Ukwazisa: Ucelomngeni Olungapheliyo Lwemali Kwezobupolitika

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iphulo lokuguqula izimali lihleli lisenye yemiba yengxabano nengenakulawuleka kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Enyanzelweni yalo, umbutho wolungiso uzama ukunciphisa impembelelo engalinganiyo yezityebi, iinkampani, kunye nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, ngoxa ukwanda kokubonakala nokuziphendulela indlela unyulo oluxhaswa ngayo. Embindini kule ngxoxo ziiKomiti ze-Political Action Action (I-PACs), izinto eziphakamisa kwaye zichithe imali ukuphembelela unyulo. Noko ke, akuzizo zonke ii-PACs ezifanayo. Unyuko oludityaniswe nee-pacs oludityaniweyo, yaye lusetyenziswa rhoqo ngemali, abo banganxulunya kwinkcawa ngokuqhubekayo yimeko ye-demo-demo-demo-yo.

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ngoku ilawula indima ebalulekileyo yokuchitha imali kwezobupolitika. Ngokungafaniyo nezixhobo zazo ezidityanisiweyo zokwenza umsebenzi, umsebenzi, okanye umbutho worhwebo i-PACs, edityaniswe nento ethile ekhoyo kwaye isenokucela iminikelo kumaqela achaziweyo. ii-PACs ezidityanisiweyo zifumana kwiqumrhu elibanzi labanikezeli kwaye zikhululekile ukusukela rhoqo ingeniso enye okanye imiqathango yemiqathango. Ulwando lwazo, ingakumbi emva kwesigqibo seNkundlalelo ebalaseleyo kwi- iCitablens United . FFEC [20] [20]), ikhawule ukurhoxisana kwemali "ize mali" kunye nenkcitro ezizimeleyo kunyuso. Ukuqonda isiphumo sale nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo kwimikhampatho yemali ekhoyo kwimigudu yolungiso yemali ehlayo.

Ziyintoni iipari ezingadibaniyo?

Iinkcazelo Nomahluko Osemthethweni

I-PAC engazidityaniswanga yikomiti yezobupolitika engamiselwanga, engalawulwa, okanye elawulwa ngumlandeli, umbutho wezobupolitika, okanye umbutho/umbutho womsebenzi. Phantsi koMthetho weFederal Ecompution Campaignment (FECA), ezi komiti kufuneka zibhalise neKhomishoni yeFederal Evolution (FEC) kwaye zimele zihlale ngokwemithetho ethile, kodwa zisebenza ngemiqathango encinci kune-PAC edityanisiweyo. Igama elithi "non non-'oxmamplist PaC" liquka iindidi ezimbini ezibanzi:

  • ngokwesithethe iPACs (i-adistate PCs):[ Ezi paCs zamkela iminikelo efikelela ku-$5 000 ngonyaka kubantu ngabanye, kwaye zingafak ’ isandla ukuya kunyulo olungu $5 000 ngekota kwikomiti yonyulo okanye kwiqela. Noko ke, akukho mda ekungawuchitha kwiindleko ezizimeleyo okanye kwezinye iingxoxo ezithi zixhase ngokucacileyo unyulo okanye ukoyiswa komvolo-----------------ngo-ngo-ngo, ngokode inkcitho ixhomekeke ngokwenene kwi-R4,000,000 ngelixa ithel'inyani i-endibiliso, okanye ikomiti yeqela alihambiswa naliphi naliphi naliphi naliphi na iphulo.
  • I-PACS [iikomiti ezizimeleyo zenkcitho]: Idalwe emva kweD.C. iNkundla yesiphaluka ilawula SpeechNOW.org v.FEC [2010], ezi komiti zinganyusa iinkcitho ezingenasiphelo ukusuka kubantu ngabanye, amaqela, amaqumrhu, namanye amaqela. I-PACs ayalelwa ekwenzeni iminikelo engqalileyo kubaqhubi okanye amaqela, kodwa zinokuchitha iimali ezizimeleyo. Bamele banike umnikeli wazo kwi-FEC, kodwa ke, njengokusetyenziswa kwe "i-syndroitbotion", ukungadibaniswa kwemali, ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yokuqala yemali.

