Umgaqo osemthethweni wengozi ephindwe kabini ubusebenza njengesiseko somthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho osekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, ingakumbi eUnited States apho umthetho uthengiselwa khona kwiSigqibo sesihlanu. Kuthintela umntu ukuba avavanywe kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye emva kokugwetywa okanye ukuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni. Ngoxa olu khuselo lusisiseko sokuthintela ukuphangwa korhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba ugqibele kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ludala imiqobo ebalulekileyo xa umthetho uzama ukuphinda uphindise uphando olude lwetyala olude. La matyala, ngokufuthi amashumi eminyaka amadala, azisa uxanduva olungaqhelekanga phakathi komdlalo lukarhulumente kwityala lomthetho kunye nombutho womntu ngamnye ukuba ukhululwe ngokuphindiweyo ekukhuselweni ngokuphindiweyo. Ukusetyenziswa komthetho wokuzinziswa kwemiqathango ekufuneka kufuneke iimbono ezicacileyo, iimngeni, kunye nobugcisa obucacileyo.

Ukuqonda Ingcamango Ephindwe Kabini: Imvelaphi Nendlela Yokusebenza

Ingcamango yengozi ephindwe kabini ingunozala wayo kumthetho wamandulo wamaGrike namaRoma, kodwa imo yezi ntlobo zayo zale mihla eUnited States iqiniswa kuMphetho-mthetho wesihlanu: "Nabani na umntu akasayi kubekwa phantsi kwetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini ephindwe kabini yobomi okanye ilungu lomzimba." Lo khuseleko lusebenza nanini na umngcipheko uthe "wabotshelelwa" ngexesha isaphuli-mthetho siqhubeka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ingozi idibek'ityala xa igweba ifungile, kwaye ivavanywa kwibhethri xa ingqina lokuqala lifungxelwe. Umthetho uyalela ukuba urhulumente angamvavameli ummangalelwa emva kokugwetywa, kwanokuba ubungqina obutsha bokuziva ityala buvela, kwaye uthintele ukumangalelwa kwesibini emva kokugwetywa kwetyala.

Noko ke, kukho uphazamiso olumisiweyo. Ukuba ukulingwa kuphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo ngenxa yokubonakala okuyimfuneko (umz., umgwebi oxhonyiweyo) okanye ngemvume yommangalelwa (umz., ukunika ityala eliphosakeleyo ngempazamo yabatshutshisi), ingozi isenokungawavaleli amatyala. Ngaphezu koko, "ulawulo lomntu" luvumela abaphathi abahlukeneyo . ngokunjalo imfundiso ivumela urhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente ukuba avume ukuziphatha okufanayo ukuba kuchasene nemithetho eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, umntu okhululwelwelwelwe lityala lokubulala angajongana namalungelo orhulumente avela kwisenzo esifanayo. Ezi zibhalo ziba zigxeko-jajiswe kwiimeko ezibandayo apho inyathelo lokuqala liphela ngaphandle kwesigqibo sokugqibela.

Imeko Yetyala Elingenaziqu Zamehlo: Uphando Olungacetywanga Luye Lwaphandwa Kwiminyaka Engamashumi Amahlanu

Amatyala abandayo luphando lolwaphulo-mthetho olungaconjululwanga kangangexesha elide, ngokufuthi iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka, olungenazikhokelo ezisebenzayo okanye ubungqina obaneleyo bokubopha. Amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho azivala iimeko ezinjalo ngenxa yokuswela oothunywashe abalungileyo, kodwa avule kwakhona xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha ngezantsi. Ngokutsho kwe- National Institute of Justice [, amaqela amaqela amacala abandayo aye anwenwa kwi-United States njengohlalutyo lweDNA, ubugcisa bomnwe, kunye nonyuselo lwe-database avumela abaphengululi ukuba baphinde baphinde bafumane ubungqina obudala.

Ukumangalelwa kwetyala lomkhuhlane kunzima ngokwemvelo. AmaNgqina asenokuba afile, iinkumbulo ziphelelwe, okanye ubungqina obuphathekayo buyekele. Ukudlula kwexesha kudala ityala letsheyina elinobungozi kunye noxwebhu olunokulahleka. Kodwa umqobo omkhulu ongokwasemthethweni usoloko uphindeka kabini. Ukuba imeko yasekuqaleni ibangele ukugwetywa okanye ukunyanzeleka kwetyala elincinci, umqobo wemithetho-siseko ochasene nokutshutshiswa uzama ukumangalela ummangalelwa omnye ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Kwanokuba imeko yokuqala iphele ngokugxothwa ngaphandle kokugwetywa okugqibele, iimeko zokukhulula ziya kugqiba ukuba ngaba ityala lihlangene na.

