Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States singaphezulu kakhulu kunesiqalo sentengiso. Sisibhengezo esifutshane esinzulu kodwa esinzulu senjongo urhulumente omtsha olawulayo amiselwe ngayo. Phakathi kwezi njongo ezintandathu ezidwelisweyo, ibinzana elithi " ukumisela iJaji"[ imile njengenjongo yesibini, ngokulandela ukwenziwa komanyano olugqibeleleyo. Oku kumiselwa kwemithetho yokusesikweni akuyonto eqwalaselwayo kodwa kusintsika esisisiseko seriphabliki. Abasunguli baqonda ukuba ngaphandle kwenkqubo elungileyo nengagwebiyo, inkululeko yasekhaya inokuba buthathaka, kwaye iintsikelelo zenkululeko zenkululeko azinakuze zifunyathwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko, kwakhawulwa kokubini okusesikweni nokufanelekileyo, kwaye kuqwalaselwa ukuba kusetyenziswe kwemithetho yokuziphatha, apho kuthelelwa ngokulinganayo, kwaye kuqwalaselwe, apho kungenziwa kungabikho sizathu, kwaye kukhuselwa khona, apho kuthelelwa, ngoko ke, apho kukhuselwa khona, kungenziwa nelungelo, kwaye kukhuselwa, apho kukhuselwa, apho kungenziwangavunyiwe,

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi enzulu yaloo mmiselo, lichaza indlela ingcamango yokusesikweni efakwe ngayo kwiSihloko esenziwe ngeziganeko zembali kunye neempembelelo zentanda-bulumko, indlela eye yasetyenziswa ngayo ngemimiselo yezomthetho kunye nezigqibo ezisigxina ezibhaliweyo, nendlela ukusukela okuqhubekayo kokusesikweni okungundoqo ngayo kumaMerika. Isithembiso soMgaqo-siseko asimi ngomlinganiselo okhoyo; lukhuthazo oluphilayo oluye lwanwenwa ukuquka abantu abaninzi nomlinganiselo othe waphela ngomlinganiselo. Ukuqonda imvelaphi kunye nendaleko kunceda abemi baqonde oko kuphumelelwzileyo kunye nomsebenzi ongagqibekanga wedemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Idinga Elisemgangathweni Lentshayelelo: “Ukumisela Okusesikweni”

Isiqalo samazwi emifanekiso efana neyokuqala, “Thina bantu base United States, simisela uMgaqo-siseko ogqibeleleyo, simisela uBunye obupheleleyo, iJaji, inika ukhuseleko lwasekhaya, ibonelela ngokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ikhuthaza iWelfare, kwaye ikhusele iintsikelelo zeNkululeko, kunye nePostrity, simisela lo Mgaqo-siseko weUnited States. [[FLT: 0] isithi iJaji emiselweyo" ibekwe ngabom ngesibini, kwangoko emva kwenjongo yokuyila. Oku kucebisa ukuba abasunguli bajonge ulungelelwano olusemthethweni njengento eyimfuneko kuzo zonke ezinye iinjongo. Ngaphandle kokusesikweni, ubutofoto abunakugcinwa kakuhle, kwaye isithembiso sibe singumqondiso obalulekileyo. “[FLTYUR." ikwanento emele ukuba kubekho isiseko somthetho omele ulwe, kwaye uqhubekeke, lo lungelene, ulungelene, ulungelelwano olu lungelelwano, olusebenzayo.

Imeko yembali: Ukusuka kumaKronethi athathiweyo ukuya kutsho kwiSikolo soMgaqo-siseko

Ukuze uqonde isizathu sokuba okusesikweni kube sisiseko kubaseki, ubani kufuneka ajonge kwizityholo ezakhuthaza iMvukelo yaseMerika. ISibhengezo seNtlalo - melo sityhola uKumkani uGeorge III ‘ ngokwahlula uLawulo loBulunga” ngokungavumi ukuseka iinkundla ezizimeleyo, ukukhusela amagosa aseBritani ekuvavanyweni, nokunqanda amarhamncwa abagwebi. La mava ashiya uphawu olungenakucinywa: urhulumente omtsha kwafuneka aphephe izenzo ezingokwasemthethweni ezimeleyo, ezonakeleyo eziphawu oluye lwaphawula ulawulo lwamathanga. Abaseki bazibonela babona indlela ukumkani onokuthi angakwazi ngayo ukubhukuqa ulawulo lwakhe, kwaye bazimisele ukwenza inkqubo apho abagwebi bejaji beza kuzimele, bengena ngqiqweqwe, benomthetho.

