Umhlaba Omiyo: Amandla eMayoral noMgangatho Womoya

Oomatiloshe be-UK, ingakumbi abo badityanisiweyo kwimimandla yabaphathi njenge-London, iManchester eKhulu, kunye neNtshona Midlands, baphethe amandla abalulekileyo omthetho okuziphatha kwizithuthi, ukulungiselela, kunye nempilo entle yemekobume. La mandla ayilo ngqo indlela umgangatho womoya ojongwa ngayo nendlela ugcino-lwazi olunxibelelwa ngayo kuluntu. Ngelixesha urhulumente wesizwe emisela imigangatho yomgangatho womgangatho womoya ngeMgangatho wokusingqongileyo 2021 kunye neMiqathango yeMgangatho woBunjani ye-Aimouron ye-2010, ulawulo lolawulo lwendawo lwemibutho lwezolawulo lwendawo ebangela ukuba izixhobo zolawulo zobugqwele okanye uqhezu.

Ngaphantsi kobunjani bomoya bobunjani be-Adelal (LAQM) ulawulo lwendawo ephaya kuyo , amagunya asekuhlaleni kwi-UK kufuneka ahlole aze ahlole ubunjani bomoya kwiindawo zawo. Noko ke, oosodolophu baphembelela umgangatho we-orential we-operation yezi ziphumo zohlolo. Umphathi-mikhosi ongaphambili womgangatho womoya angakhawulezisa ukuthunyelwa kwezitishi zokuhlola, afake ingeniso kubugcisa bokubonisa ingqiqo, kwaye anyanzelise iimiyalelo yokubonisa okukhanya. Ngokuphikisana, oomatilo-dolophu abaneziphakatho ezincinane, ushiya imijelo yemiphetho encinane kunye nogcino-data lungafikeleleki.

Ngokomzekelo, iLondon Environment Strategy (2088) yaquka isibopho sokudibanisa “indawo yomgangatho wogcino-lwazi lomoya yaseLondon” ngokudibanisa izivo ezisezantsi zentengo ecaleni kwezikhuseli ezikhoyo zolwakhiwo lwe-odoli ze-operal Monetic Network (LAQN). Esi sigqibo sobuchule sasiyisiphumo esithe ngqo senkqubo yoomatiloshe. Ngokwahlukileyo, izixeko ezingenazibophelelo ezinamandla zomphathi-dolophu zixhomekeke kuphela kwinani elincinci lezikhululo ze-otheaa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugqunyweni kwezithuba kwimibhobho eshushu yongcoliso.

Indlela Iinethwekhi Zokujonga Iinqwelo - moya Eziphenjelelwa Ngayo Ngulo Mphathiswa

Izitishi ezisigxina kunye noHlomelo lweZiko

Ebekiweyo, izikhululo zokuhlola ulungiso lolwalathiso zisekho imigangatho yegolide yomgangatho wogcino-lwazi lomoya kuba zihlangabezana nemithetho engqongqo eqinisekisayo emiselwe yiKomiti yaseYurophu yokuSebenza (CEN). Oomatiloshe be-UK baphembelela ubunzima kunye nokubekwa kwezi zitishi. I-Mayoral ingenza ukuba izitishi ezongezelelweyo kufutshane nezikolo, izibhedlele, kunye neepaseji eziphezulu. Umzekelo, iBirmham Mowerity Directoration [ i-octal Sceedrograms, ixhaswe ngamanani ezenzekelayo, ngokuxhaswa ngohlobo oluthile lumbathotho lwendlela yothutho loomatilo. Oku kwanika ugcino-data olungaphezulu oluvelayo olufana nolwembutho lwe-okhiwo-oyile (N2) (N22).

Ngoko, izitishi ezizinzileyo zibiza imali eninzi ukubeka nokugcina, zibiza ngaphezu ko-$50 000 ngeyunithi nganye. Iinkqubo zeMayoral ezinikezela ngekomkhulu elixhasiweyo kunye noqingqo-mali lokusebenza zibalulekile ukugcina ezi zixhobo zisebenza. Izixeko ezifana neManchester neLeeds zigcine igqumo elinamandla ngokuqwalasela uqingqo-mali lwezithuthi kunye nezicwangciso zokuzihlaziya.