Imiqobo Esemthethweni Ekhethekileyo Kwimiba Engenazikhuthazo

Ukudibana kwengozi ephindwe kabini namatyala abandayo kudla ngokuvela kwimizekelo emithathu:

  • Engagwetywayo kwityala Loqobo: Ukuba ummangalelwa wafunyanwa engenatyala, ubungozi obuphindwe kabini bubophelele ibopha ityala eliphinda-phindiweyo lolwaphulo-mthetho olunye, kungakhathaliseki ubungqina obutsha. Lo mgaqo waqinisekiswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo e Foov. United States [1962] kwaye uhlala umqobo oqinileyo.
  • Ukukholelwa kwityala elincinci: Ukuba ummangalelwa wacela ngetyala ekuqaleni kwindoda ebulala kodwa kamva, ngobungqina beDNA, kubonakala ngathi uye wabulala okokuqala, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini ungathintela ukutshutshiswa kwetyala elikhulu kuba livela kwisiganeko esinye solwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, amanye amaphondo asebenzisa "uvavanyo olufanayo", oko kuthetha ukuba isityholo esitsha sifuna ubungqina bento engafunwanga yetyala langaphambili, kungaqhubeka.
  • I-Dismissal Phambi kwe Jeopardy Ifakelwe: Ukuba ityala lokuqala larhoxiswa phambi kokuba igqitywe okanye ingqina lokuqala lingqinelane, umngcipheko ophindiweyo awudibani, kwaye abatshutshisi bangaphinda bafake iityala. Ukubekwa kwemiqathango yemiqathango akuzange kusebenze. Kwimeko ezibandayo, imimiselo yokubulala jikelele ayinaxesha elilinganiselweyo, kodwa ii-feloni ezincinci zinokuba nexesha eliqingqiweyo.

Ezi nkcukacha zisemthethweni zifuna abatshutshisi ukuba bahlolisise ngenyameko imbali ebhaliweyo yetyala elibandayo. Uhlolisiso lwama-2023 lweprojekthi ye-Innocence [ lwaphawula ukuba phantse ama-20% etyala lomkhuhlane ajongana neengxaki eziphindaphindwa kabini, enyanzelela amaqela ukuba afune ezinye iityala okanye axhomekeke kwingcebiso lorhulumente phantsi kwemfundiso ephindiweyo yolawulo.

Ukudibanisa Izinto Ezikhethekileyo Nokusebenza Ngokusemthethweni

Ngoxa iingozi ezibini zingumgca onamandla, iimfundiso ezimbalwa ezingokwasemthethweni zisenokuvumela ukuba amatyala angenazintloni aqhubeke kwanaxa kuvele ishwangusha.

Imfundiso Engolongamo Olumanyeneyo

Imfundiso yolawulo olubini ivumela abalawuli abahlukeneyo (umz., oorhulumente borhulumente kunye norhulumente) ukuba bamangalele ihambo efanayo njengezono ezahlukileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente uthe wakhulula ukrokrela ngokubulawa ngenxa yobungqina obunganele, urhulumente wesizwe ungayimangalela loo mntu omnye ngokuphula amalungelo exhoba ngaphantsi ko18.C. . . . . . . 241 okanye .6241 okanye . Ukuba izenzo zibandayo zibandakanya ilungu loncedo lwesizwe. Oku kwazazanywa ngokudumile emva kokungakhohliswa kolawulo lukaKumkani uRodney enkundlele, nangona ezo zazingezona zimeko ezibandayo. Kwimeko ebandayo, le mfundiso inikela indlela elungileyo kodwa eluncedo xa urhulumente wokuqala otshutshisayo waphela kwi-Roxmost.

Owahlukileyo Nowahlulayo

Ukuba ubungqina obutsha bubonisa ukuba ityala lomqhaphu libandakanya isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esahlukileyo esingazange sibekwe phambi kwexesha, okanye ukuba sinxulumene nesiganeko esinye, -- ukutshutshiswa kusenokuqhubeka. Umzekelo, angathi ukrokrelelwa ukhululekile ekuqhekezweni kodwa iDNA kamva idibanisa ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini okwenzeka ngexesha elifanayo. Ityala lokuhlasela lisenokuthathwa njengetyala lesigebengu elahlukileyo phantsi komthetho wesizwe, ukunqanda ibhanti eliphindiweyo. Iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo lwe "Sckuberburger" ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba ulwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye lufuna ubungqina belungu elinye elingakwenziyo.