Zombini iindidi zePAC ezingadityaniswanga ziquka uphawu olungundoqo: inkululeko. Azijongwa kwizigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo zephulo okanye iqela leqela lecawa, elizinika ububhetyebhetye obuninzi kodwa lidala inkxalabo malunga nokuphendula nokubonisana.

Indlela Abakhulisa Neyi ngayo Imali

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ixhomekeke kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonelela. Ezininzi zakhiwe ngokujikeleze umkhankaso othile wenkqubo yezonyango, umzekelo, ukukhusela imekobume, amalungelo empumlo, okanye ukuhlaziywa kwerhafu ngezantsi kwaye isibheno sokufana nabanikeli abathe ngqo ngeposi, intsebenziswa-manani, kunye neziganeko zelanga eziphezulu. Ezinye zijoliswe kwintelekelelo, njengamaqela athengwayo okanye abambelele kwimiqathango yemali. Ngenxa yokuba azinqandwa ngumrhumo omnye osebenza kwikomiti yeqela okanye kwimirhumo yerhafu, iPC ngokukhethekileyo igagaga inte eninzi kwinani elincinane labantu abafumileyo okanye iimpahla zemali ezikhoyo. Kumjikelezo eziphezulu ezilishumi eziphakanyiswayo ezinyuselweyo. Ezi zinto azikhombekiswe zinyuselwa kwimali ezifumanayo nakumaqela eencwadini, ii-conti, i-offtop, i-octive, i-octives, intellion, inte, inombolo, i-ograph, inombolo esoloko i

Unyuko lwezangqa ezinganxulunyaniswanga: Imbali ebhaliweyo

Ithuba langoku le PACCs laqala kwi1970 ngeenguqu zasemva kweWatergate eziqukiwe kwi-FECA. Umthetho wamisela imida engqongqo kwiminikelo kwaye wadala i-PAC ukuze ivumele abantu bafake izibonelelo zabo. Kwiminyaka, i-PACs ezininzi zadityaniswa kwimibutho, okanye amaqumrhu orhwebo. Noko ke, ngoo-1990, "iPCs" kunye ne "isikhokelo sePACICs" (indlela yokugcina ilawulwa ngabezo ezorhwebo nemali) yanda ngokwenani. Iqondo lokwenene lokunyuswa kwemiqathango lale linyuke kakhulu [[FLT: 0] uluntu oluthelelaneyo, apho iinqobo, i-FCPUN, i-egggne.[4]

Namhlanje, ii-PAC ezingeyo-adityaniswanga zisisigxina kunyulo lwamaqumrhu. Ngokutsho ko-Opensecrets, kumjikelo wophakathi wexesha lama-2022, ongazidibanisi ne-PACs (kuquka nePUS) ezichithelwe ngaphezu kwee-$2,5,000 zezigidi, zityala ngaphezu kwama-30% emali echithwa ngaphandle. Impembelelo yazo ichazwa kakhulu kwiBhunga eliphezulu nakumaqela eeNdlukwano, apho inkcitho ezimeleyo idla ngokusitheka ukuchithwa kwemali esetyenziswayo yamaphulo asemthethweni ngokwayo.

