Umsebenzi WomGaqo-siseko: Kutheni Kukho Amasebe Amathathu?

Urhulumente wase-United States wakhiwe phezu kwesakhiwo esilungiselelwe kakuhle yiMimiselo yooTata abaqulunqileyo ukukhusela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo. Iphefumlelwe yintanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa yeMontesquieo kunye nenkxalabo eluncedo yokungakhathalelwa kwabantu ngolawulo lookumkani, umGaqo-siseko wama-1787 owenziwe ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo: uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, nemithetho elawulayo, kunye nezomthetho. Oku kwahlula amagunya, kudityaniswe nenkqubo eqinileyo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso, kudala isantya esinamandla esiye sakhokela uhlanga ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Isebe ngalinye lineembopheleleko ezahlukileyo, ukumisa imithetho, nokuchaza imithetho, kwaye likwayiminye, liphethe izixhobo eziphethe ezinye. Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo namasebe ngokobuqu ekulawuleni kwe-Melikane.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu Ekubekeni Imithetho

Inqaku I lamagunya owiso-mthetho akwiBhunga leMigaqo-siseko, eliquke iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga. Eli sebe linembopheleleko yokwenziwa kwemithetho yesizwe, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukulawula urhwebo, nokulawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe. Isakhiwo salo sibonisa ukulalanisa okuKhulu kowe-1787, ukulinganisa okusekelwe kubemi (indlu) kunye nomelo olulinganayo lwephondo ngalinye (iSante).

Indlu Yabameli: Isondele Kubantu

Kumalungu ovota angama-435 ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubalo-mali lwakutshanje, iNdlu yabameli yenzelwe ukuba iphendule ngqo kuvoti. Abameli basebenza kumabinzana amabini eminyaka, benyanzelisa ukuba bagcine unxibelelwano olusondeleyo neemfuno neembono zabo. Indlu iphethe amandla apheleleyo okusungula zonke iindleko zemali . /a ngokukhangela ngqo kubuchule bomphathi olawulayo bokuhlawula irhafu/(*) kunye namagosa angomnye karhulumente, kuquka nomongameli. Kwisiganeko esinqabileyo soqhagamshelwano lweElectoral College, indlu imisela uYunity, kunye nabathunywa belizwe abakhupha ivoti enye.

  • [[UMTL:0] ungenisa ingeniso nomthetho werhafu – zonke iindleko zokunyusa ingeniso kufuneka zivele kwi House (Artle I, Icandelo 7).
  • [ Amandla okubhalisa--indlu ivota nokuba izisa izityholo ezisesikweni kumongameli, isekela lomongameli, okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente ukwenzela "Isizathu, Isinyobo, okanye ezinye izigebetho eziphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni"
  • Isivumelwano sekholeji esikhoyo - Ukuba akukho mvoti womongameli okhusela uninzi lwevoti zonyulo, i House ikhetha umongameli kwabathathu abaphezulu.

Indlu ikwanenkqubo yekomiti enamandla `````iquke iKomiti yeMimiselo', emisela amabinzana engxoxo--ay' abumba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iminyaka yakutshanje ibone ucalucalulo lwendlu lukhula, kodwa indima yayo engundoqo njenge ihlala ingatshintshanga.

Funda okungakumbi ngembali kunye namalungu akhoyo endlu iwebhsayithi yendlu esemthethweni.

IBhunga: Inqwelo - moya Epholisa Iti

IBhunga leNtlanganiso, enamalungu ali-100 (ababini ngemeko nganye), lamiselwa njengesiqu esimeleyo esiphezulu. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa izigxina ezineminyaka emithandathu, nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo zonyulo nyaka ngamnye, inika inkqubela kunye nembono ebhekele phaya. Amagunya akhethekileyo eSentenethi aquka ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli (oonobhala betyala, abagwebi borhulumente, ii-antristration) kunye nokuqinisekisa izivumelwano ezixolelwano lisebe eliphetheyo ngobuninzi obubini obuyisithathu. Ikwaqhuba iimvavanyo zokungamela, kunye nobulungisa obuyintloko beNkulonga ePhakamileyo xa umongameli equlusela ekucinyweni, kunye neevoti ezimbini zesithathu ezifunekayo ukuze zikomele ukuthenjwa.

