Isiseko SomGaqo-siseko Senkululeko Yonqulo

Inkululeko yonqulo ilelinye lamalungelo abantu alondolozwe ngenyameko kwibutho lale mihla ledemokhrasi. Eli lungelo, eliqulunqwe kwiGatya 18 leSindululo Somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo Oluntu, liqinisekisa wonke umntu inkululeko yokubamba, ukutshintsha, okanye ukubonakalisa iinkolelo zakhe ekunquleni, ekugcineni, ekufundiseni, ekufundiseni. Kuba oorhulumente, ukuhlonela nokuxhasa eli lungelo kufuna ukwakhiwa kwamalungelo omthetho, ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo esesikweni, kunye nozibophelelelo oluqhubekayo lokusebenzisana iimfuno ezidibanisa iimfuno. Indlela urhulumente ayisebenzisayo inkululeko yonqulo isoloko isebenza njengesibonisi esithembekileyo sokufikelela amalungelo abantu, ubunganiseki, kunye nokusebenzisa imigaqo-ntlalo yonqulo ebanzi. Nangona imfuneko yenkululeko yenkululeko ivunywa ngokubanziweyo, iindlela eziluncedo ezikhuselwa ngoorhulumente yaye zivumela ukuba zilungelene kuzo zonke izithethe, izithethe, ezomthetho, neenkqubo zezobupolitika.

Enyanzelweni yayo, inkululeko yonqulo iquka imiqathango emibini eyahlukeneyo: inkululeko yangaphakathi yokukholelwa okanye yokungakholelwa, nenkululeko yangaphandle yokusebenza kwezo nkolelo. Ummandla wangaphakathi ugqibelele kwaye awunakuthintelwa ngokufanelekileyo ngurhulumente okhoyo. Umba wangaphandle, noko ke, unokuba phantsi kwemiqathango esengqiqweni efunekayo ukuze kukhuselwe ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ulungelelwano, impilo, okanye amalungelo asisiseko abanye. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba uchaza umda apho igunya likarhulumente lidibana khona nesazela somntu ngamnye. Iintlanga eziphumelelayo ukuqhuba lo mmandla zenza kubekho ukumila, iinkonzo ezimbalwa zikhuselwe, yaye ulawulo lwehlabathi luhlala lungaphazamiseki.

Imisebenzi Esemthethweni Ekhusela Ukuzilolonga Konqulo

IMigaqo-siseko ehlabathi lonke inikela izikhuseli ezisisiseko zenkululeko yonqulo, nangona amagama awo kunye nobubanzi bazo bungafani kakhulu. UMthetho Wokuqala WomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States awuvumi ukwenza nawuphi na umthetho ngokuphathelele ukusekwa konqulo okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo. Oku kuthintelwa okubini kudala isiseko apho urhulumente ahlala engathathi cala kunqulo ngoxa ekhusela ngokukhutheleyo ilungelo labantu lokusebenzisa. UMthetho osisiseko waseJamani uqinisekisa inkululeko yokholo nesazela sonqulo, yaye uqinisekisa ukuqhelisa unqulo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, ngoxa uvumela urhulumente asebenzisane nemimandla yonqulo kwiindawo ezinjengemfundo neenkonzo zentlalo. Umgaqo-siseko weIndiya ulungiselela inkululeko yesazela nelungelo lokuzibanga, ukuqhelisa, ukuqhuba, nokuhambisa unqulo, ukulungiselela ulungele uluntu, ukuziphatha, nempilo, kunye nempilo.

Ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko, imithetho yomthetho inika ugcino olungakumbi lwenkuselo. Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe kuMalungelo aBani nawamapolitiki, ogunyaziswa ngamaphondo ali-173, ubophelela abameli ukuba bathabathe amanyathelo anika isiphumo kwinkululeko yonqulo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho ekwalatha ukucalulana konqulo emsebenzini, kwizindlu, kwimfundo, nakwindawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke. EUnited States, i-Religious Reformation Reformation Actal Act ifuna ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zokuzibhokoxa-mfa zisebenzele ngemiqatha encinane enokwenzeka. Umthetho ofanayo ukho kwamanye amazwe, nangona iimvavanyo ezikhethekileyo nemilinganiselo yemithetho ehlukeneyo. Ezi nkqubo zidala inkqubo apho abantu bonqulo kunye nabantu banokufuna ukubuyiselwa xa amalungelo abo ehlayo.