Impembelelo Kwimigudu Yemali Yokwenza Utshintsho

Isiphumo sePaC engadityaniswanga kwiphulo lokuhlaziywa kwemali sinzulu kwaye sidla ngokungabi nampumelelo kwiinjongo zabaguquleli abamele balwele. Ngeli ngezantsi sihlola iindawo ezine ezingundoqo apho ezi zinto ziphinda ziphucule utshintsho lwemeko.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali okuthe kratya kunye nohlanga

Ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo ziye zanyusa ngokuphawulekayo umthamo opheleleyo wemali ethuthwa kunyulo. Ngokungafaniyo neekomiti ezijongene nonyulo, ezijongene nemiqathango yomnikelo kwaye kufuneka zichithe kuqingqo-mali olucwangcisiweyo, ii-PIP eziphezulu zingaphakamisa kwaye zichithe ngaphandle kophahla. Oku kubangele ukuba "izixhobo" apho amaqela, amaqela enzala, kunye nabantu abatyebileyo, bonke baziva benyanzelekile ukuba bachithe imali eninzi nangaphezulu ukuze baqhubeke bekhuphisana. Isiphumo sinkqubo apho umxhasi onokuthi atsale olona lukhulu lwangaphandle ngokufuthi lunenzuzo enkulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lumgangatho wemiqatha okanye isibheno sokhuthazo. Imigudu yotshintsho ejolise ekunciphiseni indima yemali enkulu eninzi iPC ekhoyo ukuze ahambele emoyeni nasemangcelweni.

Ucelomngeni olucace gca kunye ne "Imali Edadayo"

Mhlawumbi olona celomngeni lubalulekileyo lokubona ngaphaya kwecala luvela kubuchule be-PAC bokufihla imithombo yokuqala yemali. Ngelixesha kufunwa ii-PCAR PCs ukutyhila abanikeli bazo, bangafumana imali kwiintlangano ezingafumani ngeniso ezifana no 501(c)(4) "iintlalo-ntlalo-ntle yabantu, engafunwayo ukutyhila abanikeli bazo. Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yimfiliba," kuvumela izityebi ezizizizizinhanhanha zemali kunye neenkampani ukuba zibhanki zikwazi ukuhlasela ngaphandle kolwazi lukawonke-wonke. Kwimijikelezo engama-2022, imali esetyenziswa yi-PaCeatting efikelele malunga nezigidi ezingama-$300, ngokutshona kweBrence yeJavey. Abaguqu baye babiza imithetho eyomeleleyo, kodwa abakwazi ukuchasana kweminxeba ye-ogla ye-ogral-opt.

Imida Egqithiseleyo Yegalelo

Ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-PACIs, umthetho wequmrhu eliphezulu, uphakanyiswe ngqo kwiminikelo yabatshayeli enceda abatshati, u-R2,700 ngonyulo. Le mida isasebenza kwiminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye nakwi-PACs kumaphulo. Noko ke, engadityaniswanga ne-PACs. PPACs/_ak'engasebenzisi mali epheleleyo kwinkcitho ezimeleyo enceda umtshakazi, ewuyeka ngokunempumelelo imida ecebelweyo yomthetho. Umzekelo, ibhiliyoliyo engenako ukuphinda inike umtyali-mali, kodwa inganikela ngexabiso elifanayo kwi-PPAC ephezulu exhasayo exhasayo umkhatho. Oku kwenza ukuba umnxeba ongenasiphelo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abaguquli bemeko oluluncedo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abachaphazelele ukunciphisa umngcipheko woko okanye ukonakala. [5]

Iinjongo Ezikhethekileyo Neemfuno Zamaxhelo Amancinane

I-PAC engazidibanisiyo zidla ngokuba zizinto eziziintloko ezizii-Pixel okanye imibutho engqongqo ngokweengcamango. Zimela izilangazelelo zoshishino oluthile, njengecandelo lelahleko yelahleko okanye ushishino lwamayeza, okanye zinyanzela imbonakalo yehlabathi ethile, efana ne-intengiso okanye eqhubekayo. Ngenxa yokuba ezi paC azinatyala kukhetho olubanzi okanye kukhokelo lweqela, zinokukwazi ukuthatha izikhundla ezigqithisileyo okanye ukuxhasa ukuthelekisa okungathethekiyo okunokuthi intengiso lungasoze luthi xhathiswe. Oku kuphuhlisa izilangazelelo ezithile kunokwenza ukuba abantu bafune ukubonelelwa ngabani be-PAC kunokodwa kwivoti ye-meter. Abaququlunqi befuna ukunciphisa ukurhoxakeka kwemali kwezopolitiko olufumana kakhulu ukumelana nokuchatshana kwemeko-bume zangoku.

