Ukwazisa: Amandla Elizwi Eliqokelelayo

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungaphezulu kunokuthatha nje uluvo olulula ngoko abantu bakucingayo − lumandla anamandla aqhubela utshintsho, imigaqo-nkqubo, kwaye abeke ityala kwiinkokeli. Ukusuka kwikhampu ukuya kwigumbi lebhodi, isimo sengqondo esingaqhelekanga sabemi abaqhelekileyo siphembelela izigqibo ezichaphazela zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka koluvo lukawonke-wonke akuyonkqubo yemfundo nje ephambili; kubalulekile ekuqhubeni ulawulo lwale mihla, ubuchule boshishino, kunye nobomi bentlalo-ntle. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ubunjalo boluvo lukawonke, iingcambutho, indlela eliphembele ngayo, kunye nocelomngeni olubangela ukuba lube nzima kwisigqibo.

Yintoni Imbono Kawonke - wonke?

Uluvo lukawonke wonke lubhekisela kwiqela elisisigxina lesimo sengqondo, iinkolelo, kunye nokhetho olunabantu kwimicimbi yoluntu. Asiyonto ekhoyo enxulumene nobuchule obunye kodwa lubuhlanga oluntsonkothileyo lweembono zabantu ezinokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye zahluke kwiingongoma zabemi. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke ludla ngokulinganiswa ngokuphanda kwenzululwazi, uphando, nangokuqhubeka ngohlalutyo lwamanani. Kodwa ke, lukwabonakala ngemiqathango engalungelelaniswanga, njengemibhiyo, imikhwa efana, izithethe zezentlalo-ndaba, kunye neeleta eziya kumagosa anyuliweyo.

Abaphengululi bahlula uluvo lukawonke-wonke oluphezulu phakathi [[FLT: 0] noluphambili. Umzekelo, uninzi lwabemi lungabamba emva kwexesha malunga nobuhlwempu, ezi mbono ziba zizinto ezibangela intsingiselo. zithe zavela kuluntu [, oluthi lujongene nolubalulekileyo nolubalulekileyo.

"Imbono yePublic asiyonkwenkwezi emiselweyo; yincoko ephilayo ephenjelelwa ziziganeko, ijelo-ndaba, kunye nokunxibelelana kwabantu. ” — ithathwe kuWalter Lippmann, Imbono yePublic [[FL:1] [1922]

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kweembono Zabantu

Ingcamango yoluvo lukawonke wonke ayikaveli kule mihla. Iimvelaphi zayo zibuyela kulawulo-bulunga lwamandulo, apho ukuba nenxaxheba ngqo kwiindibano nakwiingxoxo zikawonke wonke kwakha isiseko sokwenza izigqibo. E-Athens, amadoda ahlanganisana ukuze avote kumthetho nasemkhosini, emisela uhlobo oluthile loluvo, nangona lulinganiselwe, amisela umzekelo wokungeniswa kwegalelo.

Ukusuka kumatshini wokushicilela ukuya kuMsa weSixhobo

Ukuveliswa komatshini wokushicilela ngenkulungwane ye-15 kwaguqula ukusasazeka kolwazi, kwenza amaphecana, amaphephandaba, kunye neencwadi zisasazeke ngokubanzi. Olu lwandiso lwenkcazelo eshicilelweyo luvumele iingcamango ukuba zihambe zinqumle imimandla kunye neeklasi, ngokuthe ngcembe zidala "ingqungquthela kawonke-wonke" apho ingxoxo inokudlula imida yasekuhlaleni. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, iingcuphe zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau zagxininisa indima yokuvuma uwonke wonke ekulawuleni ngokusemthethweni, ibeka isiseko sentandabulumko kwidemokhrasi yale mihla.

Inkulungwane Yama - 20: Ukwanda Kwenzululwazi Yokubhebhetha Kwezinto

Inkulungwane yama-20 yazisa iinguqulelo eziguqulayo. Ukufika konyulo lwesazulu sombutho-ndaba sobupolisa, umabonwakude, kwaye ekugqibeleni i-Internet (imbono kawonke-wonke evunyiweyo ukuba ilungiswe kwaye ilinganiswe ngomlinganiselo ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili. UGeorge Gallup waqalisa ukwenza uphando lwenzululwazi kwiminyaka yee-1930, iindlela zobuvulindlela ezinokuyibonisa ngokuchanekileyo indlela yesizwe yokuvakalelwa. Impumelelo yakhe ekuxele kwangaphambili unyulo lomongameli wase-U.S. lwabonisa ukuba unyulo lungaba zizixhobo ezinokuthenjwa, hayi nje iincwadi ezibhalwe ziintshumathelo. Ukususela ngoko, imibutho ehlola iPew Research Center ne Gallup iye yaba ziindawo ezihamba ubomi bezobupolitika, inika ugcino oluxhomekeke kwizinto ezifuna ukuvota abavoti.

