Ziziphi Iindlela Zebhola?

Imilinganiselo yebhola icetyiswa ukuba ibe yimithetho, ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko, okanye imibuzo ekhokelwa ngqo okanye yabelwe abavoti kwibhokisi yebhola. Imela uhlobo lwedemokhrasi engqalileyo, inika abemi amandla okungathotyelwa kweendlu zowiso-mthetho nokuyilawula ngokwabo. Ngoxa iUnited States ingumgangatho oyintloko wedemokhrasi, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha se-ogractical ye-U. Amazwe avumela uhlobo oluthile lomlinganiselo we-obholothi ezwe, yaye amawakawaka emithetho-ommandla wasekuhlaleni nawoyawo ikwawavumela. Inyathelo langoku kunye nenkqubo yokuququququzelela i-amrhululo inguqululo ingulwe yinkqubo yayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa abaguquli befuna ukwaphula igunya loomatshini kunye nempembelelo yezentlalo-othobal. U-Orgon waba ngomnye wemibutho lokuqala lokuqalisa ipropatitensitiesday, kunye nowamagranti yomthetho ye-magranti.

Iintlobo Zemilinganiselo Yebhola

Kukho iindidi eziliqela ezahlukileyo zomlinganiselo webhola, nganye ineempawu zayo zomthetho kunye neemfuno ezingokwesithethe. Ukuqonda umahluko kubalulekile ekuhloleni oko kuthethwa yivoti.

Izinto Eziqalayo

Kukho amanyathelo acetyiswayo abekwe kwikhasi lokhetho lwabemi, hayi yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Abaxhasi kufuneka baqokelele inani elichaziweyo lotyikityo olusebenzayo kubavoti ababhalisiweyo kwisakhelo sexesha elichaziweyo. Iziqulu-phambili zingahlulwa ngokubhekele phaya zibe ziindidi ezimbini ezincinci:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Inyathelo elithathayo eliya ngqo kwibhola yebhola emva kotyikityo, ligqitha indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inyathelo lokuqala elingangqalanga libekwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ukuze kuqwalaselwe; ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayidluli umlinganiselo ngexesha elimisiweyo, ngoko iya kubavoti. Le nqanaba yesibini isetyenziswa kumazwe ambalwa, kuquka iMaine kunye neMassachusetts.

Abathathi-nxaxheba bangathetha ngomthetho wemithetho (imithetho eqhelekileyo) okanye ulungiso lwezomGaqo-siseko, ngezabelo zomGaqo-siseko ezidla ngokufuna utyikityo oluthe lwanditshwa kunye nomqobo ophezulu. Umzekelo, iPhondo yeKhalifoniya ye-13 (1978) yayilinyathelo lomgaqo-siseko elanciphisa irhafu yempahla kunye nemali karhulumente eguqu-guqukayo kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Imisonto

IiReferendendum zivumela abavoti ukuba bavume okanye bangayifuni imithetho esele idluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili:

  • [[FLT: 0] ipapular irendendum: Abami bacela ukucela ukucela ukucel'ilwa umthetho othile owenziwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ukuba utyikityo olwaneleyo luqokeleliwe, umthetho uyajikwa de abavoti bagqibe ukuyiphakamisa okanye ukuyiphinda bayisebenzise. Oku kusoloko kusetyenziswa njengesixhobo seveto.
  • I-arhentententeum e-]: Indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo ibhekisela kumlinganiselo kubavoti ukuze bafumane imvume. Oku kuqhelekile kwimiba yamaqhina, ulwando lwerhafu, kunye nokupheliswa komgaqo-siseko okugunyazisiweyo ngumthetho wezwe. Imithetho ye-argentisleaderum inokuba ngummiselo (okhutshwe ngumgaqo-siseko wezwe, njengomgaqo-siseko wesizwe ophelisweyo) okanye ukhetho kwimigaqo yomthetho-mthetho womthetho.

Imibuzo Yokhuthazo Nezinye Iintlobo

Amanye amaphondo avumela imibuzo okanye uphando lwenkqubo olungenayo impembelelo yomthetho. Ezi zisoloko zingabotsheleli kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukubonakalisa iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke. Ukongeza, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa imilinganiselo yokubophelela iinguqu, amaqhina esikolo, neminye imibandela kamasipala. Ngoxa le miqathango isebenza phantsi kwemigaqo-siseko enye, balawulwa yimithetho karhulumente nemithetho kamasipala eyahlukene kakhulu.

Ukuqalisa Inkqubo Ngenyathelo

Ngoxa iinkqubo ezichanileyo zingafani ngokwesizwe, inyathelo eliqhelekileyo lokuzimisela lilandela indlela efanayo. Ukuqonda la maqondo kunceda abavoti baqonde isizathu sokuba amanye amanyathelo ephumelele yaye amanye angaphumeleli.

Ukufremba Isikali

Abaxhasi — amaqela adla ngokumiliselwa, imibutho yenzala, okanye imibutho elungelelanisiweyo yezentengiso — babhala umbhalo wokwenziwa komthetho ocetyiswayo okanye utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Le drafti kufuneka icace, ivakalise ngokusemthethweni, ithobele umthetho olawulayo wesizwe omnye, othintela ukuqeshwa kwemiba engqubanayo (ukungahambelani nemibandela edityanisiweyo kumlinganiselo omnye). Amaphondo amaninzi afuna ukuphinda ahlole ngejelo-wonke okanye iofisi karhulumente yonyulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo ihambelana neemfuno zemithetho.

Ukufuna Izicelo Nezigqibo Zokuhlanganisa

Xa umlinganiselo uvunyiweyo wokusasazwa kwegazi, abaxhasi baqalisa ukuqokelela utyikityo kubavoti ababhalisiweyo. Inani lotyikityo olufunekayo liyipesenti yeevoti eziphoswe kolona nyulo lwakutshanje kwilizwe lonke. Amanyathelo omthetho adla ngokunyanzela abaququzeleli ukuba bawakhe ngokukhawuleza amashishini kunye namatsha - ntliziyo ahlawulwayo okanye abaqokeleli bemiqathango abahlawulwayo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Ngamagosa Okhetho

Emva kokuthobela, amagosa onyulo ahlola utyikityo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngakubavoti ababhalisiweyo kwaye ngokwaneleyo bayasebenza. Icandelo lotyikityo lilinganiswa ngokuzenzekelayo; ukuba inani elichanekileyo lotyikityo olusebenzayo lidibana nomqobo, umlinganiselo ungaqhubekeka. Ukuba isampuli isondele kakhulu ukuba ingabizwa, uqinisekiso olupheleleyo lungaqhutywa. Le nkqubo inokuba nengxabano, ngeengxaki ezisemthethweni zokuqhatha, utyikityo olwanele, okanye iimpazamo ezingokwemiqathango.

IsiHloko seBalot kunye nesishwankathelo

Xa ugunyazisiwe, umlinganiselo ufumana igalelo lovotelwa elisemthethweni kunye nesishwankathelo. Ezi zibhalwa ligqwetha jikelele okanye yibhodi yonyulo karhulumente kwaye kufuneka zingacalucalulo kwaye zifundise. Amagama esihloko angaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ingqiqo yomvoti, kwaye iimpikiswano ngolwimi olunekhethelo ziphelela enkundleni.

Iphulo

Ngomlinganiselo we-operathi, ifomu yamaphulo aphikisanayo. Abaxhasi kunye nabachasi baphakamisa imali, izibhengezo zenqwelo-moya, iinxulumaniso, kunye noncwadi lweposi kubavoti. Umkhokeli wolwazi, osasazwa ngurhulumente, udla ngokuquka umbhalo opheleleyo womlinganiselo, iimpikiswano kunye negalelo lonyuso. Ngosuku lonyulo, abavoti baphawula ukhetho lwabo, kwaye umlinganiselo udlula ukuba ufumana uninzi olulula — ngaphandle kokuba umgaqo-siseko ufunela uhlobo oluthile lwemilinganiselo (umz. umz., ukwanda kwerhafuthe okanye intelelo).

Ukusetyenziswa koMgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuba uvunyiwe, umlinganiselo uba ngumthetho — ngokufuthi okanye ngomhla ochaziweyo osebenzayo. Noko ke, nawuphi na umthetho umele uhlolwe. Iinkundla zingabetha umlinganiselo wokucholachola ukuba uchasene noMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe, okanye umthetho karhulumente. Umzekelo, iProsigrance 8 (2008), eyawuvalayo umtshato ongokwasemgangeni omnye, ekugqibeleni yabethwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente. Ukufakelwa kwetyala kwakhona kungafuna ukusetyenziswa komthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko womthetho owesizwe ukuze kuzaliswe ngokweenkcukacha.

Indlela Yokufumana I - referendem Icaciswe

IiReferendendum zisebenzisana nezinye izinto ezisisiseko kodwa zibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kunokuba zicetywe ngabami.

