Isiseko Solawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ummi ngamnye onqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi kufuneka aqale aqonde indlela igunya elisasazwa ngayo kwaye lilawulwa ngayo. Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-United States sayilwa ngabom ngabaseki abasunguliweyo ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya nakumntu omnye okanye iqela. Esi sakhiwo, esakhelwe kwimigaqo yokwahlula amagunya kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso, siqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo luhlala lusamkela abantu ngoxa lukhusela ubuzwilakhe. Ukuqonda le nkqubo asiyondlela nje yemfundo yokusebenzisa imvume yezentengiso, kunceda abantu ukuba baphendule baze bakhuthaze abameli babo ngezilangazelelo zabo.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, wadala irepublic karhulumente enamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo engundoqo: ukwenza imithetho, ukumisa imithetho, nokutolika imithetho. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olucokisekileyo lwesebe ngalinye, isakhiwo salo, amandla, kunye nemiqathango yalo, kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yee-chekethiso ezigcina isebenza kakuhle. Ukuba ungumfundi olungiselela uvavanyo lwezezentlalo-ntle, umfundisi-fundisi ovelisa izifundo, okanye umfundi ofuna ulwazi olunzulu ngeminyaka epheleleyo, esi sikhokelo sinikela ukujonga okunzulu indlela urhulumente waseMerika asebenza ngayo ngokwenene.

Imvelaphi Nentanda - bulumko Yamagunya Ahlukeneyo

Ingcamango yokwahlula igunya likarhulumente libe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo ayiqalanga kuBaseki bamaMelika. Isithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMantesquieu, kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo anesine], uMoya woMthetho [[, waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ikhuseleke kakhulu xa uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye namagunya owiso-mthetho abanjwe ngamaqumrhu awahlukeneyo. Amafulejini eMigatho aphenjelelwa kakhulu yilee, kunye namava awo ngeBritane kunye nolawulo lwamakoloni. UJames Madison, ku [FLD:] u-Factlist.[FLD], u-4], wabhala oko kuthe “kuwonke amandla olawulo, nolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nokuchaza ngokusesikweni.

Ukuzalisekisa le ntanda-bulumko, umGaqo-siseko unika amagunya akhethekileyo kwisebe ngalinye kumanqaku awo amathathu okuqala. Inqaku I-Siseko (isebe lowiso-mthetho), iGatya II liyila ubumongameli (isebe elilawulayo), kunye neQumrhu III limisela iinkundla zesizwe (isebe eligwebayo). Esi sakhiwo sohambo asisodwa eUnited States, kodwa inguqulelo yaseMerika yahlula amandla ovavanyo nolungelelwano, nto leyo evumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lixhathise ukungenelela ezinye.

Isebe Lomthetho: Injini Yokwenza Imithetho

Isebe loMthetho, i-Conrer, lisebe elikufutshane nabantu kwaye elokuqala ukukhankanywa kumGaqo-siseko. Imbopheleleko yalo ephambili kukuqhuba, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisela imithetho elawula uhlanga. IBhunga liyikomfa le-bimeral, ithetha ukuba linamagumbi amabini: iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeNtsimbi. Le candelo yayingukulala phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko. Indlu esekelwe kuluntu, iBhunga linika umelo olulinganayo kwimo nganye.

Ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa

  • Indlu yabameli:[[FLT: 1] Amalungu ovota, ngalinye elimele isithili sombutho ngaphakathi kwesizwe. Amalungu akhonza amabinzana eminyaka emibini, enza iNdlu ivume kakhulu kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. USomlomo weNdlu, onyulwe liqela, wongamela imicimbi kwaye unegunya elibalulekileyo kucwangciso lwemithetho-siseko sowiso-mthetho.
  • `Izinyuko'': 100 ii-senators (iisibini kumbuso ngamnye) ezisebenza iminyaka emithandathu, nekota enye-mithathu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMalanga ukwenzela unyulo nyaka ngamnye. Eli xesha lide nonyulo lalicebe-ngezelelekileyo lalijoliswe ukunikezela ngozinzo nemboniselo ende, ukugquma izihluzi ezisuka kwiminqweno kawonke wonke ekhawulezayo. UMongameli we-United States usebenza njengoMongameli weNtsimbi yeNtsimbi kodwa uvota kuphela ukuze aphule iqhina. Indlu yendlu yendlu iphinde inyule uMongameli elungileyo efuna ukuphatha umongameli wexesha elide kukungabikho koMongameli.