Ukongezelela, iManqaku eKonsole (1781-1789) aye angqineka engafaneleki ukumisela okusesikweni kuwo onke amazwe. Urhulumente wesizwe wayengenalo igunya lokucombulula iimbambano, izivumelwano ezinyanzelisayo, okanye ukukhusela amalungelo abantu nxamnye norhulumente. Imvukelo kaShays Regivertion (1786-1787).(zukuvukela kwamafama axhobileyo abalimi ababole ityala eMassachusetts ababebhikishela ukuqokelelwa kwetyala elingafanelekanga kunye nomhlaba ngokungekho mthethweni) kwabonisa iingozi zegunya elinamandla abuthathaka. Imvukelo yabekwa phantsi ngurhulumente oyimibutho, kodwa yagxininisa imfuneko yenkqubo yesizwe enokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka ezingundoqo ekuwisweni kwelungelo elincinane. IConvention of Convention of 1787e, yayizindlela ezininzi, ukusabela okungqalileyo kwemeko yetyala.

Impembelelo Yabacingi

Abaseki bangenelwa kwiingcamango zezithandi zoluvo ezikhanyiselweyo ezabhala kakhulu ngokusesikweni, amalungelo emvelo, kunye nesivumelwano soluntu. UJohn Locke u- USELESTIDUMELELWE kaRhulumente[ [1689]) baphikisa ukuba abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ebomini, inkululeko, nempahla, kwaye oorhulumente benzelwe ukukhusela loo malungelo. Umthetho, kuba uLocke, uthetha ukuba imithetho imele ingakhethi cala, inyanzelelwe kwangaphambili, kwaye inyanzelelwa ngumgwebi ozimeleyo. Umoya woMthetho woMthetho [Foct:3], kunye nawo onke amasebe azimeleyo, ugxininisa ukukhusela ingqwalasela, kuquka nokulawula.

Okusesikweni Njengosukelo Lokwakha: Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Nomanyano

UmGaqo-siseko umisela iNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo neNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla eziphantsi njengeNkundla. Abagwebi bamiselwe ukuba baphile ubomi obuphantsi kwesimilo esihle, kwaye imivuzo yabo ayinakuncitshiswa — ukukhusela okujoliswe ekucinezeleni kwezobupolitika. Iinkundla zesizwe zinegunya kumatyala aqukunjelwe phantsi komGaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe, kunye nezivumelwano, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe okanye phakathi kwabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo. Eli gunya lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho liqinisekisa ukuba kukho ingxubeko yezobundilele ekucombululeni imigca yezopolitiki okanye ebandakanya umthetho wesizwe.

Umanyano lwezobulungisa lukwasebenza nonobangela wobulungisa ngokudala ulwahlulo oluninzi lolawulo. Ama- States anegunya eliphangaleleyo lokumisela imithetho kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, kodwa lo mGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wesizwe likhulu (ilungiselelo elithintela ukwaphula amalungelo asisiseko. IBhili yamaLungelo, eyongezwe ngo1791, ibeke imida ecacileyo kumandla karhulumente, yaye kamva uHlaziselo lweMiqathango lwe 1450 (1868) lwandisa loo mithetho kumazwe. Le nkqubo ixhobisa umaleko ivumela ukuvavanya nokuphendula: ichaza ukuba isebenza “izifundo zedemokhrasi” ngelixa elisisiseko” ngelixa urhulumente worhulumente enikela umgangatho wezikhuselo oluncinane. IJaji, kwesi sakhiwo, asilawulwa ligunya elinye kodwa lilawulwa ligunya likanobumbane, iinkundla zemicimbi, ii-ofisi kunye nolungelelwano.

Indlela Okusilungele Ngayo Umgaqo - siseko Okusesikweni

UMgaqo-siseko asiyomigaqo nje engekho ngqiqweni; uqulethe iindlela ezicacileyo zokudlulisela okusesikweni. Ezi ziquka iBhili yamaLungelo, iSihlaziyo seshumi elinesine, namandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo okuhlola isigwebo.

IBhili yamaLungelo neNkqubo eQumrhu

Iziphendu zokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zamkelwa ngokudityanisiweyo ekuphenduleni inkxalabo echasene nomkhosi we-Anti-Federalist yokuba umGaqo-siseko omtsha wawungenazo iinkuselo ezicacileyo zenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ezininzi zezi zindululo zithetha ngqo ngolawulo lobulungisa. IsiHluzi sesine sikhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka. IsiHlamshi soMphengululo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi abagwebi abaphezulu, abathintela iingxwaba eziphindwe kabini kunye nolwahluzo lobuqu, kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu “uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Isi-Sithandathu sokuHlaziselo soMbetho siqinisekisa ukuphaza kwetyala okukhawulezayo, umgwebi ongakhethi-caphulo, olