenokuzikhusela kwaye bangathethi ngeembono eziphikisayo. Oku kuphazamisa iinjongo zokukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha naxa kungekho miqathango ibekwe ngokucacileyo.

Ukulungelelanisa inkxalabo yokhuseleko esemthethweni nemfuneko yokukhusela inkululeko ecacileyo kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Ukubonisa ngaphaya kolawulo olufanelekileyo nokulawula okuqinileyo kunokukunceda uqinisekise ukuba amanyathelo okhuseleko awawachaphazeli ngokungeyomfuneko amalungelo omGaqo-siseko.

IiNkcukacha Zokuthetha

Iikoleji ziye zaba ziindawo eziphambili zokuphikisana ngokukhululekileyo, kunye neempikiswano ezivelayo ngezimemo zezithethi, amaqhinga okuqhankqalaza, nemida yentetho eyamkelekileyo. I-ACLU ithi: "Izindululo ezingolwimi lwasekholejini kawonke wonke neeyunivesithi zingqinelana nokucocwa korhulumente, ngokwaphula umGaqo-siseko.

Iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke kufuneka zisebenzise iimbopheleleko zokukhuphisana ukuze zikhusele ukubonakala ngokukhululekileyo ngoxa zigcina imekobume encedayo ekufundeni nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba bonke abafundi banokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi basezikoleni. Olu xinezeleko alunaso isigqibo esilula kwaye lufuna ingqalelo enonophelweni kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko nemigangatho yemfundo.

Ihlabathi Lonke Elinenkululeko Yokuthetha

Ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha nemiqathango yahluka kakhulu kumazwe nakumthetho. Ilungelo ligcinwe kwiSindululo soMhlaba Sezizwe Ngezizwe Samalungelo Abantu kwaye liqashelwa ngokusemthethweni yimithetho yezizwe ezininzi. Kodwa ke, umlinganiselo elixhaswa ngawo ilungelo ngobuchule uyahluka kakhulu kuhlanga ngalunye.

Imiqathango yabagunyathi

Kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi abo baneentlobo zolawulo olungqongqo, ukucinywa ngokugqithisileyo koorhulumente kunyanzelekile. Le miqathango isenokujolisa ekuchaseni kwezobupolitika, ekuthetheni ngonqulo, okanye ekugxekeni amagosa karhulumente. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuvakalisa iimbono ezichasene neengcamango ezisemthethweni kunokuphumela ekuvalweni okanye kokubi nangakumbi.

Nangona umgaqo-siseko weTshayina uqhubana nenkululeko yabemi yokuthetha, ulwimi lungacacanga, ngaloo ndlela lunika ithuba elininzi lolawulo oluzikhetheleyo nolungaxhomekekanga kurhulumente. Oku kubonisa indlela ulungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko kuphela olungaqinisekisi ngayo ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha ngaphandle kweenkundla ezizimeleyo kunye namaziko edemokhrasi ukubanyanzelisa.

Ukunyelisa Nemiqathango Yonqulo

Amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthetha ngonqulo. Ngokomzekelo, eOstriya, ehlab ’ isidima uMuhammad, umprofeti wamaSilamsi, akakhuselekanga njengenkululeko yokuthetha. Ngokwahlukileyo, eFransi, ukunyelisa nokungamthobeli uMuhammad kukhuselwa phantsi komthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha.

Kwamanye amazwe, intetho yagqalwa njengenyelisayo kukumkani olawulayo okanye kurhulumente, kuquka i-lèse-majesé, ibekwe esichengeni. Ibinzana elinjalo lingaba sisaphuli-mthetho esisigebenga. Le mithetho ibeka kuqala intlonelo ngegunya kumntu ngamnye okhululekileyo, ukhetho oluthi uluntu olulawulwa ngedemokhrasi luluchase.

Ingqikelelo-magama

Ukuhlolisisa indlela eyahlukeneyo ulawulo-lwazi oluzimeleyo olulungelelanisa ngayo intetho ekhululekileyo kunye namanye amaxabiso kunika imbono exabisekileyo kukhetho olubandakanyekileyo ekuyileni ukhuseleko lwentetho. Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kwaye nganye ibonisa amava athile embali kunye nezinto eziphambili zenkcubeko. Ukufunda kwimithendeleko yezizwe ngezizwe kungazisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo bokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo.

Isiseko Esibubuxoki Sokuthetha Ngenkululeko

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba sifanele sikhuselwe inkululeko yokuthetha kusinceda sicace indlela ezimele zikhuselwe ngayo ngokusemthethweni zize zisetyenziswe ngayo.

Intengiso Yeengcamango

Enye ingcamango enempembelelo ithi ukuchaza ngokukhululekileyo kunceda ukuba kubekho iingcamango apho inyaniso iphuma khona ngokhuphiswano phakathi kweembono ezahlukeneyo. Le ngcamango iqiqa ngelithi ekugqibeleni iingcamango ezilungileyo ziya kwesamela ezo zingalunganga ukuba zonke ziyavunyelwa ukuba zikhuphisane ukuze zamkeleke. Ngoxa le ngcamango iye yagxekwa njengebonisa ithemba ngokugqithisileyo, ifumana ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngexabiso lengxoxo esobala.