Amandla Asetyenzisweyo

UmGaqo-siseko unika iKhonkethi uluhlu olukhethekileyo lwamagunya kwiGatya I, Icandelo 8, elaziwa njengamagunya anikezelweyo. Ezi ziquka amandla ku:

  • Ukuqokelela iirhafu, imisebenzi, ii-posts, kunye nokuhlawula amatyala nokulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo nentlalo-ntle
  • Boleka imali eUnited States
  • Urhwebo lwamanyaniswa namazwe asemzini, amazwe angaphandle, nezizwe zamaMerika Omthonyama
  • Ukumisela imithetho efanayo yokusetyenziswa kwendalo nokuwa
  • Imali eninzi nexabiso layo
  • Memezelani imfazwe, kunyuswe kwaye kuxhaswe imikhosi, kunikezelwe kwaye kulondolozwe umkhosi wamanzi
  • Yenza yonke imithetho eza kufuneka nefanelekileyo yokuthwalisa umgwebo amagunya aphezulu ([FLT: 0]] iSiseko kunye neSimo sikaClaus' )

Imfuneko ne Seant Claus ngumthombo wamandla eBhunga asetyenziswayo, aye achazwa ngokubanzi yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ingakumbi ukusuka Mcloch v. Maryland [1819]. Le ngxelo ivumela iBhunga ukuba linwebe igunya lalo ukucombulula iingxaki zale mihla ezingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kwimiGatho-siseko, njengakululeko lwe-intanethi okanye ukuseka ibhanki yesizwe.

Imisebenzi yeQhosha kunye noLawulo

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iKhomishini ibonakalisa ulawulo olugxekayo kwisebe eliphetheyo. IiKomiti zombini amagumbi zibamba amatyala, amangqina namaxwebhu angaphantsi, kwaye ziphande ukwenza okubi. Indlu yeNgoma inamandla akhethekileyo okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe, kunye nee-arhente) nokuvumela izivumelwano zevoti ezimbini-3. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlu ingawachasa amagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, ukwenzela “ucaphulo, okanye ezinye izenzo eziphezulu zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni,” kunye neNdlungela ityala kunye nokugweba ngabaninzi ababini abalishumi elinesithathu.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Ukhokelo Nokunyanzelwa

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokuqinisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Kwincopho yalo kuhlala umongameli , osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko unika igunya elilawulayo kumntu omnye ukuqinisekisa umanyano nokugqibelela, kodwa ukwabeka imiqathango ebalulekileyo kuloo gunya ngolawulo kunye nohlalutyo lolawulo.

UMongameli noMongameli onguSizwe

UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine esebenzisa inkqubo ye-Electoral College yaye ulinganiselwe kumabinzana amabini ngoMmiselo wama-22. Imisebenzi iquka ukukhonza njengoMthetheli-oyintloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, ukuxolela (ngaphandle kwemeko yokungagunyazi), ukwenza izivumelwano (ngecebiso leCamelo kunye nemvume), kunye nokumisela amagosa karhulumente. UMongameli woMongameli, onyulwe kwithikithi elifanayo, uphumelela uMongameli ukuba iofisi iyaphelelwa yindawo kwaye ukwakhonza njengoMongameli weNdlundyelo.

IKhabhinethi noBuphathi-mikhosi boMbutho

Ukufeza iimbopheleleko ezinkulu zikarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, uMongameli uxhomekeke kwiCabinet yeentloko zamasebe. La masebe ali-15 (njengeSizwe, iSizwe, uKhuselo, uLawulo, nemfundo) ekhokelwa ngoonobhala (ngaphandle koMphathi-mikhosi wezobulungisa) omiselwe nguMongameli kwaye oqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Ngaphantsi kwawo, isebe elikhudlwana elikhudlwana lesebe, iinkokhezelo, kunye neeofisi zenkonzo ezithile, ukusuka kwi-SPA yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-mthetho (EPA) ukuya kwi-Social Secureal Administration Administration (SA). Ngelixesha la masebe aphendula kuMongameli, adityaniwawo atheliswa ngemithetho kunye neemithetho ephuma kwiiNkulawulo.

Amandla nemida

Amandla kaMongameli abalulekile kodwa angongopheleli. Amandla atyhiliweyo aquka:

  • Ukuhlawuliswa kwemithetho karhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba igwetywa ngokuthembeka
  • Ukuqhuba inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle kunye nolawulo
  • Ukumisela abameli, abagwebi namagosa aphezulu
  • Umthetho ogunyazisayo omiswe yiNgqungquthela (iNkqutyana yaMasebe isenokungalawuleki kunye nenani elizii-3 ezimbini kumaziko omabini)
  • Ukukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli bolawulo ukukhokela imisebenzi karhulumente

