Indlela Imithetho Karhulumente Ebuyisela Ngayo Ukusetyenziswa Kwamapolisa Ebuxhakaxhaka Bokwazi Abantu

Ubugcisa bokuqwalaselwa kobuso (FRT) buye bavela njengenye yezona zinto zinamandla − kunye nokubekwa phambili kwemithetho yanamhlanje. Ngokufana okanye ngokushicilelweyo imifanekiso echasene nezogcino-lwazi ezikhoyo, amasebe amapolisa angachaza abakrokrela, ukufumana abantu abalahlekileyo, okanye ukuqinisekisa i-PROFESA ngemizuzwana. Kodwa obu bubugcisa bunye obuye benza uphando olukhawulezileyo lunyuse amaxhala anzulu malunga nemfihlo, ubuhlanga, kunye nokuphumelela kokukhotyoliswa korhulumente. EUnited States, apho ukhokelo lukarhulumente luhlala lungahlali, iintlola zikarhulumente ziye zaba yindawo yokuqala yemfazwe yokumisela ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa. Eli nqaku lihlola uphando lwangoku lwemeko-mthetho-detho, iziphumo zalo kwimicimbini yemithetho ye-Proli, kunye nengxoxo yengxoxo elungele ukumiswa kwimicimbi kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqonda Ubugcisa Bokwazi Abantu Kumsebenzi Wamapolisa

Iinkqubo zolwaluko olunzulu zixhomekeke kwii-algorithim ezinzulu ukuzoba igeometry eyodwa yobuso , ukumila komhlathi, ukujikeleza kwemihlathi, kwaye uthelekise ukuba isikhokelo sichasene nemifanekiso egciniweyo kurhulumente okanye kwizixhobo zokuxhasa intengiso. Ii-odoli zomthetho zisebenzisa iFRT ngeendlela ezininzi: ukukhangela isantya solawulo loonogada bekhamera kawonke-wonke, ukufanisa iifoto zomqhubi zephepha-mvume, kwaye ukuhamba kweminxeba ephakathi kwemihlathi yemibhobhobho yomzimba, kunye nokuhamba kwekhamera echasene nemibhobhobho efihlakeleyo. Ukuphumelela okuphezulu kwezixhobo, njengokukrola abantwana abagqekelwe kwi-Capitoll okanye ukuphinda umva kweentsapho zabo, ukukhuthuthwa koomatilo-mthetho we-mthetho wesizwe ne-technoloji (ISCSC) okuthe ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo abantu abaninzi abasebenzisa i-Foglamsterol, amabhinqa asebendal-oth, abaphathi-ovu, abaphathi-ovuvuvuvu nabanga aba

Amasebe amapolisa asoloko ekhusela iFRT njengenye into ephambili yokuphanda, hayi isigqibo sokugqibela. Aphikisa ngokuthi ingxubevange isetyenziselwa ukwenza unobangela olindelekileyo wogunyaziso, hayi njengobungqina obumileyo. Kodwa amaqela enkululeko yabemi, kuquka i-ACLU ne-Electronic Frontial Foundation, aphikisana nokuba i--ethectal enokwenzeka i-mthethotho enokuthi ikhokelele ekubanjweni ngokuphosakeleyo xa i-algorithm iphothe. Babonisa ukuba iimeko ezifana nezika-Robert Williams, indoda engumBlal ebambeke ngokuphosakeleyo eDetroit emva kokuba iqashelwe ngephepha-layiselo lombutho wayo lomqhubi. Iziganeko ezinjalo zikhokelele abalungisi-mthetho abapheli bomthetho abahambayo ukuba benze okokuba kungekho komiti.

Umsebenzi Wokuyilwa Komthetho Karhulumente

Ngenxa yokuba i-United States ingenawo umthetho obanzi karhulumente kwi-FRT, amaphondo amkele iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye ziye zamisela uvalelo oluthe ngqo okanye ii-moredium, lo gama ezinye zimisele imiyalelo esemthethweni ye-(-"imfuno ezithe ngqo, iingxelo, ii-Pixel-examplications), ii-Pixel-nethiss ( kwaye abambalwa baye bashiya amapolisa ekhululekile ukusebenzisa ubugcisa ngokungakhathaleli. Isiphumo siko elisemthethweni elidala imingeniselo esemthethweni kubarhwebi beezobugcisa kunye nokhuseleko ezingalinganiyo kubemi.