  • Imodeli yakudala: idemokhrasi ethe ngqo kwiAthene nakwindibano zamaRoma.
  • [[UMTL:0] Utshintsho oluphambili lwangoku: Umatshini wokushicilela nokuvela kofundo lukawonke-wonke (Habermas, 1962).
  • [[UMHLA] wexesha lemodeli: Uphotho lwenzululwazi, amaqela agxininisayo, kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngamanani.

Indlela Iimbono Zoluntu Ezisichaphazela Ngayo Isigqibo Esenziwayo

Abenzi besigqibo kwicandelo ngalinye ```urhulumente, ishishini, kunye nebutho labantu' bayakwazi ukuva iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke.' Nangona indlela echanekileyo yobuchule ingafani, umgaqo osisiseko uyaguquguquka: ugunyaziso nempumelelo isoloko ixhomekeke kulungelelaniso nolundelo lukawonke-wonke. Ngapha koko sihlola iindawo ezintathu ezingundoqo apho le mpembelelo ibonakalisiwe kakhulu khona.

Izigqibo Zezobupolitika Nezomgaqo - siseko

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, amagosa anyuliweyo kufuneka aphendule kwizinto ezikhethwa ngabameli bawo ukuze aphumelele aze agcine isikhundla. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke luyilo yonke into ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala yowiso-mthetho ukuya kwintsebenziswano yezomthetho ukuya kumaphulo. Umzekelo, ummeli ojongene nesithili esinenkxalabo eqinileyo yemekobume usengozini yokuxhasa umthetho wemozulu. Uphando lweZiko lophando lwePew lubonise ukuvumelana okunamandla phakathi koluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye neenguqulo kwimiqathango yokuvolo yezekelela kwimiba yemibango enjengezempilo kunye nezokufuduka.

Ngaphandle kokusabela ngqo kwenkqubo, uluvo lukawonke-wonke luphembelela ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo. Oomongameli kunye nabameli abaphambili badla ngokusebenzisa irejista yemvume njengesikali sexesha lokuqhubela phambili amanyathelo okuphikisa. Imvume ephezulu ingaziqinisa iinkokeli ukuba zityhale ngentshukumisa engaphaya kotshintsho; imvume ephantsi ingazinyanzela ukuba zijike okanye zilalanise. Kwanoorhulumente abalawuli abalawula ngolawulo olungqongqo bajonge uluvo lwabantu, nangona besenokulucinezela okanye belusebenzise ukuze balulawule.

Ubuchule Boshishino Nesimilo Sezinto

Kwilizwe leshishini, uluvo lukawonke-wonke luguqulela kwimvakalelo yabathengi. Iinkampani zifaka imali eninzi ekuphandeni ukuze ziqonde oko kufunwa ngabathengi, uloyiko, kunye nexabiso. Ukwanda kwe-media yezentlalo yenze le nto yakhawuleza: utyekelo lwe-hashtag lungatshintsha iipakethi zokuthenga kwisithuba seeyure. Umzekelo, ukunyanzeleka kokuthengwa kwempahla elondolozwayo kubonisa ukutshintshwa okuqhubekayo koluvo lwabathengi oluye lwaqhubela iinkampani ezifana no-Unilever nePatagonia ekupheliseni iintambo zazo zokuzinika.

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke luchaphazela igama eliphambili kunye noxabiso lwezitokhwe. isiganeko soluvo lukawonke-wonke , njengehlazo elibandakanya ukuziphatha okubi komphathi ophezulu, lungaphelisa ukurhwebelana kwentengiso. Ngokuchasene nezizathu eziqhubekekayo zisoloko zinandipha ukunyaniseka kumacandelo angundoqo amanani abantu. Ngokutsho ko 2023 uphando lwe-Galup[[, phantse 70% yabemi baseMerika balindele ukuma kwiingxaki zentlalo, inyusa amandla okubonakalisa ububele kuluntu kwintengiso.

