Amalungelo afanelekileyo afanelekileyo ayila i-bherrock yenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika, eqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba. La malungelo akangobuchule nje; ayizikhuselo ezibalulekileyo ezikhusela abantu kwizenzo zolawulo ezizimeleyo kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kulawulwa rhoqo nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Kwiingcinga zolwaphulo-mthetho, amalungelo afanelekileyo athatha intsingiselo engakumbi, njengeziphumo zokuncishwa kwenkululeko — okanye kwanobomi — zinzulu. Olu khokelo luchanabileyo luhlolisisa iziseko zomgaqo-siseko, indaleko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo yexesha langoku kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunika izigcisa zomthetho kunye nabemi abaqonda ngokucokisekileyo ezi zikhuselweyo.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Imothelela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko efuna urhulumente ahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni anikwe umntu ngokomthetho. Isebenza njengesithembiso sokuba urhulumente akanakuhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kokulandela iinkqubo ezimiselwe zomthetho ezimiselwe kunye nokuhlonela okusesikweni okusisiseko. Le ngcamango igxininiswe ngokunzulu kwiMimiselo yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine eMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., echaza ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho mntu uya "kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho."

Inkqubo elindelekileyo idla ngokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Inkqubo yesiqhelo efunekayo ichaphazela iindlela kunye neenkqubo urhulumente amele azilandele xa ezama ukuhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ngokuchaseneyo, imida yoko urhulumente anokukwenza kwindawo yokuqala, ukukhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleleni kukarhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba kusetyenziswa iinkqubo.

Isiseko Sembali Senkqubo Efanele Iqhutywe

Imvelaphi yenkqubo efunekayo ifikelele nzulu kwimbali yomthetho yamaNgesi. IMagna Carta ka-1215 yayiqulathe imbonakaliso yokuqala ebhaliweyo yomgaqo, ivakalisa kwiSahluko 39 ukuba "Akukho mkhululi uza kuthatyathwa, asuswe, agxothwe, angabi namthetho, agxothwe, okanye atshatyalaliswe ngayiphi na indlela, okanye asiyi kuqhubeka sichasene okanye simmangalele, ngaphandle kokuba kugwetywe ngokusemthethweni koontanga bakhe okanye ngomthetho welizwe. Lo myalelo welizwe" ngukhokhokho wendlela elungeleleneyo yenkqubo yale mihla.

Kwiinkulungwane zomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, umgaqo wavela kumaxwebhu aphawulayo afana neSibongozo Sasekunene (1628) kunye neBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungu (1689), eyathi yanyanzela amandla obukumkani yaza yaqinisa ilungelo lokuqhubeka ngokulungileyo. Umhlalutyi wezomthetho waseNgilani uSir Edward Coke wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni ukhuseleko lweMagna Carta, ephikisa ukuba "umthetho welizwe" ufuna ukunamathela kwiinkqubo zomthetho nemigaqo yokusesikweni.

Abenzi bolawulo lwama-colonia baseMelika bafumana ilifa lale zithethe zamaNgesi baza bazifaka kwimiqathango yabo esemthethweni. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wagunyaziswa ngo-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, iqinisekisa ngokucacileyo inkqubo efanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Emva kweMfazwe ye-Kintu, uMphetho we-144th weSindululo (1868) wandisa isiqinisekiso esifanayo kurhulumente, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho rhulumente "onokuvelisa nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Oku kuquluvo lwenkqubo efanelekileyo ngokuchasene nolawulo olupheleleyo lwaseMelika olumanyeneyo kwaye kwandisa ukufikelela kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo engokwenkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba xa urhulumente ethatha inyathelo elinokuthi limnyanzelise umntu ukuba aphile ubomi, angabi nankululeko, okanye abe nempahla, kufuneka anikele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Umbuzo ongundoqo kuhlolo olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo ngulo: yiyiphi inkqubo efunekayo? INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko ikholelwa ukuba impendulo ixhomekeke kwiimeko, ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zomntu othile nxamnye nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente.

Uvavanyo lweMathews v. Eldridge Ukulinganisa

Kwimeko yophawu lwendalo 1976 . . . ., iNkundla ePhakamileyo imise uvavanyo olukwiziko elikwicandelo ezintathu ukufumanisa ukuba luluphi ukhuseleko lweprocedtura olufunekayo kwimeko enikiweyo. Iinkundla kufuneka ziqwalasele: (1) inzala yobuqu echaphazelekayo yesenzo sikarhulumente; (2) ubungozi bokuswelwa ngempazamo ngenkqubo ekhoyo kunye nexabiso elifanelekileyo lemiqathangongezelelweyo; kunye (3) nzala karhulumente, kuquka ifical kunye nemithwalo yolawulo. Olu cwangciso oluthambileyo luvumela iinkundla ukuba zilungise iimfuno zoko ezithe ngqo kwimo-mo-yomkhethe, ukuphepha indlela eqinileyo yokulungisa.

Ukukhuselwa Kwezinto Eziqhelekileyo Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo yokubhaliswa ifuna ingqokelela yokhuseleko eyomeleleyo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo nokuthintela iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo.

  • Ilungelo lokuqaphela izityholo. Abakhuseli kufuneka baxelelwe ngezityholo ezikhethekileyo ezinxamnye nabo ngokucacisa okwaneleyo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko. I-Vague okanye izityholo ezididayo ziyayichasana inkqubo efunekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo kwinkundla elungileyo nengakhethi buso. Abagwebi nabagwebi kufuneka babe nobundilele kwaye bangacalucalulo. Nayiphi na imbonakalo yekhethe okanye ukungquzulana kwenzala ijongela phantsi ubulungisa bokuqhubekeka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina nokubiza amangqina. AbaKhuseli mabavunyelwe ukunikela ubungqina kunye nobunye ubungqina ngenxa yabo nokunyanzela ukuba abekho ngamangqina ngamandla angaphantsi kwepoena.
  • Ilungelo lokunqumla amangqina achaseneyo ne-examine. IBhassion Claus yeSithandathu IsiHlazo seMiphetho-mbo seSithandathu iqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bafumana ithuba lokuvavanya ubungqina kunye nokuthembeka kwamangqina anikelwa ngabatshutshisi.
  • Ilungelo lokumela umelo olusemthethweni. Uhlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kubamangalelwa abajongene nokuvalelwa entolongweni, urhulumente kufuneka anike igqwetha ngendleko kawonke-wonke.

Ilungelo Lokunikela Icebiso: Ukhuseleko Olusisiseko

Ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni liphakathi kweyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo yokhuseleko olufanelekileyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. [FLT]Gideon v. Wainconright [1963], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba iSihlalo seSithandathu soMmiselo-Mgqomo sisebenza ukumisela iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngenkqubo ye-InPGenearth Amend, ifuna ukuba kunikwe amagqwetha abamangaleli abangenakukwazi ukufikelela kuzo. Esi sigqibo saguqula inkqubo yokugweba yabaphuli-mthetho baseMelika, siqonda ukuba ukumangalelwa okulungileyo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle komelo olusemthethweni. Isiluleko sikwandiliza amacandelo agxeko, kuquka ukuncitshiswa kwe-'umphini, ukuvavanywa, ukugwetyelwa, nokugwetyelwa, ukugwetyelwa, ukugwetyelwa, ukugwetyelwa, ukuqulwa kwetyala.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko ekhusela amalungelo asisiseko ekungeneleleni kukarhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo. Le mfundiso iyaqonda ukuba inkululeko ethile isekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali yesizwe nakwizithethe kangangokuba ifanele ikhuselwe ngokugqithisileyo ekungeneni kukarhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachonga uludwe lwamalungelo asisiseko akhuselwe phantsi kwenkqubo ephantsi kwemvume efunekayo, ezininzi zazo ezineziphumo ezibalulekileyo kubamangalelwa bezolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nomgangatho wegunya likarhulumente.

Amalungelo Asisiseko Nenkululeko

Inkqubo esisiseko esetyenziswayo ikhusela amalungelo "ayinyani kwingcamango yenkululeko eyayalelweyo" — lawo abalulekileyo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye nakwisidima somntu. Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana, ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuthintela, ilungelo lokubandakanyeka kwihambo yesondo yabucala, kwanamalungelo okuhlala uthe tye. Kwinkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho, ephantsi kwemigaqo efunekayo yokuzilawula yomntu ngamnye. Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokukhusela abamangalelwa kwihambo karhulumente ethi "iisazela sisazela," njengobugcisa bokuvavanywa okunyanisa okanye ukungakhathaleli okunzulu kwezamayeza.

Ukuba Wedwa Nokuzimela Ngokwabanye Abantu Kwimiba Yezaphuli - mthetho

Ilungelo lokuzimela, elisekelwe kwinkqubo encinci efunekayo, linomqathango obalulekileyo kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. [FLT]Griswold v.Connecticut [1965], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho womthetho ophazamisa ukuthintela ukuthintela ukuthintela ukuphatha, ifumana ukuba umthetho awuphazamisaniki kwimicimbi yobuqu yomtshato. Esi sigqibo saseka isiseko samalungelo emfihlo esenziwe kamva kwimigaqo engosini, kwihambo engokwesini, nezinye izigqibo zobuqu. Inkqubo efunekayo kurhulumente ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho othile ungabi namthetho ofanelekileyo, ufuna ukuthethelela amalungelo angundoqo.

Inkqubela-phambili yezaphuli-mthetho: Ukhuseleko lwekhori

Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lungqongqo kakhulu ngenxa yeziphumo ezimandundu ezisemngciphekweni. UmGaqo-siseko unika imigaqo engqalileyo eqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa bafumana ityala elifanelekileyo kwaye urhulumente ufumana uxanduva lwawo lokuqinisekisa ngaphambi kokuba asohlwaye.

Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Ngokukhawuleza

IsiHlamlisi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza, ukhuseleko oluyilelwe ukuthintela ukuvalelwa okuthatha ixesha elide, ukuncitshiswa kwexhala kunye nokukrokreleka kukawonke-wonke okunxulumene nezityholo ezingalungiswanga, kwaye kuthintelwe ukuncitshiswa kwendlela yokuzikhusela enokuba neziphumo ezikhawulezileyo. Iinkundla zivavanya ukuvavanywa okukhawulezileyo kusetyenziswa uvavanyo olukwimeko ezine ezifakelweyo olumiselwe [FLT][1]] Barker v. Willo [FLT][12] [12]] ubude belibazi, isizathu sokulibazisa, ukulibaziseka, ukucinezelwa komtshutshiso, nokucaphulwa kommangatho. Icala aligqibekanga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa alikho mkhalazeli ngokungekho ngqiqweni.

Ilungelo Lokufumana Umzali Ongakhethi Buso

Ilungelo lokuchotshelwa lityala lilungu lenkundla yabachopheli-tyala abangakhethi buso okanye lilo liyimbombo yesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho saseMelika. UMthetho weSithandathu Wokwenziwa Kwezinyuso uqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi kufuneka bangacaciswa baze bakhethwe kwicandelo elinqumla uluntu. Ngexesha lokukhetha abachopheli-chopheli-cholacholi, amagqwetha asenokuvavanya iijaji ezinokuba ngabaphumezi (ukunganyaniseki) okanye asebenzise imingeni yokukhulula abagwebi ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, nangona imingeni yokuzingela ingenakusetyenziswa ngokwesizinziso sohlanga okanye ubufana. Ijaji engenakhethe iqinisekisa ukuba izibakalaniso zetyala, kunokuba ikhethelo okanye imbono yangaphambi kokuba igwebe, igqiba isigqibo.

Ingcamango Yokungabi Nanto

Ukwenziwa kwetyala kumgaqo osisiseko osisiseko obeka umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ngokungqalileyo kwityala. Ummangalelwa ngamnye uthathwa njengomsulwa ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente angqine emsulwa ngaphandle kokuba uqiqa ngokusengqiqweni. Lo mgaqo, ophezulu kumthetho waseMerika, ubonisa umgaqo wokuba kungcono ukuvumela umntu onetyala akhululeke kunokuba agwebe umntu omsulwa. Ukubekwa kwetyala kufuna ukuba urhulumente aveze ubungqina obaneleyo bokuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe kwaye athintele iinkundla okanye amatyala ekurhoxiseni kwetyala elivela ekuthulweni okanye ekusileleni kommangaleli.

Ukhuseleko Kwingozi Ephindwe kabini

IsiHlaliso seNkqubela-mva wesihlanu sinika ukuba akukho mntu ozaku "ba phantsi kwetyala elifanayo ukuba abekwe engozini yobomi okanye angabi naluvo." Oku kukhusela urhulumente ekuthinteleni urhulumente ukuba amangalele umntu ngetyala elifanayo emva kokumgweba okanye ukuthembeka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ugqibelo kwimicimbi esemthethweni nokukhusela abantu ekutshutshisweni kunye nendleko yokumangalelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ingozi ephindwe kabini inxulumene xa inkundla yejaji ibekwa kwindawo ethile ize ifungelwe, okanye xa ingqina lokuqala lifungxelelwe kwityala lebhetshi. Kukho ukungaqiniseki okusekelwe ekubonakaliseni imfuneko kunye nokumangalelwa kobunganga bomthetho, kodwa ukukhusela kungumcinezeli ohlukeneyo urhulumente oqhathakileyo.