Ucelomngeni Kwimigudu Yotshintsho

Iimpawu ze PAC ezingeyo-adityanisiweyo zidala imiqobo yekonkrithi nakweyiphi na imimiselo yolungiso lowiso-mthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko. Ngaphantsi zezinye zezinye iingxaki ezizingisileyo.

Imingxuma yeseti yeengxelo ezisemthethweni kunye nezithintelo zomGaqo-siseko

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko ichaza iphulo elichithwa njengendlela yokuthetha ekhuselwe yiSinyuselo Sokuqala. iSibambisen'iNkundla ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukumisela inkcitho ezizimeleyo ngamaqumrhu, amaqumrhu, okanye ezinye izinxulumani. Kubantu abanganxibelelaniyo, oku kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na imigudu yokulinganisela imali yabo ezimeleyo okanye amandla abo okuphakamisa imali engenakuxhobisana nayo ityala elisekelwe kwimithetho esemthethweni. Imali yotshintsho, efana ne-DISCLOS Act esoloko ifuna ukuxelwa okuninzi okugqithisileyo kwabaniweyo, kodwa idlulise inxalenye engqungqungquthelelweni, ngenxa yokuchasana kwemiqatha kwemiqatha yemiqathango yemali, i-evocet, ityala le project, ityala elikhoyo, isoloko inikwa i-ACC okanye i-emo yokumiselwa ngokungekho mthethweni, okanye i-mthetho engekho mthethweni, okanye i--------

Iinethwekhi Ezintsonkothileyo Ezigquma Impembelelo

Isakhiwo semali se PACs esingeyoyoyo edityanisiweyo isoloko isiba lide. I-PAC eyodwa ephezulu ingafumana iminikelo evela kwi-LLCs ezahlukahlukeneyo nengeniso, ejike ifumane imali evela kwezinye izinto. Le "imali ebekwa phantsi kwesiphumo"idla ngokuba semthethweni phantsi komthetho wangoku"yenza ibe nzima kakhulu kubacholacholi-ndaba, amaqela ajongileyo, kunye nabalawuli abalawulayo ukulandela umthombo wokwenene wokusetyenziswa kwemali yezobupolitika. Intlukwano ngokwayo isebenza njengesithintelo sokulungisa, ngenxa yokuba nayiphi na into entsha efunekayo kufuneka ilungiswe ngobuchule ukuze kuphetshwe iziphumo ezingalungisiyo okanye imingeni yomthetho-siseko, kwaye ifuna ulawulo olungekhoyo.

Ukuchaswa Kwezobupolitika

Amagosa amaninzi anyuliweyo angenelwa kwinkqubo yangoku. Ii-PAC ezingeyon'amalungu zidla ngokuchitha imali eninzi ukuxhasa abaxhasi abakhuphiswano abaphezulu − kwaye abalawuli abaninzi bayathandabuza "ukuqinisa isandla esibondlayo" okungakumbi, omabini amaqela aphambili aye axhomekeke kwimali eninzi ePaC engadityaniswanga kwiphulo, izibhengezo, kunye nevoti. Njengesiphumo, inkxaso yebhipartistan yentabalala yemirhumo yemali yolungiso ayidli. Kwanaxa kuveliswa izitya zokuguqula ingeniso, asoloko ejongeneentenxanxanxa-mali okanye imiqobo edizayo ewenza buthathaka.