Amazwe Aneyona Miqathango Inamandla

[[[NTLT: 0] Imvume ayifikanga, isenza imo ehlala isebenza. I-FLT:1] igqithise omnye wemithetho engqongqo yelizwe ngowama-2020, ithintela amapolisa namaqumrhu kawonke wonke ukuba asebenzise i-FRT ngokuphandle ngaphandle kokuba i-partimen igunyazisa i-odood. Imvume ayikafikeli, isenza i-mostacharation ehlala isebenza. I-FLT ekwalela nokusetyenziswa kobukhokhozo bucala kwisikolo kunye nokunyanzelelwa kwelizwe. [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [12] iVT] ilandela indlela efanayo, ibhayiselo lomthetho lokugcina umthetho osuka ekusebenziseni iFRTRT ngaphandle kweemeko olumngenisiweyo, kwanawonke amatyala athe nyaka ngamnye, ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe nakuwo nakuwo nakuwo nakuwo nakunyaka wovavanyo oluzimeleyo, i-205, i-19, ifuna ukusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa nakusetyenziswa ngumthetho

ISizwe ngeeMfuno eziNqamlezileyo neMithetho eLawulayo

Uqikelelo luye lwayeka ukuvalwa kwemiqathango enzima kodwa lumisele izithuba eziphezulu. eNew York ngo-2021] kwafuneka amapolisa afumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuba asebenzise iFRT nayiphi na injongo yokuhlola, ngaphandle kweengxaki ezifana nokuqweqwediswa okusebenzayo. Umthetho wadala ibhodi ebanzi yolwazi lwemeko yobuso efuna ukubukeza izikhalazo nokuchanabeka. [[FLT]] ugqithisa umthetho ku-2020 kusetyenziswa naliphi na isebe elisebenzayo elisebenzisa iFRT ukushicilela iintlobo zovavanyo, intelekelelo yemali, nayiphi nayiphi na iziphumo zokuzimo zoburhulumente. [i-FFFFT]

Imithetho Evumela Ukusetyenziswa Ngonyanzelo Olulula

kunye imela isiphelo sokhetho esivunyiweyo sokhetho. iTexas ivumela amapolisa ukuba asebenzise iFRT kwilayisense yomqhubi kunye nemifanekiso yokuchaza, nangona umthetho uthintela ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi nabaphathi belizwe abatshati. I-Florida ayinawo umlomo obanzi kodwa ikhuthaza amasebe ukuba amkele imilinganiselo yokuzithandela yokunika ingxelo. Ngokuqhelisa, amasebe amaninzi amapolisa aseFlorida, njenge Pinellas County Sheriffain, asebenzisa iFRT yencwadi nemifanekiso ekroliweyo ekrokrelelwayo. [FLT] ivumela imeko yayo ye-breauth-motiod ukuba iqhube i-mscconeeting i-mment i-mmoscrogne ye-modentination e-Fogrogne, equka yimfuno yemithetho egunyazam, engafuni ukupheliswa yimithetho engekho mvunywa yimvume yokuzi.

Impembelelo Yomthetho Karhulumente Kwizenzo Zobupolisa

Isiphumo esikhawulezileyo semithetho engqongqo karhulumente kukuncipha kokusetyenziswa kwamapolisa aphantsi kwaloo mithetho. EMassachusetts, ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo komsebenzi okuye kwanyanzelisa amasebe asebenza ngezobugcisa ngaphambili . "njengokuba iSebe lamapolisa laseBoston" lixhomekeke kwiindlela zokuphanda ezindala ezifana nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nemifanekiso edibeneyo. Nangona amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni acukubhenela ukuthoza ukugadelwa kweliso, amanye amagosa omthetho akhathaze ngokuphanda okanye ukuphoswa kweliso. Uhlolisiso lwama-2023 lwe-Police Aphando oluphethe amaphondo lufumana ukuba abameli abasemacandelo angama-40% abanokungaxeli ukusebenzisa iFRT kulawo asemarhenters. Noko ke, uhlolisiso lwaphawula ukuba abasemasebeni abo bawabo abasebenzi abachaphazelekileyo behla kwimibango lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kumanqaku achaza iimfuno zemvume, amapolisa kufuneka alungise uthutho lwawo lomsebenzi. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokugweba kuthatha ixesha elininzi (ngokunjalo iiyure) kwaye kufuna umlinganiselo ocacileyo ophezulu kunokusebenzisa nje uthelekiso. Amanye amasebe aye aphendula ngeliso langaphambi komboniso phambi kokuba acele isiqinisekiso, lo gama amanye aye atshintshela ukusebenzisa iFRT kuphela kwiimeko eziphezulu ezifana nokuqweqwediswa okanye izisongelo zabanqolobi. Oku kucebisa ukuba uphando olupapashwa kwiJournal of Law & Technology lufumanise ukuba irective-rement irement intellitysss ezincinci zeFRTS (umz., isaziso sokuhlola kwizenzo ezingephilo-zincinci) kodwa lungancitshiswangalungisi olungeyo olungeyo olungekho ngqiqweni olunzulu lolwaphulo-gonyamelo. Oku kucebisa ukuba icebo lokulungisa icebo lokulungisa ngaphandle kophando olunzulu

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kumaphondo angenabuveleli buncinane, i-FRT iqaliswe kakhulu kwipolishi yemihla ngemihla. EFlorida, amanye amasebe asebenzisa iiplagi ezisebenza ngelayisensi ehamba nge-kamela eFRT ukuvavanya ubuso babaqhubi kunye nabakhweli ngexesha lokwenene. Abagxeki baphikisa olu hlobo “lobukhali” ukuba qhaqhatha ngokukhululekileyo kwaye ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ichaphazela abantu abanombala, apho imposiso ziphezulu khona. Uphando olusuka kuGeorgetown Law’s Center on Ancycy & Technology lufumanise ukuba kwimimandla engakho imiqathango, abantu abamnyama babenobuncinane ngokuphindwe kathathu kunabantu abamhlophe ukuba bathobelwe ngenkohliso ziinkqubo zeFRT. Ezi zizinto ezingaqhelekanga ziye zaba yingxoxo ephambili yokukhuthaza isenzo solawulo lombuso.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezobugcisa Ezisaqhubeka

Kwanalapho kukho imithetho eyomeleleyo, ukunyanzelisa nokuthobela ihlala inzima. Imimiselo emininzi ifuna uvavanyo lobuhlanga, kodwa akukho mgangatho worhulumente woko kuyila ucoselelo olwamkelekileyo. ISiko lesizwe leMigangatho kunye noBuchwephesha (NIST) lipapashe imigaqo-mthetho ebanzi yokuvavanya, kwaye amanye amazwe, njengeKhalifoniya, athathe ii-parkings ze-Nstial njengenxalenye yemithetho yokufumana kwazo. Noko ke, ubugcisa butshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunomthetho . / /intengiselwano zezolwazi zihlaziya amanani azo rhoqo, ziwenza nzima ukuze iqulunqenelo lwemibutho ukuba igcine isantya. Ingxelo ye-Akhawunti ye-Akhawunti ye-Rhulumente ifumanise ifumanise i-ontathstiesties epheleleyo kwiminyaka emibini edluleyo.

Enye imbambano engalungiswanga kusetyenziswa “kwe-'.' okanye koovimba abahlukeneyo. Amaphondo amaninzi avumela amapolisa ukuba afikelele kwimifanekiso yephepha-mvume lomqhubi, i-mugshot, kunye nemifanekiso evela kwi-media yezentlalo-mbini (ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemvume yomntu). Abameli benkululeko yoluntu baphikisa ukuba oku kuyila isiseko sogcino-lwazi lwendalo esizimeleyo esinezinto ezifihlakeleyo ezimbalwa. I-Illinoniot Bumetric Information Act (BPA) imisela isibambiso esiphezulu, esifuna ukuba kubhalwe isivumelwano phambi kokuba nayiphi na into efihlakeleyo iqokelele okanye yabelane idata, kodwa i-BIPA ayisebenzisi ngqo kumaqumrhuluneli karhulumente. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zifikelele imithetho ephikisanayo nokuba ngabagunyazizomthetho ziqokelelwa yi-data ye-binitelliccom, njengeevents, njengeevenkile okanye ii-odshop, ngaphandle kwe-morensitip, i-morensit.