I-Referendem Ethandwayo

Emva kokuba umthetho utyikitywe yirhuluneli, abachasi banefestile elinganiselweyo — eqhele ukuba iintsuku ezingama-90 — ukufaka isicelo sokunqumamisa umthetho olindele uvoti kawonke-wonke. Kufuneka baqokelele inani elithile lotyikityo (ngokufuthi ipesenti levoti ephoswe kunyulo lokugqibela) ukunyanzela i-arhenteendum. Ngexesha isicelo sisasaziswa, umthetho awusebenzi (okanye ukuphumeza kwawo kulibazisekile). Ngosuku lonyulo, uvota kufuneka: "Ungawuvunywa lo mthetho?" uvota" uxhasa umthetho; "akukho" ukuvota" ukuwuphinda ulule. Ukuba i-vote, i-console ayinakukwazi ukuphinda isebenze umthetho omnye ngexesha elimiselwe (ngokufutsha iminyaka emihlanu). Isala inxuse i-'umthe ngoluthulo ngenxa yokutyikitya okungqongqo, kodwa isebenza njenge-ehlohlo.

Ukubuyiselwa koMthetho

Olu hlobo lwe-headerral luxhaphake kakhulu. Umgaqo-siseko welizwe udla ngokufuna ukuba izenzo ezithile — ezifana nokuguqula umgaqo-siseko, ukukhupha imbopheleleko jikelele, okanye ukwandisa iirhafu ezithile — zithotyelwe kubavoti. Amaqumrhu agunyaziswe kwimithetho akhetha ukubhekisa kwimibandela ephikisanayo (njengokutshata okungalinganiyo okanye ixesha lokugcina imini) ukuvumela abavoti ukuba bagqibe. Ezi zi-arhententem ziyabophelela kwaye zifuna ivoti enkulu ngaphandle kokuba ichazwe.

Indima Yamaphulo Nemali

Amaphulo e-mephu ebhola lishishini elikhulu. Kukhuphiswano oluphezulu lweprofile, iindleko zingafikelela kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi. Imali ivela kumashishini, amaqumrhu, amaqela okurhwebelana, abantu abazizityebi, yaye maxa wambi iikomiti zeqela lamazwe. Ngenxa yokuba imilinganiselo yokufaka ibhola ayingobathathi-nxaxheba, ngokufuthi akukho miqathango yemirhumo — nangona amanye amaphondo emisela iimfuno zokutyhila.

Amandla omlinganiselo we-collet ahlukeneyo kwimida yabavoti. Abaxhasi abaqhelananga kakhulu nemibandela kwaye bachanabeka kakhulu kwizibongozo ezingokweemvakalelo, iziqubulo ezilahlekisayo, kunye nobuchule boloyiko. Abenzi bomlinganiso basoloko bejolise ingqalelo kwiziphumo ezicingelwayo zomlinganiselo kunokuba babhale umbhalo wawo. Abachasi bomlinganiselo bangawubeka njengesakhelo solwando kudidi oluphakathi okanye "unxunguphalo kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke-wonke" ngelixa abaxhasi bethembisa "umoya" okanye urhulumente ococekileyo"

Olunye ucelomngeni luthi inkcaso echukumisiweyo ingoyiswa lula kuqhubo lwengca, nokuba inenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Ngokuchaseneyo, umlinganiselo osemva ungasusa abachasi bayo amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, kunyulo lwaseKhalifoniya lwama-2020, iProsigration 22 (eyahlula abaqhubi benkqubo njengezindlu ezizimeleyo) yafumana ngaphezu kweedola ezingama-20 ezigidi zemali edityanisiweyo — elinye lowona mlinganiso ubiza imali eninzi kwimilingo ye-ogxampyutha eninzi kwimbali. Umlinganiselo wadlula, ngenxa yobunzima bemali yokukhwela iinkampani ezithutha abantu.

Ukubaluleka Kwebhola Esetyenziswa Kwidemokhrasi

Amanyathelo ebhola asebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Avumela abemi ukuba baphume kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezivalelwe okanye ezijoliswe kwiminqweno ekhethekileyo. Avumela ukuba kubekho iinkqubo ezintsha ezingasayi kumiswa — ezifana nemithetho yomoya engenamsi, unyuko oluncinane, kunye nemigangatho yentlalo-ntle yezilwanyana. Bakwanika nelizwi elingqalileyo kwimicimbi yentlalo ethanda ingxabano, ukusuka ekuqhosheni amalungelo okunceda ukuzibulala.