Utshintsho Olusemthethweni Lwamatyala Angenazikhundla

Inani elandayo lamaphondo liye lamisela imithetho ethetha ngokungqalileyo ngengozi ephindwe kabini kumongo wemeko ezibandayo. Umzekelo, iKhodi yeKhalifoniya yaseKhalifoniya 76 803 (g) ivumela inkundla ukuba ilahle ityala okanye ibeke ecaleni ukuba ubungqina obutsha be-DNA bubonisa ukuba akukho tyala langaphambili kodwa oku kuninzi ngokungenatyala kunokumangalelwa okutsha. Amaphondo ambalwa, kuquka iNew York neIllinois, aye acinga ukuba "ityala elinxaxhileyo" ityala eliya kuvumela ukurhoxiswa kwakhona ukuba linyanzelela ukuvela kobungqina obutsha be-ogxampyunta obutsha kwaye ukuvavanywa kokuqala kuphele kwityala exhotyiweyo okanye ityala ngaphandle kocalulo-calulo. Noko ke, ashiyekile kwaye ajongene imingeni echaseneyo. Abagxeki bemiqatha ekuthisweni kwemiqathango yokhuseleko.

Ityala Elibandayo Eliguquka Kabini

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibonisa uxinezeleko olukhoyo phakathi kokuphela kolwalamano nokusesikweni.

Umzekelo we-"I-5 Bulegu"

Randall Woodfield, ogwetywe ngokubulala okuninzi kwipaseji ye-I-5 kwiminyaka yee-1980, kamva wathathwa njengomntu okrokrelekayo kulwaphulo-mthetho olongezelelekileyo. Noko ke, wayesele ekhululwe kwityala elinye lokubulala e-Oregon. Xa kwavela ubungqina obutsha be-DNA obumdibanisa nelo xhoba, abatshutshisi bathintelwa ukuba bangalivavanyi. Eli tyala lihlala lingumbandela wengxoxo phakathi kwabaphengululi abasemthethweni malunga nokuba umahluko ufanele usebenze kusini na xa kuvavanywa ityala langoku.

Ukusetyenziswa KweDNA Kwizinto Ezifunyanisiweyo EVacate (Ukungazami Ukuphinda Uphinde Uzifumane)

Ngokufuthi, imiqobo yengozi ephindwe kabini ithintela ukutshutshiswa kwakhona kwabamangalelwa ababengenatyala kodwa kamva abanxulunyaniswa nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-DNA. EMassachusetts, indoda egama linguGeorge Perrot yakhululwa ekubulaleni ngonyaka ka-192. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, iDNA evavanywa ngobungqina obugciniweyo yangqinelana naye, kodwa iofisi yegqwetha lesithili yaqinisekisa ukuba ingozi ephindwe kabini yayikwalela ukuvavanywa okutsha. Endaweni yoko, bagxininisa kwisuti engafanelekanga yokufa kwamakhaya, ejongene nomthwalo omncinci wokungqina.

Ngokuchaseneyo, amanye amatyala aphepha iingxaki eziphindiweyo zobungozi ngenxa yokuba ityala lokuqala laphela kwityala eliphosakeleyo okanye lixhonywe ngabagwebi. Ityala elibizwa ngokuba yi "Golden State Kist", ngelinye ixesha lingalifanelanga ityala lomkhuhlane eliqhelekileyo (orhanelwayo akazange azame ukutyala kwangaphambili), libandakanya izityholo zokubulala eziye zahlala zingalungiswa kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ngaloo ndlela, akukho kugwetywa kwangaphambili, ngoko ingozi ephindwe kabini yayingekho.

Ukulungelelanisa Umlinganiselo Wokuphela, Okusesikweni Nenkqubela Yobugcisa

Ingxoxo emalunga nengozi ephindwe kabini kunye namatyala abandayo ekugqibeleni ixhomekeke kumbuzo obalulekileyo: ingavunyelwa ukuba urhulumente aphinde avule ityala ukuba ubungqina obutsha, obunokuthenjwa bungqine ukuba unetyala, kwanasemva kokungavunyelwa? Abaxhasi botshintsho baphikisa ukuba inkqubela kwi-DNA kunye nonobuhlanga bomnombo we-oyile-mnoni. Ngokunjalo abo basetyenziswa ukuchonga abakrokrelekileyo kwimeko yeGolden State Killiging umlinganiselo wokungaqiniseki kwemeko yasekuqaleni. Bathi injongo yengozi ephindwe kabini kukuthintela ukuhlaselwa nokuxhatshazwa, ukungakhuseli ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhoyo kwiimeko ezintsha ezikhoyo. [[FLT:] FI's Case [FLT] [FFF]] uphawula, umlinganiselo ocacileyo wolwaphulo-mthetho oluphangahle emva kweeyure ezingama-450, kodwa ngokusetyenziswa ngokungekho themba kwizixhobo ezikhoyo ngaphambili

Abachasi bakholelwa kwelokuba ukugqibela kokugwetywa kuyimfuneko kwingqibelelo yenkqubo yomthetho. Ukuvumela urhulumente ukuba azame umntu ngokuphindaphindiweyo de afumane isiqinisekiso kungakuphazamisa ukubekwa kwetyala kwaye kubangele ubunzima obukhulu bengqondo nemali kubamangalelwa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba kwanempazamo eyinyaniso yokugwetywa ayinakubuyiselwa, njengoko kuchazwe ku- SANBRIA v. United States

