Ukuqonda Unyulo Olusisiseko

Unyulo oluphambili luyindlela amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha ngayo abathathi-nxaxheba ukwenzela unyulo jikelele. Ngelixesha unyulo ngokubanzi ekugqibeleni lugqiba ukuba ngubani obamba isikhundla, iPrimenda idlala indima ecacileyo ekulungiseni ukhetho olukhoyo kubavoti ngoNovemba. Inkqubo ephambili eUnited States ilungelelaniswe kakhulu, nezwe ngalinye (ngokufuthi iqela ngalinye lezobupolitika libekwe kwilizwe elithile.) Lo msebenzi wemimiselo unokuba nempembelelo enkulu kumvoti, umvoti, i-ccociation, kunye nenkqubo yedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi jikelele.

Izalathiso zingalandelwa emva ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa abaguquli abaqhubela phambili babefuna ukunciphisa amandla abalawuli beqela kwaye benika abemi abaqhelekileyo ilizwi elingqalileyo ekukhethweni ngabatsha abatsha. Ngaphambi koko, abathathi-nxaxheba babekhethelwa kwiindibano zeqela okanye ii-kaucluse ezilawulwa yimibhobho yangaphakathi. Namhlanje, amaphondo amaninzi asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lonyulo oluphambili, nangona kusekho iqela elincinane eliphethe ii-kapuclus (njenge-Iowa ne-Nevada). Ukuqonda iintlobo zezindlu-Primenti kunye nomahluko kwiimeko ezinqamlezileyo kuyimfuneko ukuba nabani na ojonge kwiziphumo ezingaphakathi.

Iintlobo Zokhetho Oluphambili

Umahluko phakathi kwesixokelelwano esingundoqo kukuba ngubani ovunyelweyo ukuvota. Ezintlobo ezintathu ziqhelekileyo zivulekile, zivaliwe, zivalwe kancinci.

  • Ovula ii-PRILA: nawuphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo angathatha inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela eliphambili, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lilungu lomvoti lobudlelane. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kumaphondo anjenge Michigan, Wisconsin, kunye ne-Alabama. Abaxhasi bayikhuthaza ukuba ithathe inxaxheba ebanzi nabathathi-nxaxheba abalungeleleneyo, ngexa abagxeki beyivumela ivoti ukuba ivume kwiqela eliphikisanayo “imvume yokunqamleza” kwaye iphembelela iziphumo eziphambili.
  • Abavoti abavalelweyo: kuphela ababhaliswe neqela elinikiweyo bangavota kwisiseko seqela elo. Le nkqubo iqhelekile kumaphondo anjenge New York, Florida, nePennsylvania. I-cred primms ikhuselwa njengegcina ingqibelelo yeqela, kodwa iyakwazi ukukhulula abavoti abazimeleyo abazimeleyo abanganxulumani.
  • Semi-Valed Primery: Kule nkqubo ixubeneyo, abavoti (abazimeleyo) bangakhetha ukuba yeliphi iqela eliphambili lokuvota, kodwa amalungu abhalisiweyo angavota kuphela kwisigaba esiphambili seqela labo. Amazwe anjenge Arizona, Massachusetts, kunye nomNtla Carolina asebenzisa iiprimies ezivaliweyo ezingephi.

Ukongeza, inani elikhulayo lamazwe lifumene phezulu-2 okanye phezulu-komphezulu iinkqubo eziphambili (ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba “zii-jungle primerivary”). Kuphezulu-mbili, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abavela kuwo onke amaqela bavela kwiqela elinye; abaphezulu bevoti-ii-ihamba phambili kunyulo jikelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kwiKhalifoni naseWashington kwi-ofisi ezininzi, nakulo lonke ibizwa ngokuba yi-injinie""enjiniyakuqala).

Imo- Ngesimo Primer: Imizekelo Engundoqo

EKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya iqhuba inkqubo ephambili-emibini ephambili yee-colleniation kunye nee-ofisi zikarhulumente, ezamkelwa sisibheno sombutho wama-2010. Bonke abatshakazi badweliswe kwivoti enye, kwaye abavoti bangavotela naliphi na iqela. Abavunyiweyo abanolona khetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela, baqhubekele kunyulo jikelele. Le nkqubo ivelise ii-kudibana konyulo jikelele phakathi kwamaDemocrats amabini, amaRiphabliki amabini, okanye umxube, kwaye baye banconywa ngokulungisa imidlalo ethile ye-witrovis. Ubhaliso kuKhalifoniyalu lwasekuqaleni (usuku olubanzi) lunye ngexesha lokhetho nosuku lwangaphambili, yenza inxaxheba elula ngakumbi.

