Isiseko Sembali Sokuthetha Ngenkululeko Yokufundisa

IsiHlalisi Sokuqala soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States sinikela ukuba "ISiphendu soMgaqo-siseko asiyi kwenza mthetho ungabikho... ovala inkululeko yokuthetha. Olu khuselo lwesiseko, olusetyenziswa kumaphondo ngoMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine, lutolikwa luze lucocwe kwiinkundla ngokwezizukulwana. Kwimeko yemfundo, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kufeza injongo ephindiweyo: kukhusela ukuphuhliswa kwabafundi kwaye kugcina umsebenzi wezikolo njengentengiso yeengcamango.

Ingcamango yokuba izikolo ziyizikolo njengeelaboratori zokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi emva kwizithandi zolwazi lwemfundo zakudala zaseMerika. uJohn Dewey, intetho ephambili kwimfundo eqhubekayo, iphikisa ukuba izikolo kufuneka zilungiselele abafundi ubomi bentlalo-ntle ngokukhuthaza iimeko apho impikiswano, ukungavumelani, kunye nokuzihlolisisa kunganyamezeleki kodwa kukhuthazwa ngokukhutheleyo. Le mfundiso yentanda-ntanda-bulumko ihlala ingundoqo ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba ukukhululeka kwenkululeko kwimfundo ingeyo nje kuphela kodwa iyimfuneko esemthethweni.

Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqinisekisa ngokuzingisileyo ukuba iklasi ayikho ngaphandle komGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yaqonda ukuba izikolo zinembopheleleko ekhethekileyo yokugcina ucwangco nokukhusela intlalo-ntle yabancinane. Oku kuxinezeleka phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye negunya lombutho loluntu kuye kwavelisa iqumrhu elityebileyo neliphikisanayo lomthetho lowo abafundisi, abafundi, nabalawuli kufuneka bahambele kuwo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwabafundi Ngokusemthethweni

Ixesha lanamhlanje lolawulo olukhululekileyo lwabafundi lwaqalisa ngesigqibo esibalulekileyo esabeka indlela yokulawula yonke imithetho elandelayo. Ukuqonda eli tyala kunye nabantwana balo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda imeko yangoku yomthetho.

Umgangatho Onzima: Impembelelo Egalelekileyo

[[Nkundla:0] ISithili seSithili seSikolo soLuntu saBantwana [[FT:1] [1969], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha enoba amagosa esikolo sikawonke anokukwalela abafundi ukuba banxibe iingalo ezimnyama ukuze baqhankqe imfazwe yaseVietnam. INkundla yathi abafundi abamele "bawayeki amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko wenkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lendlu yesikolo." Le sigqibo samisa uvavanyo [ olungaphantsi komthetho wokuvavanyanisa [: amagosa esikolo anokuthi athintele ukuthetha kwabafundi kuphela ukuba abonisa ukuba le ntetho iya kuphazamisana ngokwezinto eziphathekayo okanye iphazamisa amalungelo esikolo okanye amaqela abanye.

Isigqibo seTinker sasisisenzo sokwaphula umthetho kuba sasiqonda abafundi njengabamele amalungelo abantu kunokuba bangabi namdla wokwamkela igunya likarhulumente. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba "uloyiko oludityanisiweyo okanye uloyiko lokuphazamiseka alwanele ukuphelisa ilungelo lokuthetha." Lo mlinganiselo wawubeka umthwalo onzima kubalawuli ukungqina ukuba yinto yokwenene okanye uphazamiseko olusondeleyo phambi kokuvavanya indlela yomfundi.

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, iTinker ibisebenza njengesiseko sokuqwalasela izibhengezo zabafundi. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yavelisa iindidi ezibalulekileyo ezithintela ukufikelela kwayo kwiimeko ezithile.