Iiteknoloji ezidityanisiweyo: I-Awaters-Conglers kunye ne-IoT

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-Mayoral ezinobunjani bolwazi obusezantsi. .Njengokuba i-$100 kunye no-$5 000-(ii-$_5 000) zande. Ezi zimvo zinika i-bral-data yenene kodwa zisoloko zingenako ukuchanabeka kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano. Iinkqubo ze-Mayoral zingalawula ukwenziwa kwala macebo ngendlela yokuba aphele okanye athobe ubunjani bogcino-lwazi. Inkqubo esebenzayo, njengoSadiq Khan eLondon, ivelise [[FLD:0] Brea iLondon inyathelo lokuqala lokwenza ezi zimvo zithambeke ezingephi ezikhoyo kwimiboniso ze-mephu ezibonisa imbonakalo ye-mephu. Inkqubo yenkqubo, isebenza kunye ne-evironty ne-Rhoverselder, zombini ezinokusetyenziswa yi-injini ye-injini ye-injini esetyenziswa ekubonelelwa kwi-mep, i-erogromeeve.

Ezinye izixeko zilandela ngokufanayo. Igunya leMidlands Elidityanisiweyo, phantsi kweMayor Andy Street, eliqhutywa ngesikhokelo sezimvo kuLolverhampton kunye ne Coventry. Noko ke, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanayo yoomatiloshe ekusebenziseni amayeza okusebenzisa amayeza okusebenzisa amayeza okusebenzisa amayeza okusebenzisana kwamalungu omzimba kunye nokusebenza kogcino-lwazi, ubunjani be data kwezi nkqubo zonxibelelwano buyahluka ngokubanzi. Ezinye izimvo eziqhutywayo, zivelisa ukufunda okulahlekisayo okunokuphelisa ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke-wonke ukuba azilungiswangalungiswanga.

Umzekelo waseLondon: Ummandla weUltra-Low Egzing kunye nolwando

Akukho ngxoxo yemigaqo-nkqubo yomphathi-mikhosi yomgangatho womgangatho womoya enokuthi igqibeke ngaphandle kokuhlola iUltra-Low Eugserct Zone (ULEZ) yaseLondon. Ithiywe ngo-2019 yaza yanda kabini ukususela ngoko, iULEZ ixhomekeke kwinethwekhi ebanzi yolwaluko lwepleyiti yeenombolo ezizenzekelayo (ANPR) kunye neengqiniphelo zomgangatho womoya ukunyanzelisa ukuthobela kunye nokulinganisela. Ulwandiso lwenethwekhi lohlo lwaba lukhetho oluthe ngqo lwenkqubo ye-meta yoonophetho lwe-London Meyor. Ugcino-data olusuka kulo thungelwano lubonisa ukuba ulwanothi olumalunga nama-50% kumbindi we-mali eLondon kwiminyaka emine. Lobo bungqina, luqokelelwe ngeengqini zoomatilo-o-omatilo, lunika iziqinisekiso zenyani ukwenzela inkqubo eqhubekayo ebambekayo yokuphatha inkqubo eqinileyo.

Ibalulekile, uthungelwano lokuhlola lukwanikezela ngogcino-lwazi kutshabalaliso lwebhodi kawonke-wonke . Isifundo sicacile: oomatiloshe abafaka kwingqikelelo zombini kwaye bakhuphele ngaphandle badala umjikelo onesidima wogcino-lwazi---- melo. Oku kuvumela abahlali, abaphandi, kunye neentatheli ukuba bavavanye i-ULEZ ngokuzimela ngokwabo. Isifundo sicacile: Oomatiloshe abafaksi abafakela kuzo zombini ujongo kunye nokuvula lula benza umjikelo onobunjani be-data-driventi.