  • Inkonzo kunye nokuvuma amadinga – iimvume zomongameli zesebe lejaji nelabaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka zifumane uqinisekiso lweCandelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukwahlulwa kobungcali – izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zifuna imvume esuka kwisibini-sithathu se-intshi ekhoyo.
  • Ityala lokuqulunqa ityala lokuqulunqa ityala – iNdlu yeeNtsimbi isebenza njengelungu lejaji kwimicimbi yokungaceli; ukugwetywa kususa umphathi eofisini.

Umthetho weNdlu yeNtsimbi yeQela ukuvumela umnikazi omnye ukuba alibazise ukuvota ngaphandle kokuba ama-60 ee-senator avotela amahlwili, luphawu olwahlukileyo olukhuthaza ukuvumelana kodwa lungakhokelela kwiqhina eliphambili. UMongameli ongumongameli usebenza njengoMongameli weNtlanganiso, evota iqhina xa kuyimfuneko. Indima yeCante ijonge amandla obungameli iyabonakala ekuqinisekisini amadabi aphezulu enkundla kunye namagosa equlukuqela lonke imbali yaseMelika.

Hlola ukwenziwa kwangoku kweNdlu yeeNtsimbi kunye neengxelo zembali [[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa.gov.

Isebe ElinoLawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Umthetho

Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko limisa isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States. Umongameli usebenza njengentloko yesigqeba, njengentloko yorhulumente, njengentloko-ntloko yemikhosi, intloko-ntloko yemikhosi yezomkhosi, kunye nomphathi oyintloko wenkqubo yezorhwebo yamanye amazwe. Isebe elilawulayo likwaquka uVimba-Mongameli, iKhabhinethi (intloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15), kunye nesebe elikhulu lesizwe eliqhuba uwiso-mthetho wemihla yonke.

UMongameli: Umyaleli-equlunqweni kunye noMphathi-mikhosi oPhezulu

Eqatshelwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine kwiElectoral College, umongameli uqulunqa umanyano olukhethekileyo lwamandla omgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle kokuyiphumeza nokuyimisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga, umongameli unegunya lokuba:

  • Uphawu okanye umthetho weveto – umongameli angawachasa amatyala adluliswa yiBhunga, nangona ii-3 ezimbini ezingaphezulu kuzo zombini amagumbi zingawasusa amaphepha.
  • Imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu – Olu myalelo lulawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kwaye lunamandla omthetho, kodwa luphantsi kohlolo lomthetho kunye nemali yequmrhu.
  • Izisolelo ezigqithisileyo – Kwityala likarhulumente, umongameli angakhupha ii-eversie kunye nokuxolela, amandla adla ngokusetyenziswa ukuthethelela.
  • Imicimbi yamanye amazwe – umongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano (ngecebiso leNdlu yeCanal kunye nemvume), uqonda oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, kwaye usebenza njengomphathi-zwe oyintloko.

Indima kamongameli njengenkokeli-ntloko ikhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekuhlawulweni komGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kwixesha langoku lolawulo lomkhosi wehlabathi lonke. Isigqibo samagunya emfazwe sowewaka linye lamawaka lizama ukuvavanya eli gunya ngokufuna ukuba umongameli azise iNgqungquthela kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokubophelela imikhosi exhobileyo kunye nokubophelela umnqophiso kwiintsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho.

Umongameli onguMongameli noMphathiswa

Umongameli onguMongameli ongumPhathiswa, onyulwe kwithikithi elifanayo nomongameli, uqala kumgca wokulandelelana kwaye ukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. I-VP ikwathatha izabelo ezinikwe ngumongameli, njengokungamela iinkqubo ezithile okanye ukumela ulawulo kwelinye ilizwe. IKhabhinethi ./isebenzisa uMongameli onguMongameli kunye neentloko zamasebe alawulayo (Imo yeSizwe, iSizwe, ukhuselo, iJaji, njl.)