Ukwandisa Isakhelo: Umahluko

Emva kweTinker, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yachaza iindidi eziliqela zentetho yabafundi ezifanele zincitshiswe ukhuseleko lomgaqo - siseko:

  • School-Spondored Exponent (Hazelwood): Kwi Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988), iNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba amagosa esikolo asebenzise ulawulo lwezikolo kumhleli wesikolo, iimveliso, neminye imisebenzi edityanisiweyo ethwala i-inrimitur yesikolo. I-'i-'i-'i-'i-'eyeyokuba izikolo zinezilangazelelo-projected' ezisemthethweni ekulawuleni intluvo enokuthi ibonwe ngokufanelekileyo njengokumela iziko. Oku kusebenza kumgangatho wesikolo xa kusenzelwa i-'i-ponforensity" kwaye yinxalenye yentetho yezifundo.
  • [[Nkundla:0], iNkundla yabamba ukuba izikolo zingakwalela ukuthetha okungu "ulwimi," [[FULT:1] [[FLT]] [i-Bethel School] v. Fraser [1986], iNkundla yathi izikolo zinokukwalela ukuthetha okuthi "ukrebe," "kujije," okanye "kucaphukisa ngokugqithisileyo". Le meko yavela kwintetho yomfundi equlethe isityholo sesondo kwindibano yesikolo. Inkundla yaqiqa ngelithi izikolo zinembopheleleko yokufundisa ubupolisa nokuziphatha okufanelekileyo, nokuba isiHlaliso sokuqala asifuni zikolo zinyamezele intetho engcolileyo okanye intetho engcolileyo.
  • Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba izikolo zinokuvalwa ngokufanelekileyo njengokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okungekho mthethweni. [[FORT:1] Kwi Morente v. UFrederick (2007), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba izikolo zinokumisela intetho enokuthi ngokufanelekileyo ichazwe njengekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Umzekelo ubandakanya ukufundwa kwebhastile "BONGHITS 4 JESUS" kumboniso wesikolo. Inkundla igqibezela ukuba ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kungumdlalo karhulumente okhuthazayo ongaphezu kwamalungelo abafundi okuthethayo kule meko imxinwa.

Ezi ntlobo zintathu, kunye neTinker, zenza isakhiwo esine inxalenye esetyenziswa ziinkundla ukuvavanya iimpikiswano zentetho yabafundi. Umbuzo ongundoqo usoloko usebenza kusini na kumgangatho obhekiselele kwizibakala ezithile zetyala, njengoko iziphumo zinokuhluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kulwahlulo.

Intetho Yamanani Nemida Yegunya Lesikolo

Ukuvela kwe-media yezentlalo, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo nezinye iiplatfomu ze-millimeter kubangele eminye yemibuzo enzima kumthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha. Xa umfundi ebeka izinto ezimcaphukisayo okanye ezisongelayo kwiingxelo zakhe zezentlalo-ntle yabantu ngaphandle kweeyure zesikolo, ngaba isikolo sinegunya lokuziqeqesha? IiNkundla ziye zazama ukusebenzisa i-Tinker kwimobume apho umgama phakathi kwe-campus nentetho ephakathi kwe-campus uye wafinyela ngokuya ngokuya ngoku.

Incoko yentetho esusiweyo

Igosa leSithili seSithili seSithili seSithili B.L. (2021), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawuphendula ngqo lo mbuzo. Ityala lalibandakanya umfundi wesikolo esiphakamileyo ofake intetho yeSnapchat enentetho engcolileyo egxeka isikolo kunye neqela laso elikhuthazayo emva kokuba lingaphumelelanga ukwenza iqela le-varsuty. Isikolo samxhobisa kwiqela elincinci, sikhankathela imo yecala leposi. Inkundla yathi isikolo sichase amalungelo aso okuHlulisayo, iqiqalw' into yokuba izikolo zinemdlanamvo enyazisayo ekulawuleni intetho evela ngaphandle kwesikolo nangaphandle kweyure zesikolo.

Ngeli xesha iNkundla yala ukwamkela umthetho oqaqambileyo wokuthetha ngaphandle kwecampus, yachaza oothunywashe abaliqela abajongene negunya lesikolo kwiimeko ezinjalo:

  • Intetho yecampus idla ngokuba yintetho yomfundi, ayithethi ukuba isikolo sivumile okanye sixhase.
  • Izikolo azinamdla waneleyo wokulawula intetho engalawulwayo.
  • Ukulawula ukuthetha okungekho mthethweni kuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nentetho eyoyikisayo echaphazela imicimbi yoluntu.