Indima Yemilinganiselo

Kumatyala abandayo angazange abekwe tyala okanye aphumele ekugxothweni ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe ingozi, imimiselo yokuthintelwa iqinisekisa ukuba ityala liyenzeka kusini na. Imithetho emininzi yomthetho ayiwubeki mqatha ummiselo wokubulala, ivumela ukuba kubekwe izityholo ezithe zabekwa ngqiqweni emva kwamashumi eminyaka. Ezinye iityala ezinzulu ezifana nokuhlaselwa ngokwesini, amaphondo ayahluka kakhulu. Ezinye ziye zasusa imiqathango yexesha yamatyala apho ubungqina bukhoyo khona, ngoxa ezinye zigcina imiqathango engqongqo. Ukungakho kwanto yangaphambili kudla ngokunqandwa kokungaphindwa yingxaki, kodwa abatshutshisi-jaji bamele baphikisa ubungqina obungangqinwanga.

Ukuqwalaselwa kweMigaqo kunye nekamva leNtshutshiso yeNkcubeko ePhambili

Njengokuba inzululwazi yezobungozi iqhubeka iguquka, inkqubo yomthetho ijongene nengcinezelo yokuvumelana. Izicelo eziliqela zivele ukudibanisa ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini nobungqina obutsha:

  • Engaphazanyiswanga ngenxa yokuqokelela Ubungqina obububunyani: Abanye abaphengululi bomthetho bacebisa ukuba umthetho onyusiweyo wengozi ephindwe kabini uvumele ukuphinda kuqwalaselwe kuphela ukuba (1) ubungqina obutsha yiDNA okanye obunye ubungqina obunenjongo yenzululwazi, (2) babungekho ngexesha lokuvavanywa kokuqala, kunye (3) nokufumana kwekomiti kubonisa ukuba izakukhokelela kwisiqinisekiso. Le sibuko ingaphandle kolawulo loBukumkani bomanyano kunye namanye amazwe aliqela aqhelekileyo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa okuthe ngqo kolongamo lomkhosi: Abatshutshisi bomkhosi banokusingatha amatyala abandayo athe achaza ukuba ukuxolelwa kuthintelwe, nangona izithintelo zoovimba kunye nemfuneko yento eyahlukileyo yesizwe ilinganisela le ndlela.
  • ICivil Remedies njengenye indlela: Iintsapho zamaxhoba kwiimeko ezibandayo maxa wambi zisukela isuti yokufa yamakhaya engalunganga ngokungekho mthethweni. Nangona oku kungaphumela kwisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, kunganika umlinganiselo wokuziphendulela nokuhlawula ngokwezimali. Uxanduva olusezantsi lobungqina . . ``Uqikelelo lobungqina ngaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, luyenza ibe luncedo naxa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho oluphindiweyo.

Amaqumrhu asemthethweni kumanqanaba orhulumente nawamazwe ayakugatya ukuphelisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kodwa ukufunwa kobulungisa kuwonke-wonke kwiimeko ezidume kakubi kubangela ingxoxo eqhubekayo. Inkqubo yeNkqutyana yeCase Case iyaqhubeka. Inkqubo yeCandelo esetyenziswa liSebe leSigwebo inika inkxaso kunye nenkxaso kumasebe asekuhlaleni, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuphinda-phinda ngocoselelo kumthetho phambi kokuzisa izityholo.

Isiphelo

Ingozi ephindwe kabini ihlala ibalulekile nxamnye nengcinezelo karhulumente, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimeko ezibandayo kubangela umqobo omkhulu wokuchasa umgaqo kumaxhoba kunye neentsapho zawo. Umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu ofanele awenzelwe ukuzama kabini ukuzama ukuqhutyelwa ityala elinye ufakwe ngokunzulu kumthetho waseMelika, kwaye kwanobungqina obutsha obunamandla abunako ukukuphelisa ukukhulula. Noko ke, kwiimfundiso ezifana nolawulo olubini olulawulayo, ukufumanisa ngocoselelo lwetyala, kunye nohlaziyo lwemithetho ehloniphekileyo oluhlonela imidaba yomgaqo-siseko, maxa wambi abatshutshisi abamangali, abancomi bomqobo banokuyilawula le miqobo. Njengoko ubugcisa obuninzi buqhubeka buqhubeka ukuhambela phambili, ukuxinzeka okukhoyo okudala, kodwa ukumanyana okungalula. Ngokupheleleyo, ukuphelisa oku kudinga ukulingana nokungalingani komthetho okusesikweni okuqhubekayo.