Ukukhuselwa ekuzichaseni

IsiHlanzo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunganyanzeli ukuzixabela, sinika ukuba akukho mntu "uzakunyanzeleka ukuba abe lingqina elichasene naye nayiphi na imeko yolwaphulo-mthetho. Olu khuselo lufuna ukuba umthetho unyanzelise ukurhanelwa kwamalungelo abo — isilumkiso esidumileyo esinguMarnda [[[FLT:]] — phambi kokuzincina ingxinano yetyala. Ukungalungisi komntu ngokwakhe kuvumela abamangalelwa ukuba bahlale bethule ngaphandle kokuba bathi cwaka kusetyenziswe nxamnye nabo ekucinyweni, kuqinisekisiwe umthwalo wetyala ukungqina ukuba unetyala ngobungqina obuzimeleyo kunokuba unyanzelwe.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Kumalungelo Afanelekileyo

Ngoxa inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yenkqubo efanelekileyo imiselwe kakuhle, inkqubela-phambili yangoku ibangela ucelomngeni olutsha kwezi nqanaba zokhuseleko. Inkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa, iinguqu kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokungalingani kwenkqubo kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo afanelekileyo ahlala enentsingiselo ekusetyenzisweni.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokhuthuzo

Inkqubela kubugcisa bokuhlola, kuquka ukulandelelana kweselfowuni, ubuchule bokukhangela ubuso, kunye nokumbiwa kogcino-lwazi, kuphakamisa imibuzo yenkqubo efunwayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba ukulandelela iGPS inguphendlo lwesi-Cwene Sommendo-mva, kwaye ukufikelela kwi-data yendawo yeselula yeselula kudla ngokufuna isiqinisekiso. Noko ke, isantya esikhawulezayo sotshintsho lobugcisa sithetha ukuba iinkundla ziqhubeke zisebenzisa ukhuseleko lwemfihlo kwiimeko ezintsha. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-algorimetic shortment short kwibheil kunye nezigqi zesigqibo sogwebo kunyusa inkxalabo ekufuneka zidityaniswe, ukuchana kwendlela yokuzingona, nokuchana kwendlela yokuvava i-khompyutha.

Ukuxilonga nokuxilonga okugqithiseleyo

Inyaniso yale mihla yokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi iguqule inkqubo yobulungisa, ibeka ingcinezelo enkulu kwabamangalelwa ukuba bamkele izibongozo eziceliweyo kunokuba basebenzise ilungelo labo lokuvavanya. Ngaphezu kwama-95 ekhulwini eenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibangelwa kukutyholwa, ngokufuthi zithethwa ngezogwebo ezinamandla. Le nkqubo iphakamisa imibuzo efunekayo malunga nokuzingisisa kwezicelo, ukuqhatha kwesiluleko xa kusenziwa izicelo, nokuba abamangalelwa bafumana inkxaso ecacileyo engoko kuthethwa, nokuba ngaba abamangalelwa bafumana inkxaso enyanisweni xa bewaphula ngetyala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba ilungelo lokunceda izicelo lifikelela kwinkqubela phambili yezicelo eziceliweyo, kodwa ixhalabele ukunyanzeleka kwengcelo nokunganyani.

Ukwahluka Kobuhlanga Neenkqubo

Ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga kwinkqubo yokugweba ngokweentlobo zobuhlanga — ukusuka ekumeni nasekubambeni ukuya ekumangaleleni izigqibo, umlinganiselo wokwamkelwa kwetyala, kunye nobude besigwebo — kunyusa inkxalabo esisiseko esisiseko yenkqubo. Xa ucalucalulo olulawulayo luchaphazela ulawulo lobulungisa, isithembiso sokuphathwa ngokusesikweni siyasingela phantsi. IiNkundla ziye zalwa nocelomngeni kukhetho lwabachopheli-mthetho abanobuhlanga, uqheliselo lwamapolisa olujongelwa phantsi komthetho, kunye nokugweba icandelo elicalucalucalulo. Ngoxa i-Qelaniso olulinganayo lwe-Gawulayo lwe-Gama lwe-14th Amendment Clacestion inika isiseko sokulungisa imigaqo efanelekileyo yokulungisa imigaqo yocalulo-calulo, ifuna ukuba inkqubo yokugweba ngaphandle kocalulo-caluvo oluneyo, nokufumana bonke abamangalelwayo phantsi komthetho.