Ukukhuselwa okusemthethweni okunempumelelo kuxhomekeke nakumaqumrhu azimeleyo alungele ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano zonqulo. Iinkundla ezikwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ziye zathetha ngemibandela esusela ekunxibeni kwemiqondiso yonqulo ezikolweni ukuya ekuvunyweni kwemitshato yonqulo kunye nokuhlaliswa kwezenzo zonqulo kwiintolongo nakwinkonzo yasemkhosini. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu iye yavelisa iqumrhu elithe kratya lokuchaza iGatya 9 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu, imisela imigaqo elungelelanisa ukuthethwa konqulo ngalunye kunye nezilangazelelo zoluntu. Ezi zigwebo zomthetho zibumba amava enkululeko yonqulo kwiindlela ezingenakuphunyezwa ngazo kuphela ngumbhalo womgaqo-siseko.

Inkxaso eSebenzayo

Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo akufuni nje ukuphepha intshutshiso, oorhulumente abaninzi bathatha amanyathelo asebenzayo okuvumela uqheliselo lonqulo nokuxhasa uluntu lonqulo ngeendlela ezikhuthaza ukufakwa nokuhlonelwa. Oku kusenokuthatha iindlela ezininzi, ngokutshintsha imigaqo kawonke wonke yokuxhasa izithethe zonqulo nokulungiselela ukuxhasa imicimbi yonqulo ngokuthe ngqo. Umgangatho nokuxhasa oku kusoloko kubonisa ulwalamano lwembali lwesizwe nonqulo nolukuqondwa kwalo.

Iiholide Nesikhumbuzo Sonqulo

Enye yeendlela ezibonakalayo zokuhlala zikarhulumente ibandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kweeholide zonqulo. Amazwe amaninzi amisela iiholide zonqulo eziphambili njengeeholide zikawonke-wonke ezisemthethweni, evumela amarhamente ukuba abhiyozele ngaphandle kwesohlwayo ngeli lixa enika amanye amalungiselelo ngokufanelekileyo. Kumazwe amaninzi angamaKristu, iKrismesi ne-Ista zigqalwa ngokuba ziiholide zikawonke-wonke. Amazwe anenani elikhulu lamaSilamsi asoloko egcina i-Eid al-Al-Adha njengeeholide zesizwe. Indiya, kunye neendidi zayo zonqulo, imkela iiholide zenkonzo ezingaqhelekanga zamaHindu, amaSikh, amaBhudi, amaBhuda, kunye nezinye izithethe kwimimandla yesizwe nereyivi. Ezinye iintlanga ziye zashukupheka kwiinkqubo zeholide ezibhexelphayo ezivumela abasebenzi ukuba batshintshisethi bezonqulo, imodelizo zezazelanazonqulo zabo, imo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezithenti.

Ngapha koko iiholide ezisemthethweni, oorhulumente basenokumkela isikhumbuzo sonqulo ngokucwangcisa amaxesha okuthandaza, amalungiselelo eemfuno zokutya kumaqumrhu kawonke-wonke, kunye nokungakhutyelwa kwiimfuno ezithile zowiso-mthetho kwimibutho yonqulo. Ngokomzekelo, umkhosi waseUnited States unika abefundisi abavela kwiizithethe ezininzi zokholo kwaye uvumela imiqathango yokutya konqulo kwiinkonzo zawo zokutya. Iintolongo kumazwe amaninzi zinikela ithuba lokunikela ukuncedwa konqulo, imibhalo engcwele, kunye nezakhiwo zonqulo. Ezi ndawo zokuhlala ziluncedo zibonisa ingummiselo karhulumente wokwenza inkululeko yonqulo iphile kunokuba ibe lilungelo nje eliqhelekileyo.

