Indima Ehlala Ihleli Yezilingo Zoluntu Kwinkqubo Yale Mihla Engokwasemthethweni

Iimvavanyo zikawonke-wonke zimela enye yezona zikhuselo zibonakalayo zenkqubo yokulunga. Umgaqo wokuba amatyala enkundla kufuneka avulekelwe ekuqwalaleni ngabahlali-( kwaye ngokufuthi amaphephandaba) asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla karhulumente kwaye isiqinisekiso sokuba okusesikweni akwenziwa kodwa kujongwa ukuba kwenziwe. Ngoxa ingqiqo engundoqo idala, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyaqhubeka kubhenela ekuphenduleni kwiinguqu zezobugcisa, imicimbi yokhuseleko, nokutshintsha izilangazelelo zobuzwelo. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ziye zavela kumandla kawonke-wonke, indlela eziye zaphuhlisa ngayo iingcinezelo namhlanje zifuneka ngayo kuye nabani na oxabisa umthetho.

Isiseko Esingokwembali Sokwaleka Kobulungisa

Ingcamango yokuba iimvavanyo kufuneka ziqhutywe phambi kwabantu ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo. Yakhula kaninzi, ngenxa yemfuneko yokuthintela iinkundla ezifihlakeleyo kunye nemithetho engekho mthethweni. Iinkqubo zomthetho zamandulo zaqonda ukuba imicimbi efihlakeleyo yayidla ngokubangela ukunganyaniseki nokuxhatshazwa, ngoxa ukuchotshelwa kwabantu kwakunokubhenca ukukrokra nokugunyaziswa.

Imvelaphi Yamandulo ERoma NaseGrisi

KwiRiphabliki yaseRoma, ityala elingokwasemthethweni lalidla ngokuqukwa kwi-forum, indawo kawonke-wonke apho abemi babenokuhlanganisa khona. Amatyala enkundleni ayencinwa phambi kwenkundla yabachopheli-mthetho, kwaye ubukho bababukeli baqinisekisa ukuba abameli bathobele imithetho emiselweyo yobungqina. Ngokufanayo, e-Atene yamandulo, iimvavanyo zenzeke kwi-[FLT] sheliaia [, inkundla enkulu yenkundla yesikhululo. Nabani ummi oyindoda wayenokuya kwaye avote kwizigqibo, enze uwiso lwemi olunzulu. Oku kunikezelo lokuqala lokusebenza ngaphandle komthetho lwalungelulo olusemthethweni; yayiyi-pragratioktiod kumngcipheko olawulwa ngamaqela amakhulu.

INgilani Yamandulo Nokuvela Kwe Juli

Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wazuzwa njengesazulu sosasazo lwamaRoma, kodwa wanika imo ekhethekileyo. Emva kokuba iNorman Conquest, iinkundla zolawulo lwasebukhosini ziqalile ukuhamba kwisiphaluka, amatyala okuva kwidolophu yentengiso yasekuhlaleni. [Magna Carta] [1215] (12]) ayizange igunyazise ngokucacileyo iimvavanyo zikawonke, kodwa ukugxininiswa kwayo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Ngexesha lamva lenkulungwane yenkulungwane, iimvavanyo zaziqhutyelwa kwinkundla ezivulekileyo apho ababukeli babenokubukela ukuhlolwa kwamangqina nezimpikiswano zesiluleko. Inkqubo yabachongi, eyayibeka abemi abaqhelekileyo kwindima yezibatho, yayixhomekeke ekubalakaleni kwezicelo ukuze bagcine ukuthembeka kwayo. Umbhali-mthetho wembali uJohn Baker uphawula ukuba utheth ’

Ukukhanyiselwa noMgaqo-siseko waseMerika

Izandi zoluvo lwentanda-bulumko zinyuse okusesikweni okuvulekileyo ukusuka kwisithethe esisebenzayo ukuya ekunene komGaqo-siseko. [[FLT: 0] uJamy Benham waphikisa ngokuxhaphakileyo ukuba “umphefumlo wobulungisa” ulawulwa ngabagwebi namagqwetha“ kuba abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abanokubekwa ityala likawonke-wonke-wonke.” Abaquququzeli boMgaqo-siseko bafakele ekucinezelweni kwasekunene kwetyala likawonke kwingxelo yenkundla unyuso lwendlela yokubona ngaphaya kwenkundla, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abamangali-mthetho abagwebi abanakubekwa mfihleko. Umthetho ophezulu [FLT] ngokunjalo ukhuseleko lwamandla okushicilela intebeko, ukubonakala kokubonakala kwayo yonke imicimbi yetyala.

