Ukuqonda Irhafu Yasekuhlaleni Nendima Yayo Ekuxhaseni Imali

Iirhafu zemali zengingqi zisisiseko sezixeko, amaphondo, nezikolo kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Le minikelo ivelisa ingeniso efunekayo ukuze kuqhutywe izikolo, kulondolozwe iindlela, kugcinwe imimandla ekhuselekileyo, kubonelelwa neenkonzo zempilo eziyimfuneko. Ngaphandle kweerhafu eziyimfuneko. Ngaphandle kwerhafu zasekuhlaleni, abantu abaninzi abahlala apho bebengaxhomekekanga kwirhafu yemihla ngemihla okanye bebengayi kuba baninzi kakhulu. Kodwa abami abaninzi abakwazi ukuyiqonda kakuhle indlela eziyakhiwe ngayo ezi rhafu, apho imali iya khona, nesizathu sokuba umthwalo wabo werhafu wasekuhlaleni uhluka-hluka ukusuka kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe. Eli nqaku lihlahlela inkcitho yerhafu, lihlola iziphumo zayo kwimimandla esekuhlaleni, kwaye linika iindlela ezisebenzayo zokubandakanyela imicimbi yerhafu.

Ngo-2021, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqokelela imali emalunga nee-3,8 ezigidi zerhafu, kunye nerhafu yasekuhlaleni emalunga nama-37%, ngokwe-Urban Institute. Irhafu yempahla iyodwa yakhiwe phantse kwikota ezintathu zerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda la manani kunceda abemi balapho baqonde umlinganiselo nokubaluleka kwerhafu yasekuhlaleni kwizindlu zabo.

Iyintoni Irhafu Yasekuhlaleni?

Iirhafu zerhafu zengingqi zinyanzelisa oorhulumente bezizwe ngezizwe . "ezinjengeerhafu, izixa-mali, isithili esikhethekileyo, kunye nezikolo-"ukuxhasa iinkonzo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela abahlali ngqo. Ngokungafaniyo neerhafu zikarhulumente okanye zikarhulumente, irhafu yasekuhlaleni iqokelelwa kwaye isetyenziswe kummandla omnye, inika abemi irhafu ecacileyo phakathi koko bakuhlawula noko bakufumanayo. Igunya elisemthethweni lerhafu yasekuhlaleni lisuka kwimiqathangomthetho okanye imimiselo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iintlobo kunye nexabiso lerhafu ekhoyo ziyahluka-nde ngomzekelo. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe anika amakhaya igunya elibanzi lomthetho womthetho wolawulo lwerhafu e-lentiyo, ngoxa amanye emisela ngokungqongqo igunya lokuhlawula irhafu yasekuhlaleni.

Iirhafu zezobulali zidla ngokuwela kwiindidi ezimbini: irhafu ye-adrodem (njengexabiso, njengerhafu yempahla) kunye nerhafu ekhutshwayo (esekelwe kwintengiselwano, njengerhafu yentengiso). Iindawo ezininzi zikwaqokelela iindleko, iinkcitho, iingxelo, kunye neendleko ezikhethekileyo zeenkonzo ezithile ezifana nokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma okanye amanzi. Ukuxutywa kwemithombo yemali kumisela indlela ezomelele ngayo nenokulingana ngayo uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukuqhekeza Iintlobo Eziyintloko Zerhafu Yasekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda irhafu nganye yasekuhlaleni kunezibakala, iingenelo neengxaki ezingafaniyo. Kunceda abemi balapho bahlole izicelo baze baphendule amagosa.

Irhafu Yempahla

Iirhafu zepropati zemali zingowona mthombo mkhulu wengeniso omkhulu kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, inkxaso-mali, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye nezibonelelo. Zihlawuliswa ngokwexabiso lemali yefashoni, ezithi zigqitywe ngohlalutyo lwentengiso kunye nohlolo lwempahla. Izixa-mali zichazwa njengemali-mboleko-mali-mali-nye elingana ne-$1,000 (R1,000) ngokwexabiso lemali. Ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso empahla adla ngokunyuka ngexesha, le rhafumbhini exhomekeke kwimali-mali-yo, kodwa kwakhona ingenza iingxaki zemali yokuhlawula abanini-makhaya. Imithetho emininzi inikela ukurhoxisa abaphezulu, oomatilo, okanye izibonelelo eziphantsi zemali zokunciphisa umthwalo. A20 ukusuka kwi-FFL:0.[FFF:1]

Irhafu

Iirhafu zentengiso zasekuhlaleni zisetyenziswa ekuthengisweni kweempahla nezinye iinkonzo. Iirhafu ziyahluka ngokwendawo kwaye zongezwa kwirhafu ephezulu yerhafu karhulumente. Ngenxa yokuba le rhafu ihlawulwa ngenqanaba lokuthengiswa, zisoloko zibonakala ngakumbi kubathengi, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba kubekho impikiswano kawonke-wonke xa kuthengwa isantya esiphezulu. Irhafu iyaphinda ithelekiswa nerhafu yepropati yempahla, iintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi zichitha isabelo esikhulu sengeniso yazo kwiimpahla ezihlawulwa yirhafu. Abanye oomasipala bakhetha izinto ezifana nentengiso okanye iziyobisi ezigunyaziswe ngumthetho zokudambisa irhafunxa-mali. I-commerce intengo yentengo yemali inzima, kodwa ngoku amazwe amaninzi afuna abathengi berhafunxa-mali kwi-ofisi yerhafu, bevala i-onki egcina i-onki.

Irhafu yemali ehlawulwayo

Malunga neshumi elinesibini amazwana avumela irhafu yengeniso yasekuhlaleni, edla ngokufunyanwa kwimivuzo efunyenweyo. Ezi zisoloko zithatyathelw'umlinganiselo, ukusuka kwi 1% ukuya kwisithathu% kwizixeko ezifana nePhiladelphia neNew York. Iirhafu zengeniso zoluntu zithandwa ngenxa yokuba zikhula ngezoqoqosho kwaye zinokuyifanela ukukhupha ingeniso kubantu abasebenza kwisixeko kodwa bahlala kwenye indawo. Kodwa ke, zongeza ukuntsonkotha kwimiqathango yerhafu kwaye zingadima ukudalwa kwemisebenzi kwiindawo eziphezulu. Ezinye iintsapho zisebenzisa umxuba werhafu yerhafu ehlawulwayo kunye nengeniso encinane yengeniso ehlawulwayo kumashishini.

Irhafu yeshishini neyomsebenzi

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unika irhafu yerhafu yeshishini elincinane ngaphandle kwempahla nerhafu ethengiswayo. Le rhafu iquka iirhafu ezincinane zerhafu, iirhafu zemali yeshishini, kunye nerhafu yomsebenzi kushishino oluthile. Nangona zinokuba ngumthombo wengeniso ozinzileyo, ngokufuthi zichaphazela amashishini amancinane anengeniso encinane. Abahlalutyi bathi irhafu yezoshishino ekugqibeleni idluliselwa kubathengi ngexabiso eliphezulu, beyenza ukuba bahlawule irhafu engangqalanga. Abenzi bezomthetho kufuneka bajonge imfuneko yokuhlawula ngokuchasene nomngcipheko wokuqhuba amashishini kwimibango ekufuphi.

Iziphumo ezikhethekileyo

Uhlolo olukhethekileyo luzintlawulo zemisebenzi engenelwa ngqo kuphuculo lukawonke-wonke, njengendlela entsha, ipaseji, okanye isitrato esikhanyisayo. Iindleko zeziphumo zemali zinye kwintlawulo yophuhliso olutsha ukuxhasa ukukhula kwesiseko. Ezi zixhobo zinika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni indlela yokuxhasa iprojekthi zekomkhulu ngaphandle kokunyusa iirhafu ngokubanzi, kodwa kufuneka zilungiswe ngocoselelo ukuze ziphephe imingeni esemthethweni okanye izikhalazo ezisesikweni.

Indlela Abarhafu Basekuhlaleni Ababuxhasa Ngayo Ubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Ingeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi basekuhlaleni. Ukwazi apho imali ingena khona kunceda abemi balapho bahlolisise ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiindleko zemali baze benze ukhetho olufanelekileyo kwibhokisi yebhanki.

Imfundo

IK-12 izikolo zikawonke-wonke zixhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, enikwa i-40-50% yemali yesikolo iyonke. Ezi nkonzo zihlawulwa ngemali yootitshala, izinto zeklasi, iibhasi zesikolo, ukulungiswa, kunye neenkqubo zolwakhiwo lwesikolo. Umgangatho wezikolo kwisithili unxulumene kakhulu nerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, ekhokelela ekuchitheni irhafu eninzi phakathi kobutyebi nabemi abangamahlwempu. Amazwe amaninzi azama ukulingana ngemali ngoncedo lwamashishini karhulumente, kodwa irhafuthelo lasekuhlaleni lihlala lingumqhubi-mali-nye. Umzekelo, 20222 ohlalutya ngeMbali wemfundo wasekuhlaleni wafumanisa ukuba imimandla ephezulu yerhafuthelekelela i-R4 000 kumgangatho ongaphantsi kumazwe asezantsi, ubukhulu bemeko-mali yerhafuthelo-mali, ngenxa yokwahluka kweyantwonga kwimi

Ukhuseleko

Amapolisa, amasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye no-911 amaziko okuthumela axhaswa phantse ngokupheleleyo ngerhafu yendawo. Ezi nkonzo zifuna ukuba kubekho 24/7, uqeqesho olukhethekileyo, kunye nezixhobo ezibiza imali eninzi. Inkqubo yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke exhotyisiweyo inciphisa amaxesha okuphendula kwaye iphucula iziphumo ngexesha lomlilo, iingozi zonyango, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Kumazwe amaninzi, iingxelo zokhuseleko lukawonke wonke ngeendleko zemali jikelele. Xa iirhafuzo zehla ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, uqingqo-mali yokhuseleko lukawonke lusoloko lujongeneengxaki zorhwebo phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo ezinyuselwayo.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Ukulungiswa kwendlela, izibane zesitrato, ukulungiswa kwendlela, imiqondiso yeetrato, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke zonke zixhomekeke kwirhafu ye-irandi yengingqi. Iirhafu ezithengwa kwizothutho ziqhelekile kwiindawo ezikhula ngokukhawuleza apho iindlela ezintsha nemigca yokuthutha ifuneka ukulawula ukuxinana. Irhafu yempahla ikwaxhasa inkqubela-phambili yemali njengebhulorho entsha, iinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi emotweni, kunye nezakhiwo zikamasipala. Ukungakhathalelwa kakuhle kwemiqathango yesiseko somgangatho wempahla kwaye ithintela umsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Uluntu lwaseMelika lwe-Injini yabemi lusoloko lunika ibala le-Melika elingu C-10 okanye D+, ibala elikhuthaza ukunyuka kwerhafumentelo yasekuhlaleni.

Imizi, Ukuzonwabisa Nezithethe

Iipaki zoluntu, iindawo zokudlala, amaqula okuqubha, iithala leencwadi, iimyuziyam, nemibhiyozo yenkcubeko ixhaswa yingeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Ezi ndawo ziphucula impilo yengqondo neyomzimba, unxulumano olusemgangathweni, kunye nokutsala iindwendwe. Iindawo ezininzi zinikezele imimandla yepaki ezinegunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ngokufuthi zixhaswa yimali-mali encinane yerhafu yepropati. Ngexesha loqingqo-mali, iipaki kunye namasebe ezokuzonwabisa zisoloko ziphakathi kweeyure zokuqala ukujamelana neeyure eziculo okanye iinkqubo zokuvalwa, zibonisa indlela ezi nkonzo zingezozazinto ezintle ezinokuphelelwa ngayo.

ISebe lezeMpilo nezeNtlalo

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni alungiselela ukugonywa, ukujongwa kwezifo, iinkqubo zezempilo zoomama kunye nabantwana, kunye nohlolo lwezempilo engokwasentlalweni. Iinkonzo zoluntu ezinjengeendawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, uncedo lokutya, kunye namaziko aphezulu zikwaxhomekeke kwii-dola zerhafu zasekuhlaleni, ezisoloko zongezelelwa yimali karhulumente nemali karhulumente. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, iirhafu zasekuhlaleni zingaxhasa inkonzo yesibhedlele okanye ye-ambulensi ekhoyo. Ezi nkonzo zinzima ngokukhethekileyo ngexesha longxamiseko-yonyango lukawonke-wonke, njengoko isibhubhani se-COVID sicace.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Kukubaluleka Koluntu

Iirhafu zasekuhlaleni azipheleli nje ekuhlawuleni amatyala ngezantsi, zibumba iimpawu nemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu. Umgangatho kunye nokwenziwa kwerhafu yasekuhlaleni kuchaphazela inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, ukhetho lweendawo zokuhlala, kunye nokulingana kwentlalo.

Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezinandipheke kakuhle zenza uluntu lube nomtsalane ngakumbi kumashishini nakwiintsapho. Izikolo ezilungileyo, izitrato ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nezibonelelo ezithembekileyo zitsala utyalo kunye nokunyusa amaxabiso empahla. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uluntu olungaphantsi kwezi siseko lungazama ukugcina abemi luze lutsale abaqeshi abatsha. Uphando oluvela kuManyano lweSizwe lwezixeko lubonisa ukuba amadolobha anerhafu ephezulu yerhafu, asoloko efumana iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke kunye nonyuko olukhawulezileyo, logama umthwalo werhafuthelo uthelw, kodwa irhafu engabonakali iinko, ingathi i-afrioyile yerhafu esezantsi okanye amazwe akufuphi.

Inkxalabo eqhubekayo. Iirhafu zempahla, ngoxa zithe gqolo, zingaphinda zibuyelela xa amaxabiso amakhaya enyuka ngokukhawuleza kunengeniso. Iirhafu ezithengiswayo zisetyenziswa kancinci kwizindlu ezifumana imali ngenxa yokuba zichitha ipesenti ephezulu yengeniso yazo kwimpahla ehlawulwayo. Irhafu ehlawulwayo, nangona isetyenziswa ngokuhambelana nesakhiwo, isoloko ibekwa okanye ibekwa phantsi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Abaphathi-maqhinga kufuneka balinganisele iimfuno zemali ngokusesikweni, besebenzisa izixhobo ezifana nabaqhekezi besiphaluka, abakhululi, abahlawuli, kunye neetyala zerhafuthelo ukukhusela abahlali.

Inkqubo yerhafu yasekuhlaleni ikwachaphazela ukufumaneka kwemali yokuhlala. Iirhafu zempahla eziphezulu kwiindawo ezinqwenelekayo zasedolophini zinganyusa iindleko zokuqesha zize zityhalele iintsapho ezifumana imali elungeleleneyo. Kwelinye icala, irhafu ephantsi ingabonisa ukunciphisa umgangatho wobomi. Ucelomngeni kukufumana umgangatho ozinzileyo oxhasa iinjongo zoluntu ngaphandle kokuthwalisa naliphi na iqela.

Ucelomngeni Nempikiswano Ephathelele Irhafu Yasekuhlaleni

Nangona ibalulekile, iinkqubo zerhafu zasekuhlaleni zijamelana nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo olufuna ukuba abenzi bemithetho nabemi baqhubeke benikela ingqalelo.

Ukulingana Nokulunga

Iirhafu zempahla zingabohlwaya abanini-makhaya ekuxabiseni abamelwane ukuba abahlawulwayo abahlawulwayo abangenyuswanga. Abaqeshwa abaphantsi bachatshazelwa ngokungangqalanga ngenxa yokuba abanini-mali badlula kwirhafu yempahla ukuze bayiqeshile, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokubonakala. Iirhafu kwizinto ezibalulekileyo njengempahla okanye iimpahla zesikolo zichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto iintsapho nabantwana. Ukutshintsha izakhiwo zerhafu ukuze zifakelele imiqathango yoncedo lwengeniso esekelwe kwingeniso kusukelo oluqhelekileyo kodwa olunzima kwezobupolitika. Amanye amazwe, anjengeKhalifonian engaphantsi kweproces 13, anciphisa irhafuthelo, edala irhafuthelo phakathi kwemihla emide nemini emitsha.

Ukuphelelwa Lithemba Kwezoqoqosho

Ingeniso yerhafu yasekuhlaleni idityaniswe kwiimeko zezoqoqosho. Amaxabiso empahla angancipha ngexesha lorhoxiso lwemali, ukunciphisa ingeniso yerhafu. Irhafu ihla ngamandla kakhulu .

Ukuxhathisa Uluntu Ngoowonke Kukwanda

Kwanaxa iinkonzo ziphantsi, abemi bahlala phantsi baxhathisa unyuko lwerhafu. Ukuvukelwa kwerhafu kuye kwakhokelela kwimilinganiselo efana ne-Proces 2 //2 eMassachusetts kunye neSikolo seTaxhashi samalungelo abantu eColorado, esithintela ukukhula kwengeniso okanye esifuna imvume yabavoti yeerhafu ezintsha. Ngoxa ezi zinyathelo zinika abemi ulawulo olungqalileyo, ziyakwazi ukuphazamisa amandla endawo ekuphenduleni kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo okanye kukwanda kwabantu. Ucelomngeni lweenkokeli zasekuhlaleni kukunxibelelana ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba ingeniso eyongezelelekileyo imfuneko efunekayo kwaye zibonise ukubuyiselwa kwemali echithwayo.

Ubuntsonkothile kunye nolwalamano lotshintshiselwano

Ngemithetho emininzi yokurhafisa elalanayo--inkulu, ingingqi, isithili sesikolo, isithili samanzi, ingingqi yothutho, umhlange-mali ohlala kwingingqi yezothutho, umhlali angayazi yonke irhafu abayihlawulayo okanye ukuba ingakanani na ingeniso. Amatyala erhafu asoloko equka izinto ezahlukeneyo zesithili ngasinye, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kube nzima ukuyiqonda. Oku kuntsonkothile kubangela ukungathembani kwaye kungakhokelela ekunyuseni kovoti-rhafu kwi-ntensi yerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Ukubonakala kwe-intanethi kunye nokuchaza irhafuthezo ezilula kuluncedo, kodwa iindawo ezininzi ezisamkela ezi zixhobo.

Indlela Abemi Abanokuwulawula Ngayo Umgaqo - siseko Werhafu Wasekuhlaleni

Abemi banamandla okuhlawula irhafu kunokuba becinga.

Intlanganiso zoqingqo-mali lukawonke-wonke. Uorhulumente basekuhlaleni babamba iindlebe phambi kokuba basebenzise uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le. Ezi ntlanganiso zinika abami ithuba lokubuza ukuchitha izinto eziza kuqala kwaye zicebise ezinye iindlela. Nokuba awunakuya ngako, imimandla emininzi iqukuqela iintlanganiso kwi-intanethi okanye yamkela amagqabaza abhaliweyo.

IVote kunyulo lukamasipala kunye nee-asenders zerhafu. Imilinganiso yomanyano lweSikolo, unyuko lwerhafu, kunye nokulungiswa kwe-tracter kusoloko kugqitywa kunyulo olusezantsi. Inani elincinane labavoti abanolwazi linokuphembelela iziphumo. Khangela ucwangciso lwakho lonyulo kunye nezinto zophando lwerhafu usebenzisa isikhokelo esingayiyo kwelo partistiki.

Sebenzisa amaqonga okubona ngaphaya. amadolo amaninzi kunye neerejista ezininzi ngoku zinika amazibuko ogcino-lwazi avulekileyo apho abahlali banokubona indlela ii-irandi zerhafu ezisetyenziswa ngayo. Jonga kwibhodi yenqanawa okanye ingxelo yemali yendawo yakho. Ukuba umntu akakho, xhasa ukudalwa kwayo. Ukwazi amanani kukunika amandla okubuza imibuzo ethile kwiintlanganiso.

Ukusebenzisana namagosa asekuhlaleni. Ilungu lebhunga lesixeko sakho, umkhomishinari wengingqi, okanye ummeli webhodi yesikolo usoloko ethetha umnxeba okanye i-imeyili. Xelana imbono yakho kwizicelo zerhafu, kwaye ubuze iingcaciso zemibandela entsonkothileyo. Ukwakha ulwalamano namagosa anyuliweyo kwandisa impembelelo yakho.

[[NTL:0] Icandelo kwimibutho yezentlalo. amaqumrhu obume bengingqi, amagumbi oshishino, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olungelulo lwamacandelo lusoloko lunendima ezithe ngqo ekulungiseni inkqubo yerhafu. Ukuthelela la maqela kwenza ilizwi lakho libe likhulu kwaye kunika ufikelelo kuhlalutyo olunobuchule.

iprojecte. Ukuba ubona utshintsho olungenasiphelo okanye i-inifficiencies, qokelela ugcino-lwazi, yakha umnqongo, kunye nezinye izinto ezikhoyo. Abami baye baqhuba ngokunempumelelo ukwenzela izihluzi zerhafu yesiphaluka, iintengiselwano zendlu, kunye nengeniso enikezelweyo yemali yezothutho okanye iipaki. Utshintsho ludla ngokuqala kumgangatho wengca.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokunenxaxheba

Iirhafu zobulali azingomgca nje kwimali-mali yoluntu, zilutyalo lwemali lwangoku nakwixesha elizayo. Kwigumbi lokufundela apho abantwana bafunda khona kwiinqwelo-ntambe eziphendula amaxa kaxakeka, rhoxo nganye eqokelelwe kwindawo ethile ihlawula iinkonzo ezichaza umgangatho wobomi. Ukuqonda indlela ezi rhafu, oko bakuxhasa ngayo, nemisebenzi ebandakanya urhwebo kuvumela abemi ukuba babe ngabaphathi abakhutheleyo bengini yabo kunokuba babhatala. Ngokubandakanyeka inkqubo, abahlali banganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zerhafumfa zihlale zilungile, ziphumelela, kwaye zikwazi ukudibana neemfuno zoluntu ezibiza ikhaya.

Njengokuba isisho sisithi, zonke iipolitiki zikho kwindawo ethile. Okukhona usazi, kokukhona unokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekuxoliseni ikamva lezitrato zakho, izikolo, neepaki. Qala ngokuqwalasela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente wakho kwi-intanethi, ngokuya kwintlanganiso yebhunga kule nyanga, okanye ngokubuza ummelwane oko bakucingayo ngerhafu ecetyiweyo.