Ucoselelo luhlala luyixhoba elishukumayo. Ngexa uvavanyo lwe-NIST lubonisa ukuba ezona mithetho-manani yorhwebo ingcono ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokungeyonyani kwiminye iinkqubo imigangatho yenkohliso iye yehla ngezantsi kwe-0.1.% kuwo onke amaqela amanani abantu ukususela ngo-201818.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo: Oko Kuza Kufikelelwa Ngumgaqo - siseko Karhulumente

Igandla elilandelayo lomthetho wesizwe lisenokubhekisa ingqalelo kwimimandla emithathu: ukhangelo lokwenene, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, kunye nemida yokuzimela ulwazi. Sele, abenzi bomthetho kwi Minnesota kunye no-Nxulumaniso [ luye lwasungula amaphepha okuvala ukusetyenziswa kophawu oluqhubekayo lobuso kwiindawo zikawonke wonke, ezibizwa ngokuba “zizinto zokukhaphaphela” ngabagxeki. Ezi zityala zizakufuna ukuba amapolisa arhoxise naluphi na uhlolo-wonke, athintele ukuvavanya ngesiqinisekiso. Izicelo ezinjalo zikhupha uphando lwe-UIA, ezithiwenzisa umthetho womthetho wokusetyenziswa kwe-i-injini ye-injini e-injini.

Olunye utyekelo olukhulayo luyiyo ukwenziwa kweebhodi zobuveleli ezizimeleyo, ezifana nezo ziseNew York. Ezi bhodi zidla ngokuba namandla angaphantsi kwe-Propena, zingaphicotha ii-oki zamapolisa ze-FRT, kwaye zikhuphe iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ezithetha ngemilinganiselo engafaniyo kunye nempazamo. Ngo-2023, i-Maryland [ yaba ngurhulumente wokuqala ukufuna ukuba nawuphi na udweliso lwe-FRTRT luphantsi kophicothano lwaminyaka le-Phondo oluzimeleyo, ngeziphumo ezibekwe kwi-intanethi. Imodeli ibinconywa yi-ACCLU of Maryland njengendlela yokwakha ukuthemba uluntu ngexesha elisetyenziswa kakuhle.

Ukugcinwa kogcino-lwazi ngumda wesithathu. Okwangoku, amasebe amaninzi amapolisa agcina imifanekiso ukusuka kwi-FRT ngokungenasiphelo, kunye neengxelo zomntu ovavanyiweyo kunye nesizathu. Amatyala amaninzi karhulumente ngoku afuna ukuba zonke iingxelo zokukhangela ezingakhange zitshatyalaliswe emva kweentsuku ezingama-90 ukuze kuthintelwe uthumo olusuka ngokulula. IVIRGINIAIA [[ idlulise umthetho ngo-2024] ifuna ukuba zonke ii-FRT ezikhuphini zokuphendla zitshatiswe zitshatyalaliswe kwisithuba seenyanga ezi-12 ngaphandle kokuba kuhlale kukho umba ovuliweyo. Abameli bale bathemba bakuba ngumgangatho wesizwe.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Nenkululeko Yamakhaya

Umthetho wephondo ongokwandiswa kobuchule bokuqwalaselwa kobuso wamapolisa uye wakhula ukusuka ekuzinziseni inkxalabo ephambili kwingxoxo ebanzi ephathelele ubupolisa kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho edityanisiweyo ngokubonisa ukuba iMelika ifuna ixesha elide ukuvavanywa kwemeko yomgangatho karhulumente. Amanye amaphondo aye akhetha ukuvala izixhobo ngokucacileyo; amanye amisele ii-aselbacte ezingqongqo; kwaye amanye asele ebambelele ngokungqongqo kwingxoxo encinane. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba imfuneko kunye nokucaca kwemiyalelo ekhoyo inokunciphisa ubungozi bokuzichaza ngokuphosakeleyo ngaphandle kokuvala ummiselo komthetho. Kwangawucingiseli okunzima. Kwangalo xesha, urhulumente oyekelelayo uchaza ubungozi obungalawulelinyani obusele buchazwe kwinani elingeyo lokunganyani.

Njengoko abamisi-mthetho besaqhubeka ngabom phezu kolwakhiwo lwesizwe olufana nolucetyiswayo UMthetho wokwamkelwa kwamapolisa, amaziko aya kuhlala eyindawo yokuqala yelaboratory yokuphuhlisa inkqubo. Imithetho esebenzayo iya kudibanisa uvavanyo oluzimeleyo, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nokunika ingxelo enyanzelekileyo yoluntu olusemthethweni (_neenkqubo ezakhiweyo) ukuhlaziya imigangatho yobugcisa.

Eli nqaku linikela ulwazi ngokubanzi kwaye aliyilanga icebiso lomthetho. Imithetho eyahlukeneyo ngokolawulo kwaye iphantsi kokutshintsha. Kwimibuzo ethile, jonga igqwetha elifanelekileyo okanye oovimba bomthetho basekuhlaleni.