Imilinganiselo yokunyanzelisa kunye neemida zokubuyiselwa

I-FEC isaziwa njengee-FEC ibotshelelwe ngokusemthethweni. Abameli bayo abathandathu .(3) Abathathu bamaRiphabliki kunye namaDemocrates amathathu ) atshate ngethuba elifanelekileyo nayiphi na indlela yokusebenza, ithetha ukuba izigqibo ezingundoqo zisoloko zivaliwe. I-PACs engadityaniswanga ingasebenzisa le misebenzi ephazamisayo ngokudibanisa imigca ephakathi, njengokusebenzisana nabaqwalaseli (ezingekho mthethweni kubaqhubi abaphambili) okanye ukungaphumeleli ukushicilela iingxelo ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Umbutho uthintela uqingqo noluvo lwawo lwemali oluneengxelo yamawaka ePACs ezinikezela ngemijikelo nganye. Ngenxa yoko, iimfuno ezininzi zokutyhilwa kwencwadi azikhange ziqwali kakuhle, kwaye ngokufuthi ukubohlwaya okanye ukusohlwaywa ngeentoli elona thuba elide emva konyulo.

Ufundo lwetyala: I PAC ezinganxulunyaniswanga ziyasebenza

Umzekelo weziphumo zePaCs ezingadibaniyo kuhlaziyo, qwalasela imizekelo emibini:

Unyuso lwaMangameli lwamashumi amabini anamashumi amabini anesihlanu, ngaphandle kwamaqela, elawulwa zii-PAC njenge Priest Action (Ukhuselo Joe Biden) kunye neMelika Isenzo sokuQaphela (Ukuxhasa uDonald Trump), iphakanyiswe kwaye ichithelwe malunga nemali exabisa imali ezimeleyo. Uninzi lwalemali lusuka kwiqaqobana baphinindi bemali. Ngaphandle kwaso sithembisa abathile abazimisele ukucutha impembelelo yemali enkulu, inyaniso yayiyiyo ukuba omabini amaphulo axhomekeke kakhulu kula maqela angaphandle. Emva konyulo, akukho ngqungquthela yemali ephambili inguqululo.

UMthetho we-DISCLOSE kunye nokungaphumeleli Kwawo okuphindwe kaninzi: UMthetho we-DISCLOSE, owaqala ukuziswa ngo-2010 ukuphendula uCitablens United[, uya kufuna amaqela azimeleyo enkcitho ukutyhila abanikeli abanikezeli be-R10 000 okanye ngaphezulu. Umthetho wadlula iNdluvo olulawulayo ngo-2010, 2019, kunye no-20222], kodwa ixesha ngalinye ufe kwiNxalaniso yeRiphabliki, ivalelwe ngumdibaniso wenkcaso kunye nemithetho yezopolitiki. Amandla engoongeyongabanga baphindileyo. Okuninzi kokuchasana kwayo, njengoko kuxhaswa nangamagunya azo.

Ukuhambela Phambili: Utshintsho Neethemba Lalo

Ibonelela ngesimo esingalawulekiyo sengxaki, abaguquli baye bacebisa indlela edityanisiweyo yokuthetha ngempembelelo yeePAC ezingadibaniyo. Ucwangciso ngalunye lujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo, kodwa lunika ithemba lotshintsho olunentsingiselo.

Ukuqinisa Iimfuno Zokukhusela

I-PACS exhaswa kakhulu yi-DSCLOSE Act exhaswa kakhulu yiyo echaza i-Pixel engekho mdibanweni, kuquka leyo ifumana imali evela kwimali emnyama engancedisiyo, ukutyhila imithombo yokuqala yemali yabo inika abavoti amandla okwenza ukhetho olunolwazi. I-DSCLOSE inguMthetho okhokelayo wesithuthi somthetho, kodwa ukudluliswa kwayo kuya kufuna iBhunga elinomthetho olawulayo elithe lathathwa nguMongameli Obama ngo-2022.2.