Iqumrhu lesebe eliphantsi kweKhabhinethi liquka amaqumrhu akhusela iNtlalobume, i-Federal Bureau of Investigation, neNkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi. La maqela amisa imithetho ngokumisela imithetho, ngokuqinisekisa, nangokumisela izifungo, esebenza phantsi kolwalathiso lomongameli kodwa anyanzelwa nguMthetho we-Administrative Procedure kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho.

Ukucazulula ngenkcukacha zesebe eliphetheyo, tyelela ingcaciso esemthethweni yendlu emhlophe [.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika uMthetho

Inqaku III lomGaqo-siseko limisa isebe lezomthetho, elichaza imithetho lize linike izigwebo. Indima ephambili yejaji kukucombulula iimpikiswano ezivela phantsi komthetho wesizwe nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu zihambelana nomGaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo ihleli kwincopho, kunye nenqanaba leenkundla zesizwe eziphantsi ngaphantsi kwayo.

INkundla Ephakamileyo: INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ineejaji ezisithoba `ijaji ezilawulayo' `iJaji ezilawulayo nezisibhozo ezimanyeneyo , ezimiselwe ubomi ngumongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Oku kuhlala ubomi kujoliswe ekukhuseleni ijaji kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye kuvumele abagwebi bachaze umthetho ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Amandla eNkundla abalulekileyo [[FLT: 0] uphengululo lwezomthetho , igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo, lokuqala ukuqinisekisa Marbury v.[FLD:3] [18]

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ungenisa umGaqo-siseko – INkundla igqiba amatyala aphakamisa imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko, imisela imizekelo ekhokela zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi.
  • Ijonga imithetho nezenzo zesizwe – Ukuba umthetho udluliswa yiBhunga okanye isenzo sikamongameli siyawuphula umGaqo-siseko, iNkundla ingawubetha.
  • Isombulula imiba phakathi kwamazwe – iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula kuqala kwiimeko ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, njengomda okanye ungquzulwano lwamalungelo amanzi.

INkundla yamkela kuphela intwana encinane yamatyala aceliweyo nyaka ngamnye, adla ngokuquka imibuzo ebalulekileyo, izigqibo zenkundla esezantsi ezingqubanayo, okanye imiba ebaluleke kakhulu yesizwe. Izigqibo zophawu olunjengo Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]), . I-Rade[ [773]] izigqibo ezifana [[FLT:], ne-[FLT]

Funda ngembali yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nedokisi langoku i-Supreme Court.gov.

IiNkundla Ezisezantsi Zomanyano: Amahashe Okusebenza Agweba

Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kukho izintlu ezimbini eziphambili: iinkundla zesithili kunye neenkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno. Iinkundla zesithili ziinkundla zamatyala enkqubo karhulumente, apho kuthethwa khona amatyala, kunikelwa ubungqina, kwaye iijaji zinika izigwebo. Zingama-94 amatyala ezisithili kulo lonke elo lizwe, ngalinye likhonza kummandla othile. Izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili ziya kwenye yeenkundla zesiphaluka zenkundla ezili-13 zezobheno, ezihlola ingxelo yokumangalelwa kweetyala ezisemthethweni. Iinkundla zesiphaluka zidla ngokuba ligama lokugqibela kwiityala ezininzi zikarhulumente, njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo ithetha ipesenti encinane.

  • 94 IiNkundla zeSithili zase-U.S. – Chatha iityala zoluntu nezolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente.
  • 13 IiNkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno – izigqibo zohlolo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili kwisiphaluka sazo; isigwebo sazo sibopha zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kweso sekethi.
  • [[UMTHETHO] IiNkundla eziPentekothileyo – quka iNkundla yeNtlanganiso yezizwe ngezizwe yase-U.S., iNkundla yeNtloko yoMazwelonke yase-U.S.

Abagwebi abamanyeneyo kuzo zonke ezi ntendelezo bamiselwe ubomi, beqinisekisa inkululeko yokugweba.