Ulawulo-lwedemocratic Ulwenziwo Lwamagosa

Abaseki bafuna urhulumente oza kuphendula ebantwini. Kungenxa yoko abanika abemi ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza kwiinkqubo, ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa, kwaye bavakalisa iimbono zabo ngokukhululekileyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Intetho ekhululekileyo ibalulekile ekuzilawuleni ngokwedemokhrasi kuba yenza abemi bakwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye namagosa abeke ityala.

Ngaphandle kobuchule bokugxeka iinkqubo zikarhulumente nokucebisa ukuba kubekho ezinye iindlela, ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luba yinto engenakwenzeka. Inkululeko yokuthetha iqinisekisa ukuba ekugqibeleni igunya lixhomekeke ebantwini kunokuba lixhomekeke kwabo bakwisikhundla okwexeshana.

Umntu Ngamnye Ozenzakalelayo Nesidima Somntu

Imbonakalo ekhululekileyo ixabisekile kungekuphela nje ngenxa yeengenelo zayo zentlalo kodwa ikwayinkalo yendlela yokuzilawula nesidima somntu. Ubuchule bokuyila nokuvakalisa iimbono zomntu busisiseko ekubeni ngumntu okhululekileyo nozimeleyo. Imiqathango yentetho inokubonwa njengenkcitho kwisiqu sakhe kunye nobugosa.

Olu thethelela olusekelwe ekuzilawuleni lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo lugxininisa ukuba abantu banexabiso nesidima esingokwemvelo esiquka ilungelo lokucinga nokuthetha ngokwabo. Urhulumente umisela imiqathango ethintela ukuchaza "ukuze kulungelwe abantu" ukungakwazi ukuhlonela le nkalo isisiseko yesidima somntu.

Ukukhangela Amandla Karhulumente

Inkululeko yokuthetha isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente ngokwenza abemi bavulekele ubuqhetseba, ukucel ’ umngeni, nokulungelelanisa ukuchaswa kweenkqubo ezingekho sikweni. UMthetho wokuGawulayo Wokuqala ukhusela ilungelo lethu lokuchasa, ukubuza igunya, nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo karhulumente. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuba abo basemagunyeni banezisusa ezinamandla zokuphelisa ukugxekwa nokugcina izikhundla zabo.

Imbali ibonisa ukuba oorhulumente badla ngokuwasebenzisa kakubi amandla abo xa bengakhangelwa okanye bagxekwe ngabantu.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Lokusebenzisa Amalungelo Okuthetha

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuthetha ngendlela esebenzisekayo kunokukunceda uwasebenzise ngokunempumelelo ngoxa uwahlonela amalungelo abanye.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukuzifundisa ngokokude ukhuseleke ekuthetheni kukwimida yenkululeko yokuthetha linyathelo lokuqala ekusebenziseni amalungelo akho ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuqonda oko kukhuselwa yiSihlaziyo sokuqala kubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Oku kuquka ukwazi ukuba yiyiphi intetho ekhuselweyo, apho ungabandakanyeka khona kwimisebenzi echazayo, kwaye ziziphi iindlela zokunyanga ezikhoyo ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe.

Ulwahlulo Loxwebhu

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho okuthetha aphulwe, ukubhala iimeko kusenokuba yimfuneko nakuluphi na ucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni. Oku kuquka ukugcina ubungqina boko kwathethwayo, owathintela intetho yakho, noko wathethela kona. Iinothi ezibhaliweyo eziziintetho neengxelo zamangqina zinokuba luncedo ukuba kufuneka uthethe.

Funa Uncedo Lwasemthethweni

Imibutho efana neSivumelwano seSizwe saseMerika esiNika inkululeko yasekuhlaleni namanye amaqela enkululeko yasekuhlaleni anika oovimba kunye namatyala okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Ukubuzana negqwetha elinobuchule kumthetho wokuqala Wokwenziwa komHlaliso kunokukunceda uqonde ukhetho lwakho namandla okuzichaza.

Ukusebenzisana

Xa uthetha into ehlabayo okanye eyingozi, cinga ngokuthetha ngendlela othetha ngayo kunokuba ucinezele intetho engathandekiyo.

Ikamva Lokuzikhusela Ekuthetheni

Umthetho okhululekileyo wokuthetha uyaqhubeka uguquka njengobugcisa obutsha, iindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa intlalo nocelomngeni.

Ubuntlola obenziweyo kunye nomlinganiselo ozenzekelayo

Njengoko amaqonga exhomekeka kakhulu kubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo ekuqulatheni okuphakathi, kuphakama imibuzo ngendlela ezi zixhobo ezichaphazela ngayo izimbo ezikhululekileyo. Iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zingenza iimpazamo, zingazichazi, okanye zibonise ikhethe kugcino-lwazi lwazo lokuqeqesha.