Ukukhuthuzwa kwephulo

Izindululo ezifana ne "Izinyuso Zemali Ezikhethiweyo Ngoku" ziya kunika uwonke wonke imali yokungqinelana kwemirhumo emincinci yemirhumo yelanga, zicutha intshukumisa kubaqhubi beminikelo emikhulu evela kwiPACs. Amanye amazwe, njengoMaine kunye ne-Arizona, aye amkela iinkqubo zemali kawonke-wonke ngempumelelo ethile. Noko ke, inkxaso karhulumente iyakufuna umthetho omtsha kunye nokukhutshelwa kwemali okubalulekileyo, okunzima kwezobupolitika. Nokuba ngaba ulwamkeli, ii-PAC ezingeyon'alulo lungaqhubeka lusebenza ngokwalo, ngoko uncedo lukawonke wonke alusombululo olupheleleyo.

Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko

Kwabo bakholelwa ukuba izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zingunobangela wengxaki, ekuphela kwesisombululo esisisigxina kukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa [[FLT: 0]] ICitazens United nezigqibo ezinxulumeneyo. Inani lamazwe lidlulise izigqibo ezibiza ulungiso olunjalo, kwaye i "Thiwethu" ingcinga-nkqubo iveliswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiBhunga. Kodwa, ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko kufuna izakhiwo ezikhulu ezibini ezikwiziiibhili-3 namagumbi amathathu namagumbi amane aphezulu kakhulu amazwe. Ngoko ke, umbutho ugcina uphicoko lwengxelo ephila kwaye ulungiselela intlanganiso yabaguquli.

Utshintsho LweFEC

Enye indlela kukuphinda kulungiswe iKhomishini yoNqumaniso loMbutho ukuze iphumelele. Iiprotoals ziquka ukucutha inani labakhomishinala ukuya kwisithathu okanye ezintlanu, okanye ukutyunjwa kwesileti esingabalawuliyo ukunciphisa i-grid lockleck. Olo tshintsho lunganceda ukunyanzelisa imithetho ekhoyo kwaye lunganika iziko lentlangano amazinyo angeyondawo athotyelweyo imithetho etyhiliweyo. Kodwa naluphi utshintsho lwe-FEC kufuneka ludlulise iBhunga, kwaye iqela eliphuma kumandla lithandabuza ukunika igunya elingakumbi kumbutho onokuthi usebenziselwe ngokuchasene noomaqabane alo.

Isiphumo: Isiphumo Sokunyamezela SeePacs Ezinganxulunyaniswanga

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ilungise inkqubo yezemali yezemali elungiselelwe iCandelo ngendlela enzulu kwaye, ukusuka kwimbono yotshintsho, engalunganga kakhulu. Inyuse ukuchithwa kwemali jikelele, ukuhla kokubonakala, ivule umva, inike izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo ilizwi elingaphandle. Ukhuseleko lwawo olusemthethweni phantsi kweSigqibo Sokuqala soMphetho-Mphetho, ludityanisiwe kunye nokuchasana kwezobupolitika, kwenza utshintsho olunentsingiselo egqithisileyo lube lunzima kakhulu. Kodwa ukutyhalela utshintsho oluqhubekayo, okubangelwa kukungafezeki kwenkqubo yezobupolitika. Nokuba ngolwano oluthe kratya lungalinganiyo, okanye ngotshintsho olubalulekileyo, usukelo oluhlala lunjalo: ukwenza inkqubo yezempempempe-mali evulekileyo, ethembekileyo, nelungileyo.

[[FLT: 0] ukuqhubekeka kofundo lwesakhiwo nomthetho we PAC ezingezo zidityanisiweyo, jonga kwi IKhomishini yoNqubulo loMboniso wePUNDO . Inkcukacha zocalulo lwempembelelo yale komiti zingafunyanwa kwi [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeJaji yeJaji [[FLT:]] ne[FLT:] i-[FLT] kunye ne- Brooking Constition[FL:6]. Ugcino-lwazi lwezopolitiki lufumaneka kwimali echithwethwayo [[[FLT:]] [FLT]]