Noko ke, iNkundla yavuma ukuba izikolo zisenokuba negunya lokuthetha intetho ethetha ingxubevange, ukungcungcuthekisa okanye ukungcungcuthekisana kwabafundi abathile. Isigqibo seMahanoy sicacisa ukuba ngoxa iTinker isebenza kwabanye abangekho kwintetho ekhampasi, ukufikelela kwayo akunasiphelo, kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi ziza kuqhubeka zicombulula imida kwiimeko zexesha elizayo.

Amalungelo Akhululekileyo Okuthetha Abonakalisa Ubuqhetseba Nawokusetyenziswa

Amalungu obuchule kunye nabasebenzi besikolo banendawo ekhethekileyo kwisikhululo sokuthetha. Bangabaqeshwa bakarhulumente kunye nezifundiswa ezinobuchule kwizifundo zabo. Le ndima isenza isiseko esintsonkothileyo somthetho esilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zoluntu nenkululeko yemfundo.

Inkululeko Yokuxhasa Njengomgaqo Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho

Ingcamango yenkululeko ye inemvelaphi enzulu kwimfundo ephezulu yaseMerika. Ikhusela ilungelo leenjingalwazi ukufundisa, uphando, kwaye ipapashe ngaphandle kophazamiso olungafanelekanga kwilizwe okanye kubaphathi-maqumrhu. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamkela inkululeko yemfundo njenge "inkxalabo ekhethekileyo yoMgqomo-mva-mda wokuqala" kwiimeko ezinjenge ikhokishanian v. Board of Regents [1967], imfundiso ihlala ingumkhathazo wolwazi. Ikhusela amazwi achaza ukuphanda nokufundisa okufundisa phakathi kwemfundo yolwazi, kodwa awanikezinzi ukhuseleko lonke ulwazi.

Imilinganiselo YeGarcetti

Gearcetti v. Ceballos (2006), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi xa abaqeshwa bethetha "bayazi imisebenzi yabo yasemthethweni," abathethi njengabemi bobuqu ngeenjongo zoLawulo lokuqala, kwaye intetho yabo ayikhuselwanga kwisohlwayo somqeshwa. Le mithetho iye yaba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiintelekelelo zabafundisi zokuthetha ezikhululekileyo. Ngelixesha iNkuthetha kwabelo lweNkuthetha ngeGarcetti isebenza kusini semfundo yoonjingalwazi kwiyunivesithi kawonke, iinkundla ezisezantsi zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba intetho yesigunyaziso enxulumene nokufundisa, uphando, kunye nenkonzo ikhuselwe phantsi kwenkululeko yemfundo etshintshiweyo.

Sekunjalo, isigqibo seGarcetti sidala uxinezeleko oluphawulekayo. Umgangatho wobugcisa obugxeka iinkqubo zeziko ezisebenza njengabaqeshwa − kunabaqeshwa okanye abemi abangabo.) Oku kusenokukhokelela ekuchazeni intetho yabo ngokungakhuselekanga. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekuthetheni ngenkululeko yemfundo kwiindawo ezifana noyilo lwezifundo, ukukhuthuza, kunye nolawulo lwangaphakathi.

Uphando olunzulu ngendlela iinkundla eziye zasingatha ngayo izibhengezo zabaqeqeshi, abafundi bangajonga iManyano yoNjingalwazi waseMelika kwiYunivesithi imigaqo yenkululeko yemfundo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo, enika isiseko esibanzi sokuqonda le miba.

Ucelomngeni Lokuthetha Ngenkululeko YaseKampuni

Inkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ivelise iimpikiswano ezintsha ezivavanya ukukwazi ukumelana nemigaqo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwizicwangciso zemfundo. Ezi ngxaki zibonisa iingxoxo ezibanzi zoluntu malunga nokuzimela, ukhuseleko, nenjongo yemfundo ephezulu.

Izithuba Ezikhuselekileyo nezilumkiso ezixhomisayo

Ukuvela kwezithuba ezikhuselekileyo " nezilumkiso ezikhuselekileyo" nezithi "zizilumkiso eziphezulu" emakholejini kubangele impikiswano enkulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ezi zinto zibangela imekobume apho abafundi abaphantsi banokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwizifundo ngaphandle koloyiko lokukhathazwa okanye ukonakaliswa ngengqondo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi amanyathelo anjalo anokugulisa ukutshintshisana okunamandla nengqondo kwaye abangele isithethe sokuthamba.