Isigqubuthelo Nemifuziselo Yonqulo Kubomi Babantu Bonke

Umbandela wempahla yonqulo nemiqondiso kawonke wonke unika ucelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo koorhulumente abazama ukulinganisela imbonakalo yonqulo kunye nezinye izinto ezixhalabisayo ezifana nokhuseleko, ukungakhathalelwa kwehlabathi, kunye nokulingana kwamabhinqa. Ii-asethi ziyahluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kwii-overali. I-United States idla ngokuvumela izinxibo zonqulo kwimibutho kawonke wonke, kuquka izikolo neeofisi zikarhulumente, ezingekho sizathu sinyanzelekileyo sokuyithintela. Ngokuchasene noko, iFransi, iyayithintela imifuziselo yonqulo ecacileyo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, nemiqathango yomgaqo womgaqo we-siseko we-laïcité okanye wezopolitiko-mkhosi. IKhana ivumela imifuziselo yonqulo kwimo yoluntu eninzi kodwa imelana nomthetho wephondo obekelweyo imiqathango yokuzi yokwamfanelelo xa isamkela iinkonzo zikawonke wonke.

Ezi ndlela zingafaniyo zibonisa ukungavisisani okunzulu kwentanda - bulumko ngolwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi konqulo nobomi babantu. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi ukuvumela imiqondiso yonqulo ezikweni zikawonke wonke ingqina ukwahlukahlukana nokuhlonela umntu ngamnye. Abanye bathi ukungathabathi cala kuyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo ekulondolozeni umanyano loluntu nasekuthinteleni ingcinezelo yonqulo. Zombini ezi zikhundla zithi zikhusela inkululeko yonqulo, kodwa zifikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo ngoko kufunayo. Iinkundla kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo ziyaqhubeka zicombulula le mida, yaye incoko yazweni ngemibandela yonqulo engobomi babantu bonke ihlala ingomnye wezona ndawo zinamandla zonqulo olufuna inkululeko.

Ukubonelela ngenkxaso yemali nenkxaso

Inkxaso yemali karhulumente kwiintlangano zonqulo ithatha iindlela ezininzi kwaye iphakamisa imibuzo ecacileyo ngokusekwa nokungathathi cala. EUnited States, imibutho yonqulo isenokufumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente ngenxa yokulungiselela iinkonzo zoluntu ezifana neendawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, iibhanki zokutya, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanga abantu abakhotyokiswayo, xa imali isetyenziswa kwiinjongo zehlabathi kwaye abaxhamli bengabacalulanga ngokusekelwe kunqulo. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu aneenkqubo ezithe ngqo zentsebenziswano zecawa yaseburhulumenteni, kunye noorhulumente beqokelela irhafu yerhafu yerhafu yeecawa okanye benikela intengo engqalileyo yogcino nemisebenzi yonqulo.

Inkqubo yerhafu yecawa yaseJamani, eqokelelwe yilizwe kwaye yasasazwa kumazwe onqulo asekelwe kumalungu, ixhasa kakhulu ngemali kumaqumrhu onqulo ngeli xesha kugcinwa umgama wolawulo. Iinkonzo zonqulo eJamani zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimfundo, inkcubeko yempilo, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo, ngokufuthi ngenkxaso eninzi karhulumente. IBelgium ne-Austria zinenkqubo ezifanayo. Kumazwe amaninzi amaSilam aneziqu ezizimeleyo, urhulumente ujonge ukubhaliswa konqulo kunye nemfundo yonqulo ngenkonzo yonikezelo. La malungiselelo abonisa iinkonzo zembali zolwalamano lwecawaseburhulumenteni kunye nobume belizwe ngalinye.

Ukulungelelanisa Inkululeko Yonqulo Namanye Amalungelo

Enye yeenkalo ezilucelomngeni kakhulu zenkululeko yonqulo ibandakanya iimeko apho uqheliselo lonqulo lungqubana namanye amalungelo akhuselekileyo okanye izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni. Oorhulumente kufuneka bazilawule ngenyameko ezi ngxaki, bahlonele isazela sonqulo ngoxa bephakamisa ezinye imigangatho esisiseko. Ezi mfazwe zivela kwiindawo ezininzi kwaye zifuna izicombululo ezicacileyo ezibonisa imbeko kwimigaqo ekhuphisanayo.