I-Texas

U-Texas usebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala evaliweyo. Ukuvota kwiqonga eliyintloko, umvoti kufuneka abhaliswe ngeli qela. Noko ke, iTexas ivumela abavoti ukuba batshintshe idipoti kwindawo yokuvota kuSuku lokhetho olungundoqo (ngokucela umjikelo weqela eliphikisayo, oluthi ngokunempumelelo lutshintshe ubhaliso). Urhulumente ukwaneemfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID zovoti, ezinokuvelisa imingeni. Unyulo lweTexas lubalulwa kuqala ngoMatshi iminyaka yonyulo lomongameli, kwaye ekupheleni koMeyi kwimiji engengowomjinga. Unyulo-Rumoff luqhelekile eTexas ukuba akukho mvoti-5%, ukongeza omnye umaleko kwinkqubo.

New York

Inkqubo ephambili evaliweyo yaseNew York ifuna abavoti babhaliswe neqela kusengaphambili. Ixesha lokubhalisa liqhele ukuba li-20 ukuya kuma-25 iintsuku eziphambili, kwaye abavoti abanakutshintsha ukudibana kweqela elithile ngefestile ethile. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kurhoxiswe kancinane kwaye kuthintelwe inxaxheba ekuvoti abazimeleyo. Kwakhona iNew York iqhuba unyulo oluphambili lweeofisi zobumongameli kunye nezingezo zephondo, kunye nomongameli ophambili ngokuqhelekileyo ngoAprili kunye norhulumente/isigxina sommandla ngoJuni okanye ngoSeptemba. Imithetho yeli yephondo yemimiselo yezemali kunye nemihla ephambili yelishwadathayo yephondo lwaseNew York iye yanciphisa impembelelo kamongameli nosuku oluphezulu kukhuphiko lwe-presidenti.

IFlorida

IFlorida isoloko ichazwa njengemeko evaliweyo ephambili, kodwa ivumela umahluko obalulekileyo: abavoti abangakhutshwanga bangathatha inxaxheba kwilungu eliphambili ukuba elo qela likhetha ukubavumela (umsebenzi ovulekileyo”. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaqela amakhulu ase Florida ngokuqhelekileyo awavulanga amagumbi awo azimeleyo, ngoko ke inkqubo isebenza njengesiqalo esivaliweyo senkoliso yabavoti. Umongameli weFlorida uphambili udla ngokubanjwe ngoMatshi, ngelixa i-startmentaries eyenzeka ngoAgasti. Imo yelizwe lisebenzisa ulwahlulo-lo lonke lwe-omatilo-etartry kwiRiphablikian Prientim, eyenze idabi yemfazwe enzima.

Illinois

Illinois isebenzisa ibala elivaliweyo kodwa livumela abavoti abangafakwanga mdla ukuba bakhethe ibhola yokuvota yeqela ngosuku lokuqala, beyenza ibe yinkqubo ekwaziyo ukuvula. Abavoti ababhaliswe ngeqela bangavota kuphela kwilungu lokuqala. Illinois inobhaliso olufanayo lwemini enye, olunyuse ujiko olubanzi. Urhulumente usoloko usiba nesiqalo semijaho yomongameli kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni. Illinois ukwavumela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kweentsuku ezingama-40 ngaphambi kweyokuqala, isenza ukuba ibe nye yeemeko ezifikelelekayo kwimiqathango yokuvota.

Iowa

Iowa udume ngemibhobho yayo ephambili, kungekhona ephambili. Nangona inkqubo yecaucus yahlukile, ifeza injongo efanayo: Ukukhetha abathunywa kwiindibano zesizwe. I-Caucuses ibandakanya iintlanganiso ezi-person apho abavoti baxubusha khona abatshati kwaye bavote esidlangalaleni. Ii-Iowa zikhuphe impembelelo kuba zilahla ikhalenda ethatha umongameli, kodwa ziye zagxekwa ngokungabinako (iiyure ezipheleleyo, ukunqongophalala) kunye nokungabhaliswa kwevota okuphezulu, ukuvota okudala. Iowa ikwaba nonyulo oluphambili lwemeko yephondo neeofisi zasekuhlaleni, isebenzisa inkqubo evulekileyo.

IHampshire Entsha

I-Hampshire entsha ibamba isiqalo sokuqala esingundoqo kuhlanga, isithethe esikhuselwe ngumthetho wesizwe. Isebenzisa inkqubo evaliweyo kancinane: abavoti abangasetyenziswanga bangavota kumntu oyintloko, kodwa amalungu abhalisiweyo alinganiselwe kweyawo. I-New Hampshire ingundoqo wesiganeko sonyulo oluthe ngqo, nabavoti befaka iibhola zomfihleko kwiindawo zokuvota. Umhla wayo wangaphambili, umvoti ophezulu, urhoxiso-ota, kunye nenkcubeko yentengiso yento yento eyenze ibe yi-bellother yemvume yokubhalisa umvoti wemini enye. Imo yelizwe ivumela ukubhalisa okunye, igalela kwinani eliphezulu lokuthatha inxaxheba.

I-Georgia

I-Georgia isebenza inkqubo evulekileyo. Iivoters azibhalisi ngeqela, kwaye zingakhetha ukuba yeyiphi i-coffot yeqela ukuba ivote ngomhla wokuqala. Ngo-2021, i-Georgia yamisela iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zonyulo (SB 202) eyanciphisa iibhokisi, yongeza iimfuno ezintsha ze-ID zokuhamba uvotelo, ze ifungxe ixesha lokuphuma. I-Georgia ephambili idla ngokubanjwa ngoMeyi okanye ngoJuni. I-Runoffs xa kungekho mvoti wonyulo ifumana uninzi, kwaye umthetho wama-20211 unciphisa iwindow yokuphuma kwe-window ukusuka kwiiveki ezisithobane ukuya kwiiveki ezine, iguqula iphulo elinamandla.

Washington

Washington usebenzisa inkqubo ephambili-2-ephambili, njengeKhalifoniya. Bonke abavoti bavela kwiqela elinye, kwaye abatshayeli ababini abaphezulu baphambili bephambili,/abangenawo umbutho. Isiseko seWashington sicwangciselwe urhulumente nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni, kwaye ngoMatshi kwimijaho yomongameli (urhulumente usebenzisa inkqubo ekhethekileyo yeqela elinombutho womongameli omnye). Inkqubo ephezulu-2 eWashington ibikhona ukususela ngowama- 2008 kwaye inconyelwe ngokucutha kwe-antingxmanting kwimimandla ethile. IWashington ikwanento ebanzi yokuvota-i-posi, kunye neebhola ezithunyelwa ngokuzenzekelayo kubo bonke ababhaliswe ekuvoti.

Stencils

Ukuqonda ikhalenda yonyulo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ube nenxaxheba. Ngoxa imihla ingafani ngokwemeko nangonyaka, inkqubo eyintloko idla ngokutyhilwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

  • Iregistration Deadlines: Umazwe amaninzi afuna abavoti ukuba babhalise iintsuku 15-30 phambi kweyokuqala. Noko ke, amanye amazwe (Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota) avumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye. Inani elikhulayo linikezela ubhaliso lwe-intanethi, oluboniswe ukwandisa.
  • Usuku lokhetho: amaPrimiri angomongameli ajoliswe kwi-“Lwesibini oluphezulu” (uLwesibini lokuqala ngoMatshi), kodwa ikhalenda isuka kwikhasethi yeFebruwari yeIowa ukuya kwizindlu zasemva ngoJuni nangoJulayi. Urhulumente kunye neprimetria zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zibanjwa kwintwasahlobo okanye ehlotyeni.
  • Phambili ukuvota nokukhupha i-Abree Voting: Amazwana amaninzi ngoku anika kungabikho kuvota okanye anikeze iiveki zokuvota kwasekuqaleni phambi kwento ephambili. Amazwe afana neFlorida ne Texas avumela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni iintsuku eziyi10/21 phambi kwentloko. I-posi ibanzi e-Oregon, Washington, Coloradorado, Utah, kunye ne-Hawaii.
  • I-Ballot Access Deadlines: kufuneka ipesenti yefayile yephepha kwaye ifikelele iimfuno zosayino phambi kwenyanga eziphambili. Iivoter kufuneka zijonge iofisi yonyulo karhulumente wabo ukwenzela ixesha elithile elikhethekileyo.

Ukubaluleka Okubalulekileyo Kwamatyala

Izaphuli-mthetho azilonyathelo lobuchule kwinkqubo yokukhetha; zineziphumo ezinzulu zolawulo, umelo, kunye neqela elinamandla.

  • Ukutsala iMenu yoNkqo jikelele: Izahlulo-zigqibo zigqiba ukuba ngowuphi umfoti ovela kwibhola yentsimbi kaNovemba. Umjikelo osezantsi ungavelisa ii-mines ezigqithisileyo ezingameleli unyulo olubanzi, ngelixesha isangqa esiphezulu esiphezulu sithanda ukukhetha eziphakathi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano seVoter kunye nemfundo: i-Prime ivelisa ingqalelo ye-media, iingxoxo zomvotelwa, kunye nolungelelwaniso loluntu, zonke ezinokuthi zandise ulwazi lwezopolitiko. Kubavoti abaninzi, intloko yinkqubano yabo engqalileyo nenkqubo yonyulo.
  • Impatho yeBhalothi esezantsi: Izenzo ziyasebenza nakwindlu yowiso-mthetho, kwibhunga lesixeko, kwibhodi yesikolo, nakwimilo yezomthetho. Olu khuphiswano luphantsi lusoloko lubonakala kancinci, okwenza unyulo lokuqala lweqokobhe kwimimandla ekhetha abantu ngokunzima.
  • IParty Platform kunye nabathunywa: Kumongameli Primerity, ubalo lothumo lumisela iqela lonikezelo. Inkqubo yokuphathisa ipropotical vs. iphumelele ukuthatha-all-apply ses ses. Candidate kufuneka kwakhona imigaqo yeqela kwidenderidage (kwiDidemoc Partity) okanye abathunywa abangabotshelelwanga (kwiPalathi yeRiphabliki).

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwalo, unyulo oluyintloko lujamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olunokusidodobalisa isithembiso sabo solawulo - melo.

  • Unyuko kunye noMjikelo ongatshintshiyo: Ujikelezo oluphambili lusezantsi kakhulu kunonyulo jikelele, ngokufuthi ngaphantsi kwama-30%. Abavoti abathabatha inxaxheba badla ngokuthanda ukuba badala, bamhlopher, kunye nengqiqo eninzi kunevolution jikelele, enokuthi isuke kwiziphumo ezigqithisileyo. Le ngxaki yaziwa ngokuba “yi-priminary frindergence."
  • Ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwemithetho: Umahluko kwiindidi ezingundoqo, amaxesha okubhalisa, kunye neemfuno ezingekhoyo zidala isiphithiphithi, ingakumbi kubavoti abatsha okanye abangaqhubiyo. Ufundo lwama-2020 lwepew lwafumanisa ukuba abavoti abaninzi abakwaziyo ukutshintsha uhlobo oluphambili lombuso wabo. Ukungacaci kungakhokelela ekungaqiniseki kweempazamo, njengokuvota kwiqela elingalunganga.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imali yeCandelo: Imali yeCandelo kwiPrimeticles zinganika uncedo oluphezulu kubanikezeli abaza kuzenza okanye abo baxhaswa ziikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PACs). Ukuchitha imali ngaphandle akusoloko kulawulwa kakhulu kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni kunakunyulo jikelele. Oku kunyusa inkxalabo ngempembelelo yabanikeli abazizityebi kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo.
  • IGerrymaning kunye neSeats ezikhuselekileyo: Kwizithili ezitsalelwa kwisabelo esinye esinzima, esingundoqo sikuphela konyulo lokhuphiswano. Oku kungakhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba balungiselele abaxhasi beqela kunokuba balufumane uluntu ngokubanzi, baqhubekeke ncam yomhlaba. IiNguqulo ezinjengeziko ezizimeleyo zokuzikomfako kunye neenkqubo ezingundoqo (umz. umz., phezulu-2) injongo yokuthetha ngale nto, kodwa jongana nemiqobo yezobupolitika.
  • Ucinezeleko nonikezelo: Amazwe anemithetho ye-ID yevoti engqongqo, elinganiselweyo yokuvota kwangethuba, okanye iifestile ezimfutshane zobhaliso zingadiba intlukwano yabambalwa, ingeniso ephantsi, kunye nevoti eselula. Umzekelo, umthetho we-ID engqongqo kaTexas ucelwe umngeni enkundleni. Ngokufanayo, uthelekisa ukuba akunikezeli ubhaliso olufanayo lwemini enye isoloko ubona ukurhoxisana okusezantsi phakathi kwabemi abasebenza nzima.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ikhalenda yangoku inika impembelelo enkulu kumazwe angaphambili njenge Iowa ne New Hampshire, amhlophe kakhulu kwaye angahlukanga kakhulu kunohlanga. Imigudu yokujikelezisa ikhalenda okanye ukwenza amapringithi engingqi icetyiwe kodwa ayimiswanga kumgangatho weqela lesizwe.

Utshintsho Nekamva Labo Bacalucalucalulo

Inkqubo yonyulo ephambili ayimi. Iingcamango eziliqela zotshintsho zifumene igalelo kwimo yelizwana nelizwe:

  • I-Choice Voting (RCV): Yaziwa njenge-potoffice, RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi, isingeniso esisezantsi siyasuswa, kwaye amavoti ayasasazwa. i-RCV isetyenziswa kunyulo oluphambili noluqhelekileyo eMaine, e-Alaska, kunye namadolobha amaninzi. Inganciphisa ukuvota okufanelekileyo kwaye ivelise abaphumelele ngokuphangaleleyo.
  • Zonke iiposi-mvo: Amazwe aqhuba unyulo ngokuyintloko ngeposi (iOregon, iWashington, Colorado) abonile unyuko lwanda, kuquka nakwii-primering. Ukwandisa ivoti ngeposi kungaphucula ufikelelo, nangona inyusa ukhuseleko kunye nenkxalabo yemithetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ngokuzenzekelayo Ubhaliso lwe Voter (AVR): Amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya, Oregon, kunye neVermont ngokuzenzekelayo abhalisa abemi abafanelekileyo xa besebenzisana namaziko karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba bekhethe. I-AVR iboniswe ukwandisa isantya sokubhalisa kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, i-'''''''''''''''''''.
  • Amagosa avula iiPrigrim kunye neNetpartisan System: aphikisayo ngokuthi ukuvulwa okanye amasuntswana amabini aphezulu avelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abalungeleleneyo kwaye anciphisa iqhina le-grid. Abahlalutyi boyikela ukucutha ubukho beqela nokhetho lovoti. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho nakumacebo okukhetha amatsha.
  • Ukulungisa iKhalenda yoMongameli: Amaqela eDemocratic kunye neRiphabliki athe ahlaziywa ngamaxesha athile afumana imithetho yokubuyisela iimeko ezibamba iprimiries kamva okanye ukunciphisa igalelo langaphambili. Kodwa, inkqubo yangoku ishiyeka ingumbandela wokugxekwa okuqhubekayo ngenxa yokungabi nammeleli kunye nocwangciso olunengxubevange.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokuqala yonyulo isisiseko kodwa ayihoywanga. Kulapho ibala limxinwa khona, apho amaqonga eqela ebunjwe khona, nalapho abavoti benolwazi lokuqala olunentsingiselo oluthethayo lokuba ngubani oza kukhokela. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha nokungalingani kunokuthintela iziphumo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abathatha ixesha lokuqonda imithetho yesizwe, ukumiselwa kwemithetho yesizwe, uhlobo oluphambili, uhlobo lokuvota, iinketho-apt-jolo oluphambili, oluxhotyiswe kakuhle ukwenza ukuba izwi labo liviwe. Ukuntywila okunzulu, ukukhangela izinto ezifana [[FLT: 0] i-As Confective of State [FLT] [FLT:], kunye nesixhobo sokulungisa uluntu siyaqhubeka, [FLT:]