Iindlela Zokwaphula Inkqubo Elindelekileyo

Xa amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo ephulwa, inkqubo yomthetho inika iindlela zokubuyisela okusesikweni nokuthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwixesha elizayo. Ezi ndlela zonyango zibalulekile kwimigaqo yokuthembeka kwenkqubo yokusesikweni, iqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lungaphezulu kunezithembiso ezingento.

Umthetho Osisiphendu

Umthetho wokuzikhulula uyawuthintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni uHlaziyo lweSine soMmiselo ofunyenwe ngokuchasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko ommangalelwa. Owumiselwe . [FLT] Map v.Oo [1961]) wokwaphula umthetho weSigqibo sesiHluzi nokusetyenziswa ekuphuleni umthetho weSihlanu, umthetho usebenza ekuthinteleni ihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa nokugcina ingqibelelo egweba. Ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni, okanye ngokuphulwa kwecebo lokwaphulwa kwemithetho, obuthintela urhulumente ekungeneni kwihambo yakhe engekho mthethweni. Umthetho ubungalawulwa ngaphandle, kuquka ukuchasana nokufunyanwa kwemfundiso engenakunqandwayo, kodwa uhlala sisisixhobo esinamandla sokufumana amalungelo afanelekileyo.

Habeas Corpus

I-habeas corpus — ngokoqobo "unomzimba" — sisicombululo esidala esivumela abantu abasentolongweni ukuba bavavanye ubunyani bomthetho bokuvalelwa kwabo. Kwinkqubo yesizwe, 28 C. 76254 inikeza inkqubo yokuba amabanjwa avuleke ngokusemthethweni kwinkundla yesizwe emva kokudinisa iingcaciso zikarhulumente. UHaveas corpus usebenza njengesixhobo esinzima sokukhusela inkqubo efunekayo yokwaphula umthetho eyenzekayo ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko, ukungabikho komtshutshisi, nokusetyenziswa kobungqina bobuxoki. Ngexesha le Anti Brebian Deatrictic Penaltial Act yoweacel yowe-19969, i-wtritractivel ikhuselwe ngokuqwalamlamlamlo olufanelekileyo kwi-ence-oasentrount haeves, i-'igcontive

Ukuthintelwa Kwabantu Ngezokwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko

Abantu abamalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo aphulweyo nabo basenokufuna unyango lomonakalo wabemi. Phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. ngo1941, amarhamncwa angawamangalela urhulumente kunye namagosa karhulumente asekuhlaleni avukela amalungelo awo omgaqo-siseko ngoxa esebenza phantsi kombala womthetho. Lo mthetho unika inkqubo yokufumana imbuyekezo yemali yengozi ebangelwa yinkqubo yokwaphula umthetho, kuquka ukuvalelwa ngenkohlakalo, ukutshutshiswa ngenkohlakalo, nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa ngokugqithiseleyo. ICandelo lowe-1901 lisebenza ukuhlawulela amaxhoba nokuthintela ihambo engafanelekanga yorhulumente, ugxininiso kukubaluleka kokuthotyelelwa komgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo afanelekileyo okuqhuba asizo iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni; ayizokhuseleko olucacileyo oluchaza ulwalamano phakathi komntu kunye norhulumente kwinkqubo yobulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho. Ukusuka kwilungelo ukuya kwisiluleko nokujongwa njengongenatyala ukuya kukhuseleko oluchasene nokuzithethelela kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini, la malungelo aqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummangalelwa ufumana intlawulo elungileyo phambi kokuba urhulumente abangele isohlwayo. Utshintsho lwembali lwenkqubo efunekayo, ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwimizekelo yeNkundla yale mihla ephakamileyo, lubonisa imbopheleleko eqhubekayo yokuzibophelela kwindlela yokuzithethelela nesidima somntu ngamnye. Njengoko iingxaki ezintsha zivela — ukujongwa kwenkqubo yezobugcisa yokuphelisa isixokelelwano solawulo — imigaqo efunekayo ifuna ukuqwalalisa nokuqeqeshwa okufanelekileyo. Kukho ingqwalaselwa ngokunzulu kwenkqubo esemthethweni, ukuqondwa okunzulu kwamalungelo amalungelo amanani azimeleyo, kodwa kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo esesikweni.