Ukwezempilo Nokhuseleko Loluntu

Isifo se-COVID-19 sabonisa ngokuphawulekayo ungquzulwano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nempilo kawonke-wonke. Oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke bamisela imiqathango kwiintlanganiso zonqulo, kwiindawo zokuvalwa kweendawo, kunye nokuhamba ngonqulo okusikelwe umda, imilinganiselo yokuba kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo kuya kuba kukuchaphazeleka okunzulu kwenkululeko yonqulo. Iinkundla ezininzi kwimimandla exhasa le miqathango igwetyelwe ngokufanelekileyo ngongxamiseko yempilo kawonke wonke, ngoxa zihlola ukuba iintlanganiso zonqulo zichatshazelwa ngokufanelekileyo kusini na kwimisebenzi yempangelo. Amava abonisa ukubaluleka kokuthunga nokusetyenziswa ngokulingana kwemiqatha kwemiqathango yonqulo kwimiqathango yonqulo. Kwabalasemgangathweni wonqulo ukuze kulungele ukuqhelisela ubugcisa kunye nobuchule bokwenza izinto, okubonakalisa ubuchule bokuzilungisa ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko olukhoyo kwimisebenzi yezo.

Ngaphandle kwezifo ezikhoyo, oorhulumente basoloko belawula uqheliselo lonqulo oluzibeka ezingozini ezithe ngqo. Ukubulawa kwezilwanyana ngokwesithethe ngaphandle kommangaliso kuye kwalawulwa kwamanye amazwe asekelwe kwinkxalabo yentlalo-ntle yezilwanyana, kunye neenkundla kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho ezifuna iindawo zokuhlala ezihlonela iimfuno zonqulo ngoxa zicutha ukubandezeleka. Ukuphatha inyoka kunye neminye imisebenzi yonqulo eyingozi kusenokuthintelwa ngokusekelwe kukhuseleko lukawonke wonke. Imithetho yomlilo kunye nemimiselo yokwakha isebenza kwiindawo zokunqula kanye njengokuba isebenza kwezinye izakhiwo zikawonke wonke. Umgaqo jikelele umgaqo wonqulo uthetha ukuba ukuqhelisela abantu okanye abantu abathathi-nxaxheba, ngokuqhelekileyo imithetho esebenza kwimiqatha ekhuthaza izilangazelelo zikawonke, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo kusebenza ngendlela ekhethekileyo kusebenza nakwemiqatha kwiindawo zolawulo zikawonke.

Ukungalungelelani kunye nokulingana

Mhlawumbi owona mmandla uphikiswayo womthetho wenkululeko yonqulo ubandakanya iimfazwe phakathi kweenkolelo zonqulo kunye nemigaqo echasene nocalucalulo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele imbonakalo yesini kunye nokuzichaza kwabantu ngokwesini. Abaninizo shishino bonqulo baye bafuna ukukhululwa ekunikezeleni iinkonzo zomtshato kwizibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Amaziko okukhulisa abantwana baye bafuna ukuba abantwana bafakwe kuphela nezibini ezitshatileyo ezitshatileyo. Izikolo zonqulo ziye zafuna ukugcina imigaqo-nkqubo yemisebenzi ehambelana neenkolelo zazo ngesondo nomtshato. La matyala anyanzelela ukuba achaze imida yezindlu zonqulo ngokwemo apho amalungelo abanye athintelwa ngqo.

Imithetho eyahlukeneyo yezolawulo iye yafikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwezi ngxabano. I-United States iye yabona umsebenzi omninzi wemithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente, kunye nokunika abantu inkululeko ebanzi yonqulo kwiimfuno ezichasene nocalulo-calulo kunye nezinye ikugcina ukuba imithetho yeendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke isebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amashishini nangavumelani nonqulo. Ezi zihlolo zibangela ukuba amaqumrhu onqulo akhethe amaqabane omtshato akhethele ukuqwalasela izibini ezingoonontlalo-ntle. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka, kungekho mpikiswano icacileyo ithetha ukuba inkundla yezomthetho isenokungavumi ukuvunywa kwesikolo sonqulo esithintela ulwalamano oluphakathi nolwelo-khulu.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Ngenkululeko Yonqulo

Ukuhlolisisa indlela amazwe athile ayisebenzisa ngayo inkululeko yonqulo kunika imizekelo ecacileyo yemigaqo nezenzo ezichazwe ngasentla. Indlela eliqhuba ngayo ilizwe ngalinye iphenjelelwa yimbali yalo ekhethekileyo, amanani abantu, izithethe ezisemthethweni, kunye neempembelelo zobupolitika. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa indlela ezahlukahlukeneyo yokusebenzisa inkululeko yonqulo.