Izenzo zoNtlalo neMiqathango

Uluvo lukawonke wonke luzizonzo kunye nemveliso yemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Xa uquqanaye olubalulekileyo lwabantu luthatha uluvo olutsha kwinkupho − ukuba lugwebo lobuhlanga, ukulingana kwelungu, okanye isenzo semozulu (idala isithuba sezobupolitika sokutshintsha. Imo ye-Politiki amalungelo e-Olvil Imovement ngumzekelo obalaseleyo: iziqhubo zotyani kunye nokutyhilwa kwamajelo eendaba ngokuthe ngcembe kwaguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke nxamnye nomthetho womthetho we-Onke, ukuqulungela ummiselo wamaLungelo wowe-19649. Ngokufanayo, umbutho wokwalingana eUnited States wabona inkxaso kawonke yomtshato enyuka ukusuka malunga nama-30% ekupheleni kowama-1990 ukuya kuma-60%, ukunyuka kwendlela ye-2010, ukupheliswa kwendlela kawonke yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla [FL:0]...

Intshukumo ezinje iMeto kunye IManube Yobomi Obumnyama [ ibonise indlela amaphulo oshishino oluneentsholongwane anokuyiguqula ngayo imbono kawonke-wonke kunye neempendulo zokunyanzelisa, ukusuka kwinkqubo yequmrhu ukuya kumbuzo womthetho. Le ndlela yeqela iphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke, nto leyo etshintsha ibangela imijikelezo yeziphumo zentengiso yentlalo.

Ubungqina boMgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente noMgaqo-nkqubo

Ngapha koko, iipolitiki nentsebenziswano eziphezulu, uluvo lukawonke-wonke luphembelela ulawulo lwemini-mini kusetyenziswa iinkqubo zomanyano ezifana neeholo zedolophu, amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, kunye nentengiso. Iirhulumente zongingqi zisoloko zitshintsha ukulungelelanisa okanye izicwangciso zokuthutha ezisekelwe kwingxelo yabahlali. Kumgangatho wesizwe, amasebe anjenge-U.S. Ukhuselo lwemekobume lucela igalelo loluntu phambi kokugqiba imimiselo .Njengaphozinye ithelekelela ukuba iimbono zeqela lifanele lazise izigqibo zobugcisa.

Ukulinganisa Uluvo Lwabantu: Iindlela Nemilinganiselo

Umlinganiselo ochanileyo yisiseko sokusetyenziswa koluvo lukawonke-wonke. Zininzi iindlela ezikhoyo, nganye ineengenelo nemigibe eyahlukileyo.

Uphando Nenzululwazi Eyonakalisayo

Umgangatho wegolide uyaqhubeka uphando lwenzululwazi, apho umlinganiselo womelo lwabemi ubuzwa imibuzo esezantsi. Uphando olucwangcisiweyo lunciphisa ucalulo ngomzekelo oqhelekileyo, amagama ombuzo onononophelo, kunye nobunzima bokubonakalisa inani lamanani. Iintlangano ezifana ne Roper Center for Public Opintelligion Research ugcino lwamashumi eminyaka ogcino-lwazi, olunika umphandlelo oluxabisekileyo kuphando lwabaphandi.

Amaqela Okuqwalasela nophando oluziiNtloko

Ukuqiqa okunzulu kungoko abantu beneembono ezithile, amaqela agxininisayo kunye nodliwano-ndlebe olukwi-ethee, kuyasetyenziswa. Ezi ndlela zivumela abachazi bolwazi ukuba baphande indlela yokusabela, iimvakalelo zophando, kwaye batyhile ukuqiqa okukhoyo ngenxa yeembono. Ngelixesha bengasetyenziswa ngokweenkcubeko, banika uluvo olutyebileyo lwemeko olungenakubanjwa.

Izixhobo zokusebenzisa amanani kunye nezobugcisa

Kwixesha le-intanethi, amaqonga onxibelelwano anika ixesha lokwenene, uqukuqelo oluphezulu lwezimvo. Ukulungiselela ulwimi lwendalo (NLP) izixhobo zingahlalutya ii-tweet, amagqabaza, kunye nezithuba zokubonisa indlela ezivakalelwa ngayo kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwingxoxo yomongameli ukuya kwimveliso entsha. Noko ke, ezi nkcazelo ziphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokumela: asinguye wonke umntu othetha nge-intanethi, kwaye i-boot okanye iphulo elicwangcisiweyo elinokugqwetha imiqondiso. Ufundo oluvela kwiSikolo [[FLT: 0] Harvard Kennedy [ lufumanise ukuba uluvo lwasekuhlaleni lwemizwanoluvo olugqithisileyo, olufuna ukucaciswa kwelizwi, olufuna utoliko oluneno oluluvo lucothayo.

  • Uvavanyo lophando oluyi uqikelelo lovavanyo: ukunyaniseka kwestatistiki, intsingiselo elandelelanayo ngexesha.
  • Uguqulo lohlolo: ucalucalulo, iziphumo zoluvo, iimpendulo ezisezantsi.
  • Isantya sohlalutyo lwentlalo- mveliso: Isantya, umthamo, ixabiso eliphantsi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo loluvo lwentlalo-ntle: lusebenzisa ucalucalulo, lungalawuleki, lunokuchanabeka ekusebenziseni iziyobisi.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Ekuchaseni Iimbono Zabantu

IMedia---injini : Imisebenzi yesithethe neyezimilo-ezibonisa izinto ezijongwa kuzo. Ukufakwa kwemiba, ukukhethwa kwamabali, nesandi sokuthetha kuchaphazela oko abantu bakucingayo nendlela abacinga ngayo ngayo.

Impembelelo enyamezelayo yamajelo eendaba

Ngaphandle kokunyuka kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano, amaphephandaba, iindaba zikamabonwakude, kunye nonomathotholo kuhlala kukho ulwakhiwo olubalulekileyo, ingakumbi phakathi kwabemi abadala. "agenda-seating" ingcamango, equluntshwe okokuqala nguMaxwell McCombs kunye noDonald Shaw ngo1972, ibamba ukuba ijelo-lwazi lixelela uluntu [ oko kufuneka kucinge ngako kumele kuqwalaselwe. Ngokunikela ingqalelo eqhubekayo kwimixholo ethile yemiba [“engxmangx, ingx, okanye umsebenzi wempilo, okanye wezoqoqosho, --ithematilikidia iphakamisa loo micimbi kumgangatho woluntu.

Imithombo yamajelo eendaba kunye namagumbi okujolisa

Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle aguqule umgangatho wolwazi ngokuvumela ukubonelelwa komntu ngokobuqu ngeendaba kunye nemithetho-siseko. Oku kusetyenziswa kwesiko kungenza "iigumbi le-echo" apho abasebenzisi bachanabeka kuphela kwiimbono eziqinisa iinkolelo zabo ezikhoyo. Ngoxa ijelo-lwazi loluntu linako ukunyusa amalizwi ahlukeneyo, likwanokutsho linyuse. Uphando lucebisa ukuba i-algorithm zenzelwe ukunyusa ukugana ngokufuthi okunentsingiselo engaqhelekanga okanye okwahlukanisayo, okunokukhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwimibandela yengxabano.

Ukongeza, ukusasazeka kwe imistinformation kumaqonga afana noFacebook kunye no-Twitter kungucelomngeni olunzulu. Amabali obuxoki okanye alahlekisayo angahamba ngentsholongwane phambi kokuba abakhangeli bemeko baphendule, okwethutyana begqwetha uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Unyulo lomongameli wase-U.U.S. lwabona ukurhoxiswa okusasazekileyo malunga novota lweposi, kukhokelela amanye amacandelo kawonke-wonke ukubuza ingqibelelo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Iingxaki Zokuqonda Nokusebenzisa Iimbono Zabantu

Nangona uluvo lukawonke wonke lunamandla, ukutolika kwalo kuzaliswe bubuntsonkothileyo.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Ukusasazeka kwangabom kolwazi lobuxoki kungadala imbonakalo yenkxaso yoninzi kwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo. Xa abemi bephenjelelwa yi-data ecetyiweyo, iziphumo "uluvo lukawonke-wonke" azisabonisi umgwebo osisingqino. Oku kuyenza ibe phantsi kwale njongo yokusabela kwedemokhrasi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Kwibutho eliziingqimba ezinzulu, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lusoloko lwahlulwe kakhulu kwimigca yabaququzeleli okanye iingcamango. Oku kungakhokelela kwimeko apho kungekho sivumelwano, kunyanzelisa abenzi besigqibo ukuba bakhethe amacala kunokuba bafune isiseko esinye. Isiphumo senkqubo sitshintsha-jijeka/xa omnye umntu ethatha indawo yenye, xa etshintsha enye, etshintsha imo-athomatiki kwaye ethintela ucwangciso lwexesha elide.

Utshintsho lommandla kunye noguquguquko lwejiyografi

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke alufani. Umahluko ngokweminyaka, imfundo, ingeniso, uhlanga, kunye nejografi ungachazwa. Inkqubo exhaswe ngabavoti abaselula basedolophini ingalahlwa ngabasemaphandleni abadala. Abenzi besigqibo kufuneka bavavanye ngocoselelo oluyantlukwano; uhlolisiso lwesizwe olubonisa inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo lusenokujamelana nenkcaso ekrakra evela kwinginginya yelizwi.

Ukuncedwa Ngamaqela Anomdla

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungakhiwa okanye lunyuswe ngamaphulo alungiselelwe kakuhle. Izibhengezo, ukubhenela, kunye nokuqhatha (ukuvelisa iingca zenkohliso) kungafanisa ukuxhathisa okusasazekileyo kwemiqathango yeshishini okanye yezopolitiko. Oku kugqwetha ilizwi eliyinyaniso labantu kwaye kubangela ucelomngeni kulawulo-demokhrasi.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Uluvo Lwasekuhlaleni

Uhlolisiso olungqalileyo lwembali nelwenziwa ngexesha lalo lubonisa indlela abantu abatshintsha ngayo imiphumo.

IMbutho yaMalungelo yaBantwana (1950s-1960)

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngocalulo lobuhlanga lwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo kwisithuba seshumi leminyaka. Imifanekiso enconywayo yabaqhankqalazi abanoxolo abahlaselwa ngamapolisa, idityaniswe nokhokelo lokuziphatha olufana noMartin Luther King Jr., yakhuthaza ukuthomalalisa imilinganiselo emhlophe ukuxhasa utshintsho. Uthelekelelo lwangexesha lubonisa ukuba inkxaso yomthetho wamalungelo abantu esizwe yanyuka ukusuka kwabambalwa ukuya kuninzi olucacileyo phakathi ko 1960 no1964. Olu tshintsho yayiyimeko efunekayo yokugqithisela amaLungelo e-Politiki Act (1964) kunye noMthetho we-Voting Rights.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nesivumelwano SaseParis

Uluvo loluntu jikelele ngemozulu lujongene nongxamiseko lwesenzo, luqhutywa ziziganeko zemozulu ezibonakala zigqithiseleyo kunye neengxelo zenzululwazi. NgokweZiko lophando lwe-Pew, isininzi sabantu abangama-70% kumazwe akwi 17 ngoku sixhasa imithetho engqongqo ukulwa notshintsho lwemozulu. Le mimandla inyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba bamkele iinkqubo ezinjengekharbon ephembelela kunye nokudibanisa izakhiwo zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana ne Paris sivumelwano. Xa iUnited States iye yarhoxa ithe kancinane, uluvo lwamakhaya lwadlala indima engqongqo kumazwe alandelayo phantsi kolawulo lweBenden.

Ukulingana Komtshato Nokwamkelwa Kwabantu

Isindululo sokulingana komtshato eUnited States sibonisa indlela uluvo lukawonke-wonke olunokuyiqala nokuyigunyazisa ngayo imiqathango yezomthetho. Ukususela ngo-1996 ukuya ku-2015, ukuxhasa umtshato omnye kuphindaphindeke ngaphezu kokuphindiweyo. Olu tshintsho aluzange lwenzeke kwi-atmocratic; lwaphenjelelwa kukumela amajelo eendaba, amabali obuqu ahlanganiswe kumajelo oluntu, kunye namaphulo okuphatha umthetho.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ikho Kwimbono Yoluntu

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke asiyombonakalo yebutho labantu; ngamandla asebenzayo, ajikelezayo abumba izigqibo kumgangatho ngamnye. Ukusuka kwiAgora yamandulo ukuya kutyiso lweTwitter, ilizwi elidibeneyo labemi linamandla okucel ’ umngeni igunya, ukuqhubekisa okusesikweni, nokuqhuba ikhondo lembali. Kodwa elo gunya liza nembopheleleko: ukuyilinganisela ngokuchanekileyo, ukukhusela ekuxhaphazeni ukurhoxisa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ifundiswa yinkcazelo echanileyo.

Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabemi abatshayelelweyo, ukuqonda amandla oluvo lukawonke-wonke kubalulekile. Kusenza siphucule iindlela zezobupolitika ezichanekileyo, sixelise iziphumo zentengiso, kwaye sibe nenxaxheba ngendlela enentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Njengoko imekobume yolwazi iqhubeka iguquka, imidlalo ephakathi kokwakhiwa koluvo nokwenziwa kwesigqibo iza kukhula kuphela ngokuntsonkothileyo.

Ngokuqonda intsingiselo yembono kawonke wonke, sinokungabandakanyeki nje njengababukeli abangenzi nto kodwa njengabanenxaxheba kwincoko eqhubekayo echaza imimandla yethu nehlabathi lethu.