Imisebenzi ye Core yokubonisa ngaphaya kwinkqubela-phambili yomthetho

Ukukhanya okucacileyo kwenza okungaphezulu kokwanelisa iinjongo ezingabonakaliyo; kwenza imisebenzi yekonkrithi eyenza inkqubo yokusesikweni isebenze ngokusesikweni nangempumelelo. Ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa nguwonke wonke, iinkqubo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ziyawohloka.

Ukuphendula kwaBagwebi naBameli

Xa ijaji igqiba emva kweminyango evaliweyo, akukho kuhlolwa ngokukhawuleza kobuhlanga, ukungafezeki, okanye ukunganyaniseki. Amasebe avulekileyo anyanzelisa amagosa eenkundla ukuba athethe ngokuphandle ngengqiqo yawo phambi kwababukeli abanokucel ’ umngeni izigqibo ezisibheno okanye ngentetho yesidlangalala. Oku kumele kufuneke kwana kubatshutshisi namagqwetha akhuselayo, amele aziphathe ngendlela ephambili xa izenzo zawo zibonwa ngabasebenzi bezixhobo zekhompyutha nabemibutho labantu. Oku kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezibandakanya ingxubeko ephakamileyo, njengesohlwayo yengxwele okanye ukonakala kwezobupolitika.

Ukungalawuleki Kokuziphatha Okubi Nolwaphulo - mthetho

Ukuvavanywa kukawonke-wonke kusebenza umsebenzi onamandla wokuthintela kwimigangatho emibini. Okokuqala, kuthintela ukuziphatha okubi: ijaji enokuthi ilingwe ngokungekho mthethweni yazi ukuba nakuphi na ukuphambuka kuza kubhencwa. Okwesibini, ithintela abo baza kuba ngamatyala ngokubonisa ukuba isimilo solwaphulo-mthetho siza kuhlangatyezwa ngokukhawuleza, siyabonakala. Uphando kwi-crinist lubonisa ukuba ukuqiniseka kwesohlwayo, ingakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa ngabanye, inempembelelo enamandla ngakumbi kunobukhulu besigwebo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukukholosa Nomthetho

Inkqubo yobulungisa esebenza ekufihlekeni ibangela ukukrokrela. Abami abangakwaziyo ukubona indlela ezifikelelwa ngayo izigqibo bangagqiba kwelokuba inkqubo ixhotyisiwe okanye iyagqwethwa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iinkundla zimema uqwalaselo lukawonke-wonke, zibonisa ukuba akukho nto zimele ziyifihle. Oku kubonakalisa ukuba akukho nto inokufihla. Oku kwakha isiseko sokholo oluxhasa isiko naxa kunikezelwa izigqibo ezingathandwayo. ISigqibo sobulungisa [ igxininisa ukuba abantu basebenzisane nomthetho kungekhona ngenxa yoloyiko, kodwa ngenxa yokuba bayayiqonda inkqubo exhasayo njengendlela elungileyo. Iimvavanyo zikawonke wonke zingezinye zezona miqondiso zibonakalayo.

Ucelomngeni Olulandelayo Lokuvula Okusesikweni

Nangona ibalulekile, ukuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke kusengxakini kule nkulungwane yama-21. Ubugcisa obutsha, ukhuseleko, nokungakhuseleki kwemilinganiselo yentlalo kubangele iimbambano ezimele ziqhutywe ziinkundla ngocoselelo.

Impembelelo Emangalisayo Yemithombo Yezindaba

I-Mass media-(nangoku imithombo yezonxibelelwano yentlalo-ntle) inegunya lokuguqula ukuvavanywa kube ngumbutho wehlabathi. O.J. Simpson ukuvavanywa phakathi konyaka ka19990] ngumzekelo ophawulayo: ingqwalaselo enika intelekelelo kamabonwakude nenkqubo yokubonisa intetho engapheliyo ebangele ukukhuphisana nobungqina obusoloko buthelekisa inkundla. Ngoku abaqhubi betyala elinjalo banokuphenjelelwa ziingxelo, kwaye amangqina angaguqula ubungqina bawo obusekelwe koko aye akubonile kwiinkqubo zeendaba. Uphando olunzulu lwangaphambili lunokuveza ukuba ukuchasana novavanyo olungapheliyo, lwenze kube nzima ukukhusela ukuvavanywa ngoku. Ezinye iindawo ngoku zifaka imiyalelo engqongqo okanye imiyalelo eqinileyo ezichaphazameni ezinjalo, kodwa zisenokumelana nezingqingqine nezingqine nemigaqo ezinjalo.

Amalungelo Ayimfihlo Amaxhoba NamaNgqina

Imfuneko yetyala likawonke-wonke isenokungqubana nezilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo zobuqu zamaxhoba, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezimava anzima ezibandakanya ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, okanye amangqina abantwana. Ukunyanzela ixhoba ukuba linikele ubungqina kwinkundla exineneyo engongezelelweyo okanye lide lingakwazi ukunikela ingxelo epheleleyo. Iinkqubo ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni zinokuvuma ngokuvumela ubungqina busuka kumabonwakude ovaliweyo okanye ngokuvala inkundla yezona zenzo ezithile. [FLT: 0] Inkundla yamatyala e-Eyubhile yamalungelo abantu [[[FLT]] iyazi ukuba ukuqwalaselwa kobuqu kusenokuthethelela imiqathango elinganiselweyo ekufikeleleni kwabantu, logama nje ummiselo umlinganiselo ufanelekile. Ukulinganisela kwezi zihlala zingumsebenzi ofanelekileyo kubagwebi.

Impembelelo Engokweemvakalelo Nengokwengqondo Kwabathathi - nxaxheba

Abameli, amangqina, kwaneingcali ezingokwasemthethweni bangabandezeleka ngenxa yoxinezeleko lokuqwalaselwa. Iimvavanyo zikawonke-wonke zinokuzenza zizive zithotyiwe ngokunqamleza phantsi kokujongwa ngabachongi; ummangalelwa usenokuziva enengcinezelo yokumenzela ikhamera kunokuba ajolise kumangqina. [[FLT:]]Stockholm Syndrome [ okanye ezinye izinto ezichaphazela ingqondo zingadityaniswa nokungabi nandawo yokuzihlola. Iinkundla zivavanye ukuva ukuva ukuvalwa kwekhamera kunokuba zinikezele kunye nee-fishmssss zivavanye abathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa abasebenzi ababuthathaka abagqibekileyo abagqibekanga.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Nengozi Yobungqina Obufihlakeleyo

Kumatyala abandakanya ubugrogrisi, isalathisi, okanye inkcazelo eyahlulweyo, oorhulumente basoloko bephikisa ukuba ukutyhila okupheleleyo koluntu kungabeka engozini ukhuseleko. Isiphumo sibe kukwanda kweenkundla zezobugqwirha okanye iinkqubo zokuvala izinto eziphathekayo, apho kunikelwa ubungqina kwijaji kodwa hayi kuluntu okanye kwinkundla yetyala likarhulumente. Ityala loMmangalelwa liphela liza kubekwa ityala elipheleleyo. Imicimbi yokhuseleko yesizwe isenokungawuchaphazamisi umgaqo ongafanelekanga wokukhusela ityala iUnited States. kwaye i-Glostic Counity Squances Surveialvence [[FLT] [FLD:5] ayifanelenga kugwetyelwa ngokusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo okukhulu. Ngexesha inkxaso yokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukuzifihla imfiliswa kwetyala, ukungana nako ekungamele kukhuselwe umgaqo othile ekunganye ukugwetyelwa.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Olwayichaphazela Imigaqo

Ukuhlolisisa izilingo ezithile kusinceda sibone indlela ephunyezwa ngayo ingcamango yokuhlola esidlangalaleni — yaye apho iye yasilela khona.

Ityala LikaSocrates (399 BCE)

Olunye uvavanyo lukawonke-wonke lwamandulo olubhaliweyo kwimbali yaseNtshona lulolwesithandi sobulumko uSocrates, owagwetywa e-Athene ngenxa yokungalungisi nokonakaliswa kolutsha. Ityala laqhutyelwa kwi- Agora phambi kwejaji yabachopheli-mthetho abangama-501. USocrates wanikela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, olubhalwe nguPlato, olwaba ngumbhalo wesiseko kwintanda-ntanda-bulumko yaseNtshona. Ityala libonisa ukuba indalo ekhutshelwe kabini yokukhululeka: usasazo ezivumela uSocracrates ukuba anikezele kwiimvakalelo ezivuthayo zomgwebi odumileyo. Isiphumo sokubulawa kwakhe.