Izixhobo Ezinzulu Nezidibanisi

Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa yenza ukudalwa kweevidiyo zenkohliso ezisengqiqweni nezinesandi. Ezi "Iimpuku" ziphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngendlela yokulungisa izinto ezibubuxoki nezilahlekisayo ngaphandle kokunqanda ngokungeyomfuneko intetho esemthethweni. Ukulungelelanisa iingozi ezibangelwa yimiba yobugcisa ekhohlisayo nxamnye nenkxalabo yokuthetha ekhululekileyo kuza kufuna ukuphuhliswa komthetho nenkqubo.

Ulawulo lwe-intanethi yehlabathi

Imeko ye-intanethi yomhlaba wonke idala ungquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kwiindlela zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Ukuqulatha umthetho kwelinye icala kunganqandwa kwelinye, kwaye amaqonga kufuneka aqhube ezi mfuneko zingqubanayo. Imibuzo malunga nokuba yiyiphi imithetho yelizwe emele ilawule intetho ye-intanethi nendlela yokukhusela ukubonakala ngaphesheya kwemida izakukhula ibaluleke ngakumbi.

Ukupheliswa kweMidlalo

Imbono yabantu ngokuphathelele indlela eyamkelekileyo yokuthetha iyaqhubeka iguquka, maxa wambi ibangela uxanduva lokukhusela okusemthethweni ukuze ichazwe. Ngoxa imilinganiselo yomthetho itshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ngezigwebo nangokomthetho, imilinganiselo yoluntu inokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Ukungaqiniseki ngoko kulindelekileyo kwamalungelo asemthethweni noluntu kuhlala kunzima.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuthetha Ngenkululeko

Inkululeko yokuthetha ihlala ingowona malungelo asisiseko kuluntu olulawulwa ngedemokhrasi, ayimfuneko kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ulawulo-demokhrasi, nenkqubela-phambili yentlalo. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa usisiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Usenza sikwazi ukuchaza iimbono zethu, ukucel ’ umngeni igunya, nokubandakanyeka kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke. Nangona ukukhusela okukhethekileyo okusemthethweni kwahlukahluka kwiimfuno zemithetho, umgaqo osisiseko wokuba abantu bakhululeke ukuzichaza ngaphandle kokoyika impindezelo karhulumente uxhaphakile.

Ukhuseleko lokuthetha olukhululekileyo asingokuzibulala; kufuneka ulumko nokhuseleko oluqhubekayo. Namhlanje, amaMelika ajamelana nocelomngeni olutsha lokuvakalisa ngokukhululekileyo: ukwandisa imiqathango elungelweyo elungelweni lokuqhayisa ngoorhulumente, kunye nemiqathango yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ezikolweni nasemakholejini. Abaxhasi, abafundi, nabasebenzi bakawonke wonke bonke baye bajamelana nezisongelo kumalungelo abo, bebalaselisa imfuneko yokuhlala benolwazi ngoko umGaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa.

Umthetho unikela ukhuseleko olunamandla kwiintlobo ezininzi zokuchaza ngoxa uvuma ukuba intetho i-oyile encinane ibangela umonakalo onzulu. Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni nasekunyanzeleni ezi ntaba, zilungelelanise izilangazelelo zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nezinye imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo. Ukuqonda umlinganiselo kunye nemida yamalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunika abantu amandla okusebenzisa inkululeko yabo ecacileyo ngokunempumelelo ngoxa bewahlonela amalungelo abanye.

Njengokuba ubugcisa buguquka kunye neengxaki ezintsha, umthetho okhululekileyo wokuthetha uza kuqhubeka ukhula. Imigaqo esisiseko elawula inkululeko echazayo ```Inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ulawulo lobudemokhrasi, ukukhangela inyaniso' nokufuna inyaniso) ihlala ifanelekile namhlanje njengaxa yachazwa. Ngokuqonda nokukhusela le migaqo, singaqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha iyaqhubeka ikhusela amazwi ahlukeneyo kwaye incede izizukulwana ezizayo ukuba zikwazi ukuthetha ngendlela eyomeleleyo

Ulwazi oluninzi olumalunga namalungelo okuthetha kunye nokhuseleko, tyelela i- iSibonelelo saMadama samaLungelo aBani[, uphando lobuncwane U.S. IiNkundla ezifundisayo zeziBonelelo [, okanye jonga i- Inkululeko yamakhaya [[FLT]] [[FLTLT]]] [[FLTLT]]] [[FLT]]] ukwenzela uhlaluliso oluneenkcukacha lweSinyuko Sokuqala [[FULT]]. Izibonelo ezithe kratya zinokufunyanwa [[FLT] i-United Nations Officersting for Human Rights [[FLD:7]]]. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuqala alongeyokuqala akhusela inkululeko ehlala kulwazi olungomthetho.