Ukucaca njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo

Vula ugcino-lwazi lweplatforms kunye neebhodi eziqhawukayo zikawonke-wonke

Ukubonisa ngaphaya komgangatho wogcino-lwazi lomoya kunceda iinjongo ezininzi: iyazisa ukuziphatha komntu ngamnye (umz., ithintela iindlela zokukhukuliseka eziphezulu), inceda ukuvelela umsebenzi wobumi borhulumente, kwaye inika izinto ezingalungiswanga zohlalutyo lwemfundo kunye nenkqubo. Iinkqubo ze-Mayoral ezigunyazisa ukuvulwa kwe-data (*ngokulula kwiintlobo zomatshini phantsi kwelayisensi ezivulekileyo/ezibalulekileyo. I-Greater Manchester [ ikhupha idata yomgangatho womoya wohlobo lokwenene osuka kwi-GMAP, kunye neemaphu ezibonisa amaqondo ongcoliseko kunye neenkqubo zembali. Ngokufanayo, iBristol Camptersboard kawonke kwi 20222]

La maqonga aluncedo kuphela njengonikezelo lwawo. Umlinganiselo webhodi enempumelelo isebenzisa ikhowudi ecacileyo yombala (esoloko isekelwe kwi UK Daily Air Index yobunjani bemo yezulu) kwaye inika umbhalo ocacisayo. Abaniki nkxaso-mali yobuchule bomsebenzi womsebenzi kunye nokhupho lwasekuhlaleni baqinisekisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi aluhlali nje kumncedisi kodwa eneneni lutshintsha ukuziphatha. Umzekelo, iBirmingham Clean Moyer Board iquka icandelo “ukuthi amanani athetha ntoni kwimpilo yakho,” idibaniselwa kwi-NHS kwicebiso lokhuseleko lamaqela athintekayo.

Ukuncedisana noluntu nokuchonga

Ngaphezu kwemida emileyo, imigaqo-nkqubo yoomatiloshe ingakhuthaza uhlolo-liso loluntu, apho abemi okanye amaqela oluntu eqokelela ugcino-lwazi lwabo esebenzisa amanani asezantsi. Le ndlela yakha uthelekelelo lukawonke-wonke kwaye izalise izithuba kwii-methom ezisemthethweni. ILeeds Ceac Air Innitive ivumela amaqela oluntu ukuba aboleke amaqela amayeza okuchukumisa amayeza avela kumathala eencwadi, udweliso oluxhathiswe nguqingqo-mali lwempilo kawonke-wonke. Iziphumo zaloo nto zathelekiswa nokufundwa kwasemthethweni, ivelisa ubungqina obuphatheleleneeno obuphatheleleneebububuvuthfonto obungekho kwiminyaminyane.

Inkxaso yeMayoral kwiinkqubo ezinjalo ifuna ukukulungela ukwamkela ugcino-lwazi olungelulo iingcali nokubonelela ngenkxaso yokudibanisa. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso yoomatiloshe, ezi zinyathelo zisoloko zibuna emva kokuphuma kwemali yokuqala. Abalawuli abambalwa baye badibanisa ugcino-lwazi lwenzululwazi kwingxelo esemthethweni, beqinisekisa ukuba ukukhululeka kwigalelo loluntu kuphucula inkqubo esemthethweni.

Ukuphendula ngengxelo

Iingxelo zomgangatho womoya wonyaka ziyimfuneko yomthetho phantsi kwe LAQM, kodwa oomatiloshe bangahambela phambili ngokushicilela uhlaziyo lombindi wonyaka, izilumkiso zokwenene, kunye nohlolo lwexesha elide. I-ofisi ye-London Meyor ikhupha uhlolo olubanzi “ Ubunjani baseLondon"[ ingxelo yonyaka eyophula ungcoliseko ngomdla, icandelo lomthombo, kunye noxinzelelo lwempilo. Lo mgaqo wento uvumela imibutho yabemi ukuba ikwazi ukubeka iliso ebanzi [[[FLTLT]] ukuba igcine umlawuli ejongeneentlanganiso. Enyanisweni, uDercendium usebenzise ukuvavanya okukhoyo kolwazi olukhoyo kwinkundla yezomthetho, ukunyanzela inyathelo enyanzelisa imicimbi yezomthetho.

Xa oreya bexhathisa ukubonakala ngaphaya-phandle kwe-(-ngokufihla ulwazi, ukupapashwa kwexeshana, okanye ukusebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisela ukuncitshiswa kwemali ekhoyo/ukuthenjiswa kwabantu. Umzekelo, ngowama-202020 amanye amabhunga agxekwa ngokususa ugcino-lwazi kwii-monitor ezibekwe kufuphi neendlela, ephikisa ngokuthi “azingommeli.” imigaqo ye-Mayoral eyagunyazisa ukupapashwa okuvulekileyo kwayo yonke inkcazelo eqokelelwe ngokusemthethweni, eneengcaciso ezicacileyo zayo nayiphi na into engaphandle, ibalulekile ukuze igcine ukuthenjwa.

Iziphumo Ezilinganayo: Ukuphucula ubunjani bomoya okunxulumene nepolitiki

Ubungqina obuvela eLondon, eBirmingham, eManchester

Uphando olupapashiweyo [[FLT: 0] IiLeta zophando ezingqukuva (2023) lucazululwe ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-London Air Ubunjani be-Air Nethwekhi kwaye lwafumanisa ukuba i-NO2 kumbindi we-London yehla ngu 49% phakathi konyaka 2016 no-20222, nesantya esikhulu esenzeka emva kolwandiso lwe-ULZ. Uthungelwano lokuhlola lwaluxinene ngokwaneleyo ukuba lubalule utshintsho lwenkqubo. Uhlolisiso olufanayo lwe-Yunivesithi yase-Birmingham Cleaw Moyer [[ (incikelwe kwi 202]1] lwabonisa unyuso-NULZ oluphakathi kwe-202]

EManchester, ulawulo lomphathi-mikhosi wommandla womoya ococekileyo ulibazisa ukuphunyezwa kwezixhobo zolawulo lomoya ngenxa yokunikezela ngemiba yetsheyina kunye neengxaki zomthetho, kodwa ukugada ugcino-lwazi kwabonisa uphuculo ekulungisweni koodula-bhasi kunye nolwandiso lwendlela yomjikelo. Umahluko neBristol/apho i-arhente-arendendum inqumanisa izicwangciso ezicocekileyo zengingqi yomoya . Phantsi kwenqaku lendlela ezopolitiko ezizakuba neziphumo ezithe ngqo. Umgangatho wolawulo lomoya waseBristol wabonisa ukuphucula okuncinane kumgangatho we-NO2 xa kuthelekiswa ne-London okanye i-Birming.

Ukuthelekisa Nezixeko Ezithe Tye

Asizizo zonke izixeko ze-UK eziye zamkela ukhokelo lomphathi-dolophu kumgangatho womoya. Kwezinye iindawo apho oomatiloshe abanamagunya abuthathaka okanye abangomagunya aphantsi kwezobupolitika, ukugada iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi kuhlala kunciphile kwaye kulinganiselwe ukufikelela kogcino-lwazi. Umzekelo, de kube kutshanje, inani elingephi lemimandla emincinane yasedolophini eMantla eNtshona lalingenayo i-data yokwenene yePMS2. Nangona iziphumo ezinzulu zempilo yomnye umatiloshe. Ingxelo ye-2021 ye-UK Clean Air Programme ifumanise ukuba ama-60% amagunya asekuhlaleni ane-odolokhwe e-oa e-odolokhwe efumaneka kuluntu. Umsantsalo obanzi kwizixeko ezingenawo meyamfako.

Oku kwahlula izinto kuba ukubonakala ngaphaya kuqhubela phambili kwentshukumo. Isifundo se Umanyano lwe Sheffield [2022] sabonisa ukuba amagunya asekuhlaleni anogcino-lwazi lomgangatho womoya olukhoyo ngokuphandle anokukwazi ukuzalisekisa imilinganiselo efana nemiqathango esezantsi yokukhupha isandi, izitrato ezivalwayo, kunye namathuba okulwa noqhushululu. Le nkqubo inokwenzeka ukuba ugcino-lwazi olubonakalayo lubangele uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuziphendulela.

Ucelomngeni Nemiqobo Eqhubekayo

Ubulunga bogcino-lwazi kunye nomgangatho

Ngelixesha oosodolophu bekwazi ukunyusa ulwamkelo loluvo, abanako ukusoloko beqinisekisa ubunjani bogcino-lwazi. Izivo eziphantsi-mali zisoloko zibonisa ubuntu obungaphunyeleliyo bokufuma nakwezinye iigesi, zivelisa izinto ezibubuxoki. Ngaphandle komthetho wokusebenza ngokusesikweni welibrary, ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwizixeko ezahlukeneyo alulingani. Izivo zobunjani kunye nezokulinganisa iinkqubo zenkqubo ze-Diamon ingxelo yeSebe leSebe lokuThwamswana, iDaod & Rhouse Affaiaiars (Defra) yaphawula ukuba izimvo ezininzi zamandla zasekuhlaleni zinocoselse qhamswo kuphela. Imithetho ye-Mayoral mayigunyaze i-ukusebenza kwezimvo kunye nokukhuthano zokushicilela uqikelelo olunga olusekileyo olukwidileyo kunye nolukudiyo oludityatyanisiweyo.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukungabi nasakhiwo sesizwe esidityanisiweyo sokubona ngaphaya. Ngeli xesha Isixokelelwano solwazi lobunjani bemoyeni [UK-AQIS] i-aggreiss data evela kwimithombo emininzi, ayifuni magosa asekuhlaleni ukunamathela kumgangatho we-metadata eqhelekileyo. Oku kwenza kube nzima kubemi ukuthelekisa ubunjani bomoya wesixeko kunye nabanye. Ama-Mayter angaxhasa ifomati esezantsi yogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo, njenge-OGC Disouser Active API.

Imiqobo Exhaswa Yimali Nemijikelo Yezobupolitika

Uqingqo-mali lweMayoral luphantsi kolwabiko lombindi worhulumente kunye nenzala yasekuhlaleni. Uhlolo lwenkqubo lufuna ugcino-lwazi oluqhubekayo, ukuhlahlela, kunye nabasebenzi. Utshintsho kukhokelo lomphathi-dolophu lungaphazamisa ukuphuma kwemali. Umzekelo, emva konyulo lomphathi-dolophu ngowama-2021, elinye igunya lidibene noqingqo-mali lwalo lomgangatho womgangatho womoya nge-15%, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhutshweni kwezithuba zezikhululo ezininzi. Oku kwadala isithuba sogcino-lwazi olungakazaliswanga. Ukukhusela kwii-[8], ezinye izixeko zimisele iibhodi ezizimeleyo zobunjani bobunjani bobunjani bobunjani bolwazi, kodwa oku kunqabile.

Ukuthenjwa Kukawonke - wonke Nenkcazelo Ephosakeleyo

Xa i-data ipapashwa kodwa ingacaciswe, ingachazwa kakubi ngepetroli. Ngo-2022, ezinye iingxelo zezentlalo-ntle ziguqulelwe ngokuphosakeleyo izikhonkwane ezifutshane kwiPM.2. kunye nemisebenzi yomlilo yasekuhlaleni njengobungqina bokuba imimandla yomoya ecocekileyo iyasilela. Iinkqubo ze-Mayoral kufuneka ziquke ubuchule bonxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke obuthi bukhuphe ulu hlobo lokungaqondani nolu hlobo lokuzichaza kakubi olululo. Ngomzekelo, ngokubeka intelekiso olubalulekileyo lwezikhonkwa eziphawulweyo kwibhodi ezinqamlezayo. UK Health Health Security Agency Agency inikeza ukhokelo kumgangatho wogcino-lwazi lomoya, kodwa abasemagxandelwanelo kufuneka lusebenze.

Indlela Ephambili: Icebiso Ngezixeko ze-UK

Izixhobo zefreyimu zesizwe ezibotshelelwayo

Amagney kufuneka alungelelanise iindlela zawo zokuhlola kunye nesizwe ubuchule bokulinganisa ubunjani bengingqi yeNgilani [2023] kunye nobuzayo [ Isicwangciso seNguqulo [. Ezi zicwangciso zinika ukhokelo lobuchule kunye nokufumana inkxaso yemali ngemijelo yemali ekhoyo kwi-[FLT] uLawulo lobunjani bemoumor Inkxaso yoGrant. Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwi Defra's station Reference Nethwection Nethwethwethwethwethwe yi[[FLD:7]], ukuqwalasela i-data yesixeko kuzuza ukuthembeka kwaye kulula ukuthelekisa kuwo wonke amacandelo.