Ngokwembono esemthethweni, izithuba ezikhuselekileyo nezilumkiso ezikhuselweyo zizinto eziqhelekileyo zenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunokuba zinikwe umgaqo-siseko. UHlaliso Lokuqala alufuni zikolo ukuba zinikezele izilumkiso, kwaye aluzithinteli zona, kwaye aluzithinteli zona. Ngokubhekiselele kuzo, azisebenzi njengenkqubo yokuhlola intelekelelo. Umbuzo ongundoqo wasemthethweni kukuba ngaba inkqubo ethile okanye ukuqhelisa ngokunempumelelo kuthintela ukuthetha okusekelwe kwimbono. Ukuba izikolo zichonga izithethi ezithile okanye iimbono ezingamkelekanga ezikwizithuba ezikhuselekileyo, zingasebenzisa ulawulo loMthetho wokuqala wokuHlayishwa kolwano-calulo olusekelwe kwimiqathango.

Ukungaqiniseki, Ukuqhatha Nemida Yokunyamezela

Imibhiyozo yabafundi iye yaba yinkalo yemfundo yaseMerika ukusuka kumbutho wamalungelo abantu ukuya kwimibutho yanamhlanje. UMthetho Wokuqala ohlaziyiweyo udla ngokukhusela ukuqhankqalaza koxolo, kuquka ukufola, iintlanganiso, kunye nokuthetha okufuziselayo. Noko ke, ukuqhatha kokuthi ngokwezinto eziphathekayo kuphazamisa inkqubo yemfundo (ngokomzekelo, ngokuthintela iiklasi zokwakha, ngokuthintela iiklasi ekuhlanganeni, okanye ngokubandakanyeka kwingxolo eqhubekayo eyenza ukuba imfundo ingabi nakunokwenzeka, ingaba phantsi kwexesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, nemiqathango yendlela elungeleleneyo.

Ucelomngeni lwabalawuli lukukwahlula phakathi kwentetho ekhuselweyo nokuphazamiseka okungaqondakaliyo. Iinkundla zigxininise ukuba uvavanyo lwe-Tinkerb lufuna ubungqina bokwenene okanye obusengqiqweni bokuphazamisana nemisebenzi yesikolo, hayi ukungonwabi okanye ukungavumelani nomyalezo oboniswayo.

Ukhokelo lwendlela izikolo ezinokuvelisa ngayo imigaqo yokuqhankqalaza ehlonela imigaqo yokuHlaziya kokuqala, Ukuququzelela amalungelo ngamanye kunye neNtetho (FRE) inika imigaqo yemodeli kunye nengcebiso ezingcono zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo.

Izenzo zoPhuhliso loMgaqo-siseko

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziye zasebenza ngokukhulayo kwibala lemidlalo ekhululekileyo. Amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna ukuba iikholeji zikawonke-wonke neeyunivesithi zisebenzise iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ezifana nesithi:

  • Iprohibithi "imimandla ekhululekileyo yokuthetha" evumela umsebenzi ocacileyo kwimimandla ekwanti yezokolo.
  • Amaziko kawonke - wonke acela ukuba amkele iingxelo eziqinisekisa ukuzibophelela kwawo ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo.
  • Sivakalisa ukuba izikolo zigcina uluhlu lwezithethi ezimenyiweyo yaye sityhila naziphi na iimeko apho izithethi zididekile okanye ziphazamiseka.

Le migudu yowiso-mthetho ibonisa inkxalabo ekhulayo yokuba imigaqo yentetho yasezikolweni kunye nezenzo zolawulo iye yaziphelisa iimbono ezithe ngxi nezinye iimbono ezingamkelekanga. Abahlalutyi bale mithetho baphikisa ngelithi aziyomfuneko ukuba zinikwe ukhuseleko olukhoyo lomgaqo-siseko kwaye zisengozini yokwenziwa kwesigqibo semfundo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubani unelungelo elingakanani, umthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha umele uhlale ungummandla onamandla wokuphuhlisa inkqubo. Abafundisi nabaphathi kufuneka bahlale bezazi ngeemfuno zomthetho kulawulo lwabo kwaye bafune isiluleko somthetho phambi kokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezintsha ezinxulumene nolwimi.