Ngaphezu koko, amanyathelo okuvota anokuba sisivalo sokhuseleko kunxunguphalo lwabantu. Xa izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zingaphumeleli ukwenza izinto eziza kuqala ezithandwayo — njengokubekwa komjumba, ukuhlaziywa komthetho, okanye imiqathango yezemali yephulo — abemi banokuyithatha ngokwabo imicimbi. Le nkqubo inokuba negalelo elikhulu kuvoti nakumanyano lwezentlalo, ingakumbi xa umlinganiselo uchaphazela umbandela okhuthaza abantu ukuba baye kuvotelwano.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Nakubeni zibhenela kwidemokhrasi, amanyathelo okuvota awenzi amanqam. Abahlalutyi bathetha ngeengxaki eziliqela ezizingisileyo.

Ukuphazamiseka Kwezinto Ezintsonkothileyo Nezinto Ezininzi

Ulwimi lwemilinganiselo yebhola lungaxinzeleleka, luyimithetho, kwaye luzele zizinto ezikhethwayo. Abavoti abaninzi abafundi umbhalo opheleleyo baze endaweni yoko baxhomekeke kufutshane, kwimpempempe ezinconywayo, nakwizibhengezo zephulo. Uphando lubonise ukuba abavoti badla ngokungaqondi ncam impembelelo yomlinganiselo webhola, ingakumbi xa ibandakanya iinxenye ezishukumayo okanye izinto ezifihliweyo zorhwebo.

Ukwaphulwa koLawulo lweZikhulu esinye

Nangona uninzi lwamazwe lufuna umlinganiselo ngamnye wokwabelana ngesihloko esinye, ukuyila ngobuchule kungadibanisa amalungiselelo athandwayo nangathandwayo kwicebiso elinye. Le mikhosi yeqhinga lokuvota ikwamkela into abayichasayo ukuze bafumane into abayifunayo. Iinkundla zidla ngokungenelela ukwaphula imiqathango enjalo, kodwa ukuthatyathwa kwemiqathango kubandakanya ixesha elizinzileyo nelingenakubonwa kwangaphambili.

Ubuncinane Bamalungelo Nobungqwabalala Bobukhulu

Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ingasongela amalungelo amancinane. Ngenxa yokuba amanyathelo okuthoba agqitywe luninzi, angasetyenziselwa ukumisela imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho — enjengemiqathango engokwabelana ngesondo okanye ukuvalwa kwezenzo zobufanasini. Ngoxa iinkundla kamva zinokuwabhukuqa amanyathelo anjalo ngenxa yezizathu zomgaqo-siseko, inkqubo yokulingwa isenokuthabatha iminyaka, apho amaqela amancinane ehlelwa yintlekele yokwenene.

Umahluko Wemali YeCandelo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ixabiso lamaphulo okulinganisela angoku lithetha ukuba izilangazelelo zobutyebi ziphumele impembelelo. Inkcaso echukumisiweyo ingabulala umlinganiselo nokuba uninzi lwabemi bakhona bayawuxhasa, ngokusuka nje bafake inqwelo-moya ngemiyalezo engalunganga. Ngokuchaseneyo, umxhasi ofumileyo angathenga indawo kwibhoti ngokuphuphuma kotyikityo ngokuqokelela abajikelezisi abahlawulelwayo. Oku kunyusa inkxalabo yokuba inyathelo lokuqala libanike imvume yabemi abaqhelekileyo okanye ngokulula nje anike omnye umbutho indawo yokutyela imali.

Ukudinwa kwe Voter kunye nobude bebhola

Amatyala amaninzi ngoku anamaphepha ade anezixa ezininzi, ingakumbi kwiminyaka elinganayo yonyulo. Oku kulindeleke ukuba kuphandwe nganye, ethatha ixesha lokufumana. Ngenxa yoko, abavoti abaninzi bayayiyeka imilinganiselo ye-Grandicationboot okanye ivote esekelwe kumthombo omnye wolwazi, njengokhuphiswano lweqela okanye umhleli wephephandaba. Oku kunciphisa ubunjani obungalawulekiyo bedemokhrasi engqalileyo.

Indlela Yophando Nee-evaluate Ballot

Ukuba ngumvoti onolwazi kwimilinganiselo yebhola kufuna umgudu wequmrhu. Nala amanyathelo asebenzisekayo okusika ingxolo.

Qala nge mithombo esemthethweni

Iwebhsayithi yeofisi yonyulo karhulumente wakho ipapasha isikhokelo somvoti osemthethweni, esiquka umbhalo opheleleyo womlinganiselo ngamnye, isishwankathelo esingakhethiyo, uhlalutyo lwempembelelo yeso sixhobo, neempikiswano eziqukunjelwa ngabaxhasi nabachasi. Le yeyona mithombo inegunya. Kwakhona jonga iofisi yonyulo lwengingqi yakho ukwenzela amanyathelo asekuhlaleni.