Imodeli YaseUnited States

I-United States isebenzisa inkululeko yonqulo ngokusemthethweni onamandla, ukukhusela okuzimeleyo, kunye nonqulo oluzizizinzileyo. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho kaNondyenziso ka-Optost ufuna ukuba urhulumente alungele uqheliselo lonqulo ngaphandle kokuba ubonise intsabelo enyanzelekileyo efunwayo ngeyona ndlela ingqongqo. I-Umiselo luka-Celaus lukwalela okanye ukukhetha urhulumente naluphi na unqulo. Le nkqubo idityaniswe ngabaphengululi abasemthethweni bawuchaza njengomzekelo "wezahluleli", apho urhulumente agcina khona i-nxaxheba kunqulo ngoxa ekhusela ngokukhutheleyo.

Inkululeko yonqulo yaseMerika iye yanda ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Imbali yangaphambili yamazwe aseMerika yabona iicawa ezimiselwe ngurhulumente kunye neemvavanyo zonqulo zesikhundla sikarhulumente, izenzo ezashenxiswa ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukuququzelelwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yoMgaqo-mvalelw'iNkundla Yokuqala ngokuchasene namagunya ngokungeyoMgaqo-mvali weshumi elinesine kuMphetho-mva weNtlanga-nkulu weNyaka kukwandisa inkululeko yonqulo kwilizwe lonke. Izigqibo zonqulo ezilandelayo zazikhusela amalungelo eenkonzo ancinane kuquka amaNgqina kaYehova, amaMennoni, namaSilamsi. Iingxoxo-Contery zigxininisa kumbandela wonqulo okungabikho kwemithetho esetyenziswayo, amalungelo eenkonzo kwimicimbi yezempangelo, kunye nokuhlalwa kweentlobo-ntlalo lwezikolo nakwamanye amazwe.

Iphulo LaseIndiya

IIndiya inikela umzekelo owahlukileyo wenkululeko yonqulo elawulwa ngabantu abaninzi ehlabathini, kunye nomnye weyona ntlalo yahlukeneyo yonqulo. UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya uqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo logama uvumela urhulumente ukuba alawule imisebenzi yehlabathi enxulumene noqheliselo lonqulo kwaye anike utshintsho lwentlalo. Indlela yeIndiya maxa wambi iphawulwa njenge "kumgama othe tye," apho urhulumente unxulumana nabantu bonqulo ngoxa elondoloza ukuma kwentlonelo efanayo kuzo zonke iinkonzo. Oku kuvumela urhulumente ukuba angenelele kwimikhwa yonqulo ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle, njengokuthintela ukufaneleka nokungena etempileni esekelwe kwikhethe le nkonzo.

Inkqubo yase-Indiya iquka imithetho yobuqu elawula umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ilifa, kunye nokufumana imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yonqulo, kunye namaHindu, amaSilamsi, amaKristu, nabanye. Eli lungiselelo lizihlonela izithethe zonqulo kodwa likwadala impikiswano, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukulingana kwamabhinqa kwimithetho yonqulo lobuqu. Ijaji yaseIndiya ithethe ngeengxabano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo kunye namanye amaxabiso omgaqo-siseko, kuquka amatyala abandakanya ukubingelela ngezilwanyana, imingxube yonqulo kwimimandla echubekileyo, namalungelo encinane yonqulo kwimfundo. Amava eIndiya abonisa ukuba kukho amathuba kunye neengxaki zomzekelo omntu ofuna ukuhlonela iinguquko yonqulo ngoxa efuna ukutshintsha intlalo.

Izakhelo ZaseYurophu

Indlela yokusebenzisa inkululeko yonqulo yaseYurophu ilawulwa yiNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu kunye nokugwetywa kweNkundla yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, kwanezithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo zamazwe angamalungu ayo. ISiqendu 9 seNdibano siqinisekisa inkululeko yokucinga, isazela nonqulo, phantsi kwemiqathango emiselwe ngumthetho neyimfuneko kwibutho labantu abalawulwa ngedemokhrasi. INkundla yaseYurophu ivelise iqumrhu elithe tye lokuchanaba imithetho yonqulo kwiindawo zikawonke wonke, ilwanolwano olunesazela, ikhethe lonqulo emsebenzini, namalungelo abantu abambalwa bonqulo.

Isakhiwo saseYurophu sihlala umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu. Amanye amazwe agcina iicawa ezimisiweyo, njengeCawa yase-Ngilani kunye neecawa zamaLuthere eScandinavia. Ezinye, njengeFransi, zibambelele kwimigaqo engqongqo yokungakhathaleli Thixo. Sekunjalo, njengeJamani ne-Ostriya, zigcina ulwalamano olunxulumeneyo noluntu oluqhelekileyo. IConvention yaseYurophu ivumela amagunya esizwe ukuba asebenzise inkululeko yonqulo, aqonde ukuba izithethe neemeko zembali zahlukene kwamanye amazwe. Oku kuvule umahluko wendlela yokungena kwisiseko soluntu soluntu, nangona ibangele ukugxekwa kwabo baphikisa imilinganiselo efanayo.

Ukudityaniswa kweNkcubeko kunye noQhagamshelwano

Oorhulumente abaxhasa ngokunempumelelo inkululeko yonqulo bayaqonda ukuba ukukhusela okusemthethweni kukodwa akwanelanga ukuvelisa ibutho labantu elimanyeneyo elimanyeneyo ngonqulo. Imigudu yokukhuthaza ukuqondwa komanyano kunye nentsebenziswano zizinto eziyimfuneko ekuncediseni ekumiselweni komthetho. Oorhulumente abaninzi baxhasa okanye bavumela amanyathelo okunxibelelana konqulo, bahlanganisa iinkokeli zonqulo ezisuka kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo ukuze bacombulule iingxaki ezifanayo, kwaye baxhasa iinkqubo zemfundo ezifundisa ngezithethe ezahlukeneyo zonqulo. Le migudu yakha ikomkhulu lentlalo kwaye inciphisa ikhethe nokungaqondani okunokuthi kubangele ucalucalucalulo kunye neengxabano ezingoko zonqulo.

Izifundo zophando lwePew Center kwimiqathango yonqulo kulo lonke ihlabathi zibonisa ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nesimo sengqondo soluntu zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Amazwe anemigaqo engqongqo esemthethweni yokukhusela inkululeko yonqulo nenkxaso karhulumente esebenzayo kunqulo oluneenkalo eziphantsi zemfazwe ebandakanya unqulo. Ngokuchasene noko, amazwe apho oorhulumente basoloko beluvalela khona umgangatho ophezulu wogonyamelo nentshutshiso yonqulo. Le ngxelo icebisa ukuba imicimbi karhulumente enzulu ngenxa yamava onqulo, hayi nje njengomcimbi wamalungelo osemthethweni kodwa njengelungu loxolo lwentlalo.

Amanyathelo okusebenzisana kwenkolo akwafak ’ isandla kwinkululeko yonqulo ngokwakha ulwalamano lokuthembana nokuqondana kwemida yonqulo. Xa abantu bonqulo beqhelana ngengxoxo nangentsebenziswano, basengozini yokuxhasa amalungelo omnye nomnye nokuxhathisa imigudu yokuthoba okanye yokutshutshisa amahlelo amancinane onqulo. Inkxaso karhulumente yezi zindululo ingenza iintlobo ezininzi, ukusuka ekuxhaseni amabhunga adibanayo kunye namaziko engxoxo kunye nokuquka imfundo yonqulo kwimfundo yoluntu kunye namajelo eendaba axhasa ngokuchanekileyo amela imimandla eyahlukeneyo yonqulo. iKhomishini yeZizwe ezingootho kuMvumelwano yonqulo yezizwe zezizwe ngezizwe i-RGenediod [[ igxininise ukubaluleka kwengxoxo yocaluvo oluneyo lwenkululeko yonqulo, zombini ekukhuthazeni kwenkululeko yonqulo, zoomatiko nakumazwe angaphandle nakwamanye amazwe.

Iingxaki Eziselubhakabhakeni

Imingeni emininzi evelayo iza kuguqula ikamva lenkululeko yonqulo. Ukwanda kobugcisa bemichiza kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngokuphathelele indlela yonqulo olusebenza kwi-intanethi, ukukhuthazwa kwemithetho-mithetho yonqulo, neembopheleleko zamaqonga onxibelelwano olunxulumene nentetho yezonqulo yentiyo. Oorhulumente baxakeke ngendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yonqulo yesithethe kwimimandla elawulayo apho imida yemithetho egqwethekileyo iphazamisa ukuphendula kolwazi. Uluntu lonqulo luziqhelanisa nonqulo lwe-mivolu manani, kwi-intanethi yemfundo yonqulo, kunye nokwakha izakhiwo ezithi ngqo zoluntu, imikhwa ephakamisa imibuzo ngemiqathango yenkonzo yonqulo kunye nemiqathango yomthetho karhulumente yezonqulo kwi-intanethi.

Ukwanda kokwahluka-hluka konqulo lwamazwe amaninzi kunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lolawulo lonqulo. Iindlela zokutshintsha utshintsho ziguqula uhlahlo-lwabiwo lwamanani onqulo lwaseYurophu, uMntla Merika, kunye neminye imimandla, zingenisa uluntu olutsha oluneenkonzo kunye nokwandisa ukubonakala koluntu oluncinane. Olu tshintsho luvavanya imigaqo ekhoyo yezomthetho kunye namalungiselelo entlalo, maxa wambi lufuna imiqathango kunye nemiqathango yemiqathango yonqulo encinci. U Uncedo lwezikomkhululo lwesizwe lwenkululeko ekhoyo kunye namaxwebhu entlalo-ntle, maxa wambi amaxwebhu afuna imiqathango yomthetho enkqumfa kumgangatho wonqulo omncinane. U.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo namanye amalungelo abantu luya kuqhubeka luvelisa iimbambano ezintsonkothileyo. Iimpikiswano phakathi kweenkolelo zonqulo kunye neLGBTQ, ukulingana kwamalungelo ngokwesini, kunye nenkululeko yokuzala azibonisi zimpawu zesigqibo. Inkqubela-nkqubo yobugcisa njengobuchule obungeyomvelo kunye nobunjineli bemizi yemfuza isenokuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha yenkululeko yonqulo njengoko zidibana neemfundiso zonqulo ngesidima somntu, uhlobo lobomi, nemida yokungenelela kwabantu kwiinkqubo zemvelo. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokuwohloka kwemekobume ebumeni kusenokukwaneenjongo zenkululeko yonqulo, ngokukodwa kwimibutho yabantu abaqheliselwayo enxulumene ngokusondeleneyo neendawo ezithile zendalo. Ukuzidityanisa ezi zinto ziya kufuna uhlaluko olusemthethweni, inkxazulu nenkxaso kwimigaqo yonqulo ehlonipheyo nesidima kubantu.

Isiphelo

Inkululeko yonqulo ihlala ingulungelo lomntu elibalulekileyo elifuna ukukhuselwa ngokukhutheleyo nenkxaso esengqiqweni yoorhulumente ehlabathini jikelele. Iinkqubo zomthetho zinikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo nxamnye nentshutshiso kunye nocalulo, kodwa inkululeko esebenzayo yonqulo iquka ukulawulwa okungaphaya kwemiqathango ephazamisayo ukuquka indawo yokuhlala elungileyo, inkxaso yamaqumrhu, kunye nemigudu yokukhuthaza ukuqondwa komanyano. Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa iinkqubo zomthetho nenkcubeko kubonisa ukuba akukho mzekelo mnye wokuhlonela nokuxhasa inkululeko yonqulo. Uhlanga ngalunye lumele lufikelele kwiimeko zalo ezithile ngoxa luthobela imigaqo esisiseko yamalungelo abantu nesidima soluntu.

Oorhulumente abayixhasa ngempumelelo inkululeko yonqulo badala iimeko apho abantu benokuhlala ngokweenkolelo zabo ezinzulu, uluntu lonqulo lungachuma luze lube negalelo kwibutho labantu, yaye abantu bonqulo olwahlukileyo banokuhlala kunye ngoxolo kwaye basebenzisane ngokulungileyo. Ezi ziphumo azizenzeki kodwa zifuna isibopho esizinzileyo, ucwangciso lwemigaqo yezomthetho, kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwabo bonke abagcini-zityholo. Njengoko amazwe aqhubeka eguquka, imigaqo yenkululeko yonqulo, ukulingana, kunye nentlonelo iya kuhlala ihleli ikho ikho isikhokelo esibalulekileyo sokulawula abantu abanonqulo abahlukeneyo. Umsebenzi wokukhusela nokuxhasa inkululeko yonqulo awuze uphele, kodwa usebenza oko kubangela ukuba umgudu othe tyekelo, ongowoxolo, nowoxolo, noluquququ noluntu.