Inkqubo yeepekta nolungelelwano olusebenzayo

Inkcubeko yomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ixhomekeke kubuchule bokwahlula amagunya kodwa ekunikeni izixhobo zesebe ngalinye ukukhangela ezinye. Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba libe lilawula kwaye kukhuthaze ukulalanisa kunye nokucinga. Nazi ii-checks ezingundoqo kwisebe ngalinye elibambayo:

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • IBhunga lingayisusa iveto engumongameli kunye nenani elizii-3 kwigumbi lazo zombini.
  • INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iyaqinisekisa okanye iyakwala ukutyunjwa koomongameli kubagwebi, amagosa orhulumente noonozakuzaku.
  • Ingqungquthela ilawula uqingqo - mali lwamaqumrhu; akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle komthetho wokukhupha ityala.
  • IBhunga linamandla okuthoba isidima nokususa umongameli, isekela likamongameli namanye amagosa karhulumente.
  • IBhunga linokuphanda izenzo zesebe elilawulayo ngokuchongwa kweekomiti nangabaphathi-mthetho.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

  • Umongameli uyakwazi ukukhupha imali egqithiselwe yiNgqungquthela, enyanzela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bayilungise okanye bazame ukuyilawula.
  • Umongameli unokubiza iNgqungquthela ukuba ibe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo (nangona eli gunya lingafane lisetyenziswe).
  • Isekela lomongameli, njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, linokwaphula amavoti.
  • Imiyalelo yegunya ingalathisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho, maxa wambi ithintele ukungathathi nxaxheba kwemithetho.

Isalathisi somthetho sihlolisisa uMthetho nolawulo

  • Iinkundla zisenokuvakalisa ukuba imithetho ayivisisani nemithetho, iphelise inyathelo lokuququzelela.
  • Iinkundla zisenokuwisa izenzo zabalawuli ezigqitha igunya lomgaqo - siseko okanye eziphula amalungelo.
  • Abagwebi abamanyeneyo, ababekhe baqinisekiswa, basebenza ubomi bonke yaye abanakushenxiswa ngaphandle kokuba banyanzelekile, bekhusela inkululeko yabo kwamanye amasebe.

Ungqinelwano Olokugqibela

  • Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaliguqula inani labagwebi abasezantsi okanye ilungise ulawulo lweenkundla (nangona igunya lantlandlolo leNkundla ePhakamileyo limiswe ngumGaqo-siseko).
  • Igunyaziso lenkundla linyanzelisa ukuba umongameli angavumi ukunyanzelisa umthetho, kungavela ingxaki yomgaqo-siseko (umz. Worcester v. Georgia isiganeko phantsi koMongameli Andrew Jackson).
  • Abantu, ngonyulo, baphendula onke amasebe amathathu: amalungu endlu qho emva kweminyaka emibini, abameli rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithandathu, umongameli sihlandlo ngasinye esine, yaye ngokungangqalanga ngokumiswa nangeziqinisekiso.

Lo mdlalo waboniswa kakuhle ebudeni bentlekele yamanzi: INkundla yaphanda yaza yasongela ngokunganconywa, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yayalela ukuba kukhutshwe iikhasethi zeWhite House, yaye uMongameli Nixon warhoxa, ebonisa indlela inkqubo egcina iphendulwe ngayo.

Isiphelo: Ukuzukiswa Okuhlala Kukho Ngamandla Ahlukeneyo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kowiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye namasebe agwebayo asiyonto nje engokwembali ekhoyo. "Iinkqubo ephilayo eqhubeka ibumba ezopolitiko zaseMelika, umthetho, kunye nebutho labantu. Isebe ngalinye liye laguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngokukhula korhulumente, ukwanda kwegunya, kunye nokukhula kwemimandla ehlukeneyo kwezobupolitika. Kodwa ke, isiseko sokwakha sisaqhubeka: iCongress ibhala imithetho, umongameli uyayiphelisa, kwaye iinkundla ziyayitolika. Le nkqubo, nangona ngamanye amaxesha ithethsane, yenziwe ngabom ukukhusela inkululeko ngokuyenza ibe nzima nayiphi na into okanye umntu ngamnye afumane ulawulo luphelele. Kuba aba basemasebeni, bayazi indlela yokuziqonda ngayo ezi komiti, kwaye zisebenzisana nazo inxalenye ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye-demokhrasi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya komgaqo-siseko, jonga umGaqo-siseko weSizwe kunye noovimba bokwenza uphando kwimibutho yemfundo yoluntu njenge IQumrhu loLwazi loLwazi kwiSikolo soMthetho weCornell.