Sebenzisa Icebo Elingaphakamisiyo

Imibutho emininzi inikela iingcaciso ezingacaciyo, ezicacileyo ngolwimi lwemilinganiso yebhola. inikeza ulwaphulo oluneenkcukacha lomlinganiselo ngamnye, kuquka imvelaphi, inkxaso kunye neempikiswano zenkcaso, inkxaso yemali yezemali, kunye nomongo wembali. UManyano lwaManyano lwabesifazane Voters luvelisa ipro/conspecter . Ithala lakho leencwadi likawonke-wonke linokuba nabalawuli abavoti.

Funda Ngasemva KwesiXhobo

Isihloko sovote kunye nesishwankathelo sifutshane ngabom kwaye singalahlekisa. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo obizwa ngokuba yi “Isiqinisekiso se-ID yeVotir” ungavakala ulula, kodwa iinkcukacha (i-ID eyamkelekileyo, indlela yokuzifumana, ngawaphi amaqela achaphazelekayo) umba ophezulu kakhulu. Soloko ufunda umbhalo opheleleyo okanye ubuncinane uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo kumthombo othenjiweyo.

Landela Imali

Khangela ukuba ngubani oxhasa iphulo ngalinye. Ii-website ze-druid (esoloko zigcinwe ngurhulumente) zoluhlu lwabanikeli abangundoqo. Ukuba icala elinye lixhaswa kakhulu ngumbutho okanye ushishino, buza isizathu sokuba. Landela ijenali enescheme ephengulula iintshukumisa ezisemva komlinganiselo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yesizwe yeSizwe yeLegislatures[ nayo ithatha inyathelo kunye neenkqubo ze-exampyum ezinxulumene nomthetho kwaye iyakwazi ukunikezela ngogcino-lwazi olungowona mmandla.

Cinga Ngemiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Umlinganiselo we-collet obonakala ucacile unokuba neziphumo zamaza. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo wokuba iirhafu zepropati zinokukhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwemali yezikolo kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko. Umlinganiselo ogunyazisa iziyobisi ngokusemthethweni ungenza imizila emitsha yamaziko karhulumente. Iingxelo zokungqubana kwe-Fiscal, ngelinye ixesha impikiswano, yindawo elungileyo yokuqala ukuvavanya ezorhwebo.

Ukubandakanyeka Kwisigqibo Soluntu

Thetha nabahlobo, abamelwane namaqela abantu abahlala apho.

Imizekelo Ephawulekayo Yembali

Imilinganiselo emininzi yokuvota iye yalolonga ngokunzulu umthetho weMerika nezobupolitika.

  • [[INTLA: 0] ICalifornia Procement 13 (1978): irhafu yempahla erhoxisiweyo kwaye ifuna ivoti yowiso-mthetho ezimbini 933 yerhafu ukuze yande. Yabangela ukuvukela irhafu kwelizwe lonke kwaye iyaqhubeka iphembelela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente.
  • Colorado Amendment 64 (202): ukhuphiswano olusemthethweni lokuzonwabisa intsangu, ukumisela amaza afanayo kwilizwe lonke.
  • I-Shashington State Imba "1000 (2008): ugqirha osemthethweni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • [[UMTL:0] Iprojekthi ye-Arizona 200 (20004): Ubungqina obufunekayo bobumi ukuvota nokuchongwa kokhetho — umzekelo wokuqala wenkqubo ye-ID yomvoti owiswe yinyathelo lokuqala.
  • [[NTL:0] IMinnesota Amendment 1 (202): Isilungiso somgaqo-siseko esicetyisiweyo sokuchaza umtshato njengophakathi kwendoda nomfazi omnye; wasoyiswa, nto leyo eyabangela inguquko kwingxoxo yomtshato ekwakuthethwa ngayo ngokwamanyala.

Isiphelo

Amanyathelo kunye namanyathelo ebhola anamandla eenkqubo zedemokhrasi engqalileyo, enika abavoti ithuba lokuyila umthetho kunye nenkqubo engaphandle kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Bangabangela utshintsho olubalulekileyo, bakhulise ukuganana kwezentlalo-ntle, baphinde baphendule urhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye, bafumana iingozi zokwenene: ukuntsonkotha, ukungalingani ngokwemali, ukonakaliswa kwamalungelo amancinane, kunye nokudinwa kovota. Ummi obekekileyo ungena kumgangatho wokungakholosi ngentengo yephulo, kodwa ngophando olunzulu, ngokuzicingela ngokuzibandakanya nenkcukacha. Ngokuqonda indlela ezi zinto ezisebenzayo — ukuhlanganisa ukujongana ngemiqathango yokugweba — uvoteko lungenza ubuchule bomeleza uluntu lwabo kunye nedemo-demokhrasi.