I- yeSibonelelo soMbindi soBumba-mhlaba baseMelika inikezela ngoovimba abaneenkcukacha kukhuseleko lwesizwe nolo mlomo okhululekileyo lwaselurhulumenteni, kuquka uhlaziyo kumthetho obekiweyo kunye nolwenziwe.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zokuthetha

Ukwakha inkcubeko yemfundo ekhululekileyo nethetha ngokukhululekileyo kudinga umgudu wemvo nemigaqo ecacileyo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinokubanceda amaziko alungelelanisayo ngokunempumelelo:

Qinisa Imilinganiselo Ecacileyo, Esemthethweni

Imigaqo-nkqubo yesikolo kufuneka ichaze ihambo eyalelweyo ngobuchule kwaye iphephe ulwimi olungacacanga okanye olugqithisileyo olunokusetyenziswa ekuthinteleni ukukhusela intetho. Imithetho-siseko kufuneka iquke umgangatho we-Tinkerfer, i-Hazelwood-spour intetho esesikweni, nezinye izicwangciso ezifanelekileyo. Iziko kufuneka zihlole iinkqubo zazo ngamaxesha athile ukuqinisekisa ukuthobelana nomthetho ophengulula ityala.

Nikela Uqeqesho Ngezothe, Abasebenzi Nabafundi

Ukuqonda amalungelo enkululeko yokuthetha neembopheleleko akuyonto yethuku. Izikolo zifanele zilungiselele uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo oluqukumbela:

  • Isiseko esisisiseko sentetho yabafundi nesabadala.
  • Indlela yokwahlula phakathi kwentetho ekhuselekileyo nokuhlaselwa okanye ukusongelwa.
  • Indima yenkululeko yemfundo kwimfundo yaseklasini nophando.
  • Zizinto ezintle ezinokukwenza uhlale uncokola neklasi.

Yenza Iifomati Zokufomata

Kunokuba ziphephe imibandela ephikisanayo, izikolo zifanele zivule amathuba aphumelelayo kubafundi nakubafundisi - ntsapho ukuba babe neengcamango ezilucelomngeni ezikwimeko entle nenentlonelo.

Fakela Iinkqubo Zokukhalaza Nezibheno Ezicace gca

Xa kuvela iimpikiswano ngengxubusho enxulumene nokuthetha, abafundi kunye nabafundisi-mfundo kufuneka bafumane inkqubo ecacileyo necacileyo yezikhalazo zeendawo zokuhlala kunye nezigqibo ezinomtsalane. Ezi nkqubo kufuneka ziquke imigca ecacileyo yexesha, amathuba okunikela ubungqina, kunye nokubukezwa ngabantu ngolwazi lomthetho wokuqala wokuHlanyiselwa.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwizikolo zemfundo amela enye yezona ndawo zinamandla nezikhuphiswano zomthetho-siseko waseMelika. Ukusuka kwiphawu elibanjwe eTinker ukuya kwimibuzo ekhutshwa emananini eMahanoy, iinkundla ziye zasebenza ukulungelelanisa ilungelo elisisiseko lokuchaza ngokuchasene neemfuno ezisebenzayo zezikolo ukugcina ucwangco nokufeza iinkonzo zazo zemfundo.

Kubafundi, ukuqonda amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kuthetha ukuqaphela amandla nemida yoMmiselo Wokuqala. Kubafundisi-lwazi nabaphathi, kuthetha ukuqhuba indlela esemthethweni efuna intlonelo kwiimeko zomntu ngamnye ezibangela ukuba afunde. Kwiqela labafundi, kuthetha ukucela ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yemfundo ngoxa behlonela iimbopheleleko zobugcisa ezihambisana nezikhuseli.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwimfundo asiyolungelo elisemthethweni nje kuphela kodwa sisixhobo esisemthethweni, esithi xa sisetyenziswa ngobulumko, silungiselele abafundi ukuba bangenelele ubumi nokukhuthaza ukusukela ulwazi. Ngokuseka imigaqo-nkqubo yemigaqo yesiseko, ngokukhuthaza izithethe zokuncokola ngentlonelo, nangokugcina inkqubela engokwasemthethweni, amaziko emfundo angasixhasa isithembiso soMgunyaziso wokuqala ngoxa ephumeza umsebenzi wabo osisiseko wemfundo.