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo iye yaba sisixhobo esinamandla, kodwa ingacelw ’ umngeni enkundleni ukuba igqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko. UMongameli ukwafumana amandla akhoyo ukusuka kwisivumelwano somGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, nangona iinkundla ziye zarhoxa, njengakwi ulutsha olukwiStown & Tube Co. v. Sayer[FLT] [1952]

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika uMthetho

ISebe lezeeJaji lichaza intsingiselo yemithetho, isebenza kwiimeko nganye, kwaye ligqiba ukuba ziyangqubana na nomGaqo-siseko. Eli sebe lelona linamandla ancinane ngokwendlela elikwazi ngayo ukuqalisa inyathelo, kodwa igunya lalo lokubetha imithetho engamiselwanga ngokwemithetho, ` uhlolo lwezomthetho liyenza ibe nguvavanyo olunamandla kwamanye amasebe.

Inkqubo yenkundla yoManyano

UMgaqo-siseko umisela iNkundla ePhakamileyo kuphela, ishiya iNkundla eBambele ukuseka iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo. Namhlanje le nkqubo inezintlu ezintathu:

  • IiNkundla zezephondo: iinkundla zamatyala eziva amatyala oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho anyuka phantsi komthetho wezwe.
  • Amatyala ezibheno (IiNkundla zeNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso): iinkundla ezithatha inxaxheba ezili-13 ezihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Aziqhubeli tyala litsha kodwa zigqiba ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zenzeka kusini na.
  • Inkundla engaphezulu: Inkundla yeenguqu zokugqibela, equka abagwebi abasithoba abamiselwe ubomi (ngokulawulwa kwihambo elungileyo). Ikhetha amatyala okuva (ngokokuqale amalunga nekhulu-1050 ngonyaka ngaphandle kwamawaka ezicelo) kunye nemiqathango yokugqibela ebophelela ilizwe lonke.

Amandla Okuphengulula Ngokweejaji

Ingcamango yohlolo lwetyala ayizange ibhalwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Yamiswa ngumzekelo wetyala elibonakalisayo (1803 . UMadison, apho iJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yavakalisa khona ukuba “kugxininiswe kwiphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza ukuba ngumthetho uyintoni.” Esi sigqibo sagunyazisa iinkundla ukuphelisa imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko, nokokuba idluliselwe yiNgqungquthela kwaye yatyo nguMongameli. Ukususela ngoko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabetha amakhulukhulu ee, urhulumente, urhulumente, nemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Ukucingela Nokusikelwa Umda

Iinkundla zomanyano ziva kuphela amatyala abandakanya umbuzo karhulumente (njengomba wezomGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho wesizwe) okanye ukwahluka-hluka kobumi (iinxalenye ezivela kumazwe awahlukeneyo kunye nemali ephikisanayo malunga nee-$75 000). INkundla ePhakamileyo inegunya lantlalo-ntle kumatyala abandakanya ii-oposts kunye neembambano phakathi kwamazwe, kodwa umsebenzi wayo omninzi ufumaneka ngokufaka isibongozo. ABagwebi benza izigqibo zobomi babo bonke ukukhusela kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko, nangona benokungancedwa ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Isebe leJaji lixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukunyanzelela imigaqo yalo, eliye labangela ukuxakeka, njengaxa uMongameli Andrew Jackson uthethslow, “ukwenze isigqibo sakhe; ngoku makanyanze inyanze ukuba inyanze.”

Umandla Okukhangela Nokulungelelana

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya bekungayi kuphelela ngaphandle kwenkqubo evumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lixhathise ukuphangwa zezinye. UmGaqo-siseko unika iinkqubo ezininzi:

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iindlela zokuhlola ezigunyazisiweyo kuLawulo oluPhezulu: Congress zingakuphelisa ukumiswa komongameli, ukungavumi ukuqinisekisa amadinga, ukugatya nokususa uMongameli, ukuphelisa inkxaso-mali, nokugcina iindlebe zobuveleli. Icebiso leNdlu yeeNtlanga nendima yemvume zinguvavanyo olunamandla.
  • Iindlela zomGaqo-siseko kwiJudiciary: zimisela ubungakanani kunye nesakhiwo seenkundla zelizwe (ukususa igunya lokuqala leNkundla Ephakamileyo), zingacebisa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa imigaqo, kunye neejaji ezingaqukiyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kuMthetho: uMongameli angarhoxa ityala, abize iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga, kwaye ancomele umthetho. Umongameli ongumSebe uvota iivoti zolwaphuko lweqhina kwindlu yendlu.
  • Uvavanyo lwempuku kwiJadicary: uMongameli umisela bonke abagwebi besizwe, enika impembelelo ephezulu ebalaseleyo kumsebenzi wejaji olungiselelwe izizukulwana.
  • Iingqikelelo ze-judicial kuMthetho kunye noLawulo oluPhezulu: Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ngokuhlola okusemthethweni. IJaji enkulu uJohn Roberts ka-2012 ixhasa uluvo loMthetho we-Afford Cancerity phantsi kwamandla eBhunga elihlawulwayo ngumzekelo wale mihla wokuhlola okusebenza.