Ulwandiso kwinzululwazi yezemfundo neyabemi

Izinto ezingachananga njengeYunivesithi yaseBirmingham, iKing’s College London, kunye neYunivesithi yaseManchester inobuchule obunzulu bokuhamba-hamba kwezimvo kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi. Abachweli bangaxhasa imisebenzi yophando oludityanisiweyo oluvavanya ukwenziwa kwezimvo eziphantsi zemali kunye nokuveliswa kwemifanekiso engaphambili. [[[FLT:]] Inkulukazi iManchester Cleeather Plangn ibandakanya uphando noonkcelo lweYunivesithi yaseManchester ukufuzisela ukukhutshwa kwemiseka. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi yenzululwazi efana noTylgromess i-data esetyenziswayo.

Ulungiso lomgaqo-nkqubo: Iindawo ezicocekileyo zomoya

Ukujonga nokubona ngaphaya kwazo ngokwazo, kufuneka zikhokelele kwintshukumo. Amagxa anokudibanisa ujongo olwandisiweyo nemigaqo ye-arhente efana nozero-octraise zommandla , izitrato zesikolo ezivaliweyo[, kunye iinkqubo zokulungisa ii-transfertivesssss [[FLT]] . Emva kokuhlola ugcino-lwazi lutyhila ihohobe longco olushushu, oonomayela-omatilo kufuneka babe nesetiso olubekwe kwangaphambili lwempendulo: ukuzola okuluhlaza, izibonelelo oluluhlaza, okanye umqhubekeko-o mthetho. Oku kwenza i-ovedio-o-odrotting [iections]

Ngokubhekele phaya, omeya bayakwazi ukumisela amaxhoba ogcino-lwazi olucace gca njengenxalenye yemiqathango yabo engundoqo. Umzekelo, ukuyekelela ukupapasha idata ngokweyure ukusuka ubuncinane kuma-95% awo onke amanxuwa okuhlola ngethuba leeyure ezingama-24, kunye nembali yoguqulelo lukawonke-wonke. Iqela leedolophu ze-UK sele zityikityile i- i-Open Data Data yoMeya [, ixhobisa ukwenza zonke ii-data zomgangatho womoya zifumane ngokukhululekileyo. Ukwandisa ulwamkelo lwemithetho enjalo kuzakunyusa ukuphendula nokuthelekisa komsebenzi womsebenzi.

“ Umahluko awukho nje ekukhululeni ugcino-lwazi; umalunga nokwenza ugcino-lwazi lube nentsingiselo kuluntu. Usodolophu ophatha ujongo lomgangatho womoya njengenkonzo kawonke-wonke womeleza idemokhrasi kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke ngaxeshanye. ” — Gqr. Ben Barratt, iKing’s College London

Isiphelo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yeMayoral kwi-UK inempembelelo engaphikiyo kumgangatho womoya wasedolophini nokubonakala. Ukusuka kuxinano lwezitishi zokuhlola isalathisi ukuya ekukhululekeni kweebhodi zenzululwazi yoluntu, ulawulo lomlawuli wedolophu lumisela enoba i-data yomgangatho womoya wesixeko esomeleleyo, ilula, kwaye iyasebenziseka. Ubungqina obuvela eLondon, iBirmingham, neManchester bubonisa ukuba oomatiloshe abasebenzayo banokuqhuba inkqubela emoyezo moya, ngoxa amadolobha aneentloko encinci kakhulu emva kwe-scet . Noko ke, imiqobo engapheliyo, imijikelezo yezeko yoncedo, kunye nokuthembeka kwabantu. Ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso zelizwe, ukuncedisana nezifundiswa kwemfundo kunye nabantu, kunye nokunxibelelana okubonakalayo, u-UK, umgangatho womoya onamandla wokusebenza kwezixhobo zokucoca i-grona. Kodwa, imijikelo ecacileyo ye-data efumaneka kulwazini, i-oprijinga, i-ogracracrac.