INuremberg Ames (1945-1946)

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amagunya ahlangeneyo aseka iNtloko yoMkhosi waMazwe onke eNuremberg ukuzama iinkokeli zemfazwe nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu. Iityala zazingoowonke, ngokuguqulelwa ngaxeshanye kunye nesixhobo sokushicilela esisisigxina. Oku kubonakalayo kwasebenza iinjongo ezimbini: kwanikela iinjongo zenkohlakalo kwimbali, kwaye kwabonisa ukuba abaphumeleleyo babebambelele kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni kunokuba bafune impindezelo. IiNuremberg zamisela umzekelo wezolwaphulo-mthetho lwezizwe ngezizwe zonke kwaye kwagxininisa ingcamango yokuba kwanolona lwaphulo-mthetho lukhulu lumele lufakwe kwinkqubo evulekileyo ehlabathini. Namhlanje, [[FLT:] iNkuquluko lwezigebenga lomthetho iyaqhubeka oko kusasazo mthetho lwalo lwezomthetho lwalo lwezongalo lwezo.

Iimvavanyo zamagqwirha eSalem (1692)

Umzekelo olumkileyo wokuvavanywa kukawonke-wonke, amatyala amagqwirha aseSalem eMassachusetts abonisa iingozi zokungalawuleki kwabantu. Iziganeko zazenziwa ngobuchule, kodwa zaqhutywa kwimeko yoloyiko apho izityholo zodwa zanele ukuvalelwa. Ubungqina be-pectral . “‘ Ubungqina obuchaname ngemaphuphazelo kunye nemibono , kwaye abamangalelwa ababengafuni ukuvuma babulawa. Amatyala eSalem abonisa ukuba ukubhengezwa ngaphandle kokukhusela kwemilingo yesizwe, obufana nelungelo lokunqumla abamangaleli be-amine. Inkundla yeMassachusettschuse iphumele inkohlakalo engekho sesikweni. Inkundla enkulu nemithetho yaleencwadi yanamhlanje yaziphendulela ngokungqalileyo kule ntlekele.

Iimvavanyo Zoluntu Ngexesha Lamanani

Ubugcisa buye baguqula indlela abantu abakwazi ngayo ukujamelana neemvavanyo. Indlela eqhelekileyo `ukuhlala kwinkundla yetyala') iye yafakwa endaweni yayo, kwezinye iimeko, ngokujongwa kwamanani.

Ukurhweba- Okuphilayo nokushicilela kwevidiyo

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zivumela ukubhalwa kwevidiyo nokuqukunjelwa kwetyala, noko kusenziwa kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States iyakuchasa ukufumaneka kwekhamera, kodwa iinkundla zelizwe ziyayamkela. Umzekelo, i-Minnesota Justiciali Branch i-'milval'empikiswano zomlomo kwi-intanethi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba oku kukhuthaza ukufikelela kakhulu, ingakumbi abantu abangakwaziyo ukuya kwindlu yenkundla. Kodwa ke, abagxeki baxhalabile ukuba ubukho beekhamera bungaguqula ukuziphatha kwabathathi-nxaxheba; abameli bangaqhuba abaphula abaphula umthetho abaphulaphuli. [FLT:] FFFFFF]

I-Database yoNyaka kunye neNkcubeko yeXesha

Abaxhasi bayalelwa ngoku ukuba bangahambi bematyala kwi media yezentlalo, kodwa isilingo sihlala sikhona. Ijaji ethetha ngengcinga ingabangela utshintsho oluphosakeleyo. Okwangoku, ii-puntits kunye nempembelelo zidibanisa ubungqina bedistiki ngexesha lokwenene, ngokufuthi igqwetha ubungqina. [[FLT: 0] Ityala le-Anthony Anthony [[FL:1] ukuvavanya [FLT] [[FLT] [1] yaba yinkcitho yenkcaso yesithethe kwizixhobo zoluntu, kunye nezigidi ezivelisa iimbono ezinamandla phambi kwesigqibo. Lemeko-bume ingenza kube nzima kubalawuli ukuba bahlale bengakhethi buso. Iinkundla zezentlalo-ndaba zoluntu ezingqongqo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphambili yemibangombutho yokucoca i-conga.

Ukucaca nokwanda kogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo

Ngaphezu kokuphila, imimandla emininzi ngoku ipapasha amaxwebhu enkundla, amazibuko, kunye nezigqibo kwi-intanethi ukwenzela ukukhululeka. Oku kutshintshela kugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo kwenza ukuba inkqubo yokusesikweni ifikeleleke ngakumbi kubaphandi, intatheli, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. iPublic Accesssion to Court Electronic Recolects (PACR)[FLC]] inkqubo yenkqubo eUnited States, nangona igxekwa ngesakhiwo sayo somrhumo, imela inyathelo elikhulu elingaphambili ekukhanyeleni. Ngokufanayo, iNkunga yeNkundla ye-UMANDLA ye-UMANDLA [FLT] izigwebo nevidiyo yolwazi oluqhelekileyo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: UMthetho oqhelekileyo uchasene noMthetho waBami

Umgaqo wokuvavanywa kwabantu ngokubanzi udla ngokubakho ehlabathini lonke, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwahlukile kwiinkolelo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Amazwe Aqhelekileyo Omthetho

Kulo ixhaphakile, iUnited Kingdom, iKhanada, neAustralia, iimvavanyo zikawonke-wonke ziqinisekiswe ngokwemigaqo-siseko okanye ngokuqinisekisa. Iinkqubo zangaphambili (njengokucela ukucetywa nokucinezelwa kokuvinjwa) zisoloko zivuleka kakuhle, nangona zingenjalo. Inkqubo ye-adversarial, enobungqina obuninzi, obuxhomekeke kakhulu kumandla kawonke-wonke okunikela ubungqina kwiimpikiswano eziphilayo. ABagwebi banamandla alinganiselweyo okuvala inkundla; iqela elifuna ukuvala ityala kufuneka libonise umdla onyanzelekileyo kunye nesithambiso. Ii-magqalich Stocks v[FLD] [FFF:3]

Amazwe Omthetho Wamakhaya

Kumagunya omthetho wasekuhlaleni anjenge eFrance, eJamani, naseJapan, iityala zikwakho nawonke-wonke, kodwa indima yejaji (okanye inkundla edityanisiweyo) isoloko ilinganiselwe. EFransi, [ i-'asessions iva amatyala anzulu awetyala akwi-jaji, kwaye ityala livuliwe. Kodwa, ukuphengulula abagwebi kwinkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya kusoloko kusisingxilonga. Ngoxa ukuvavanywa ngokwako kuyimfihlo. Ngexesha loku kuthenjiswa kwabantu bonke, ukumangalelwa akuna kufumanekangafikeleli ngokupheleleyo kubantu. [5] Abahlalushina beli beli komiti yezolwazi, banokuveza ukuncitshiswa kwengxelo yomthetho.[5]

Isiphelo: Ukugcina iNkangeleko Yokusesikweni Okuvulekileyo

Iimvavanyo zikawonke-wonke azingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo. Ziyinkuselo ekhuselayo inkqubo yokusesikweni ekungabini sisixhobo sengcinezelo. Ukusuka kwimikhosi yeRoma yamandulo ukuya kwityala elihlalayo leNkundla ye-International Criminal, isenzo sokuvula iziphumo zomthetho zokubona uwonke zisoloko zisebenza ukuhlola amandla, ukwakha ukuthembana, nokufundisa abemi ngamalungelo abo nemisebenzi yabo. Kodwa iingxaki zokuhlohla ukhuthuzo, ukhuseleko, nokungqubana kwamanani kufuneka zihlale zifuna ukuqwalaselwa. Iinkundla kufuneka zizenze ngaphandle kokunikela umgaqo ongundoqo: ukuba ubuchule obutsha kunye namathemba asekuhlaleni kufuneka abonwe. Njengoko ubuchule obutsha nokuzenziswa kwentlalo-ntle buye basebenza ngendlela esibubukela ngayo kwaye bungene ngayo, ukuzibophelela kokubonakala ngaphandle kolwazi kufuneka kuhlale kuqinile. Kodwa ke, isithembiso sokubonakala kwasombululo siqwala.