Le midlalo iqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinokongamela abanye ngaphandle kokujongana neziphumo ezisemthethweni okanye ezopolitiko. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ka1973 “isicwangciso senkundla” (indlela yokunyusa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuze ifumane isigwebo esilungileyo) kwaye yoyiswa yiBhunga, ebonisa indlela ukwahlulwa kwamandla okukhusela inkululeko yowiso-mthetho.

Umanyano: Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa Okumanyeneyo Kwamandla

Ngaphaya kwamasebe karhulumente, urhulumente wase-U.S. uyahlula igunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe `ingcamango eyaziwa ngokuba yifederalist. UmGaqo-siseko unika urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente othile odweliswe ngokwezigaba (umz., ukuxhasa imali, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle, ukuqhuba ulwalamano lwamazwe asemzini) kunye nokugcina onke amanye amandla awo kumazwe okanye abantu ngoMmiselo we-10. Amazwe anemimiselo yawo, izikhululo-mthetho, izikhulu, kunye neenkqubo zenkundla, ukusingatha imicimbi enjengemfundo, ezothutho, amandla macala entsapho.

Olu lawulo lubini ludala ulwahlulo oluntsonkothileyo apho zombini imithetho yorhulumente neyorhulumente isebenza ngaxeshanye. Xa kuvela iimfazwe, iSupremacy Claus (Artle VI) iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe uthathe indatshana, kodwa amaphondo agcine ukuzimela okubalulekileyo. Umzekelo, amajelo amisela isantya sawo, iimfuno zomtshato, kunye nemigangatho yobuchule. Ukuqonda urhulumente kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imigaqo enjengeyokunyamekela impilo, umgaqo wemekobume, okanye amalungelo okuvota ezahlukahlukeneyo ehluka ngayo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ukubaluleka Kokufunda Ngeziqu Neenkomfa Kubafundi Nakubemi

Ulwazi ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente asilulo kuphela oluya kwabo basukela imisebenzi yomthetho okanye yezobupolitika. Ngaphezu koko, ummi ngamnye usebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwegunya lezobupolitika (ngovota, inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, amagqabaza esidlangalaleni, okanye ukuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo. Xa abemi beyiqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, abanyanzelisa ngayo, nendlela yokuvavanya izenzo zokungekho sikweni, baba ngabaxhasi abanempumelelo ngakumbi kubo nakuluntu lwabo. Ngaphezu koko, abantu abafundele kwiphondo bayakwazi ukumelana nenkohliso, ukuvavanya iimpikiswano zezobupolitika, nokuphendula iinkokeli.

Kubafundisi- ntsapho, ukudibanisa iimvavanyo zokoqobo , njengendlela isibhaka-bhaka esiba ngayo ngumthetho, okanye inkqubo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo iqinisekisa ngoku. Iyenza ezi ngcamango zibe ngqiqweni zicace. Abafundi bayakwazi ukulandelela umba wangoku (umz., utshintsho lokwehla, inkqubo yemozulu) ukubona amasebe amathathu asebenzayo. IiReso zeNkuhla yezomthetho njenge [[FLT:]. [[FLT]] [FLT]] inikela ukunikezela ngolwazi lolawulo lobugcisa, ngelixa i webhsayithi yendlu ye-White kunye neenkcalo zoncedo zenkonzo zorhulumente.[FLT]

Isiphelo

Ukwakhiwa korhulumente wase-U.S. (ii-ofisi ezintathu, ii-acess, kunye nolwaluko, kunye nolawulo lorhulumente) zenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko ngexa kusebenza ulawulo olunempumelelo. Ngoxa inkqubo isenokubonakala ingaqondakali ekuqaleni, imigaqo yayo idlala yonke imihla kwiingxoxo zomthetho, kwimiyalelo yegunya, kunye neenkundla. Ngokulawula isiseko sendlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kwaye alinganiselwe ngayo, uzuza izixhobo zokubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo norhulumente wakho kuwo onke amanqanaba. Olu lwazi aludityalwanga; luvela kuzo zonke izigqibo, zonke izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, naziphi na zonke izenzo zokuthatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Qhubeka ukuhlolisisa, ukubuza imibuzo, nokusebenzisa ezi zifundo ukuze uqonde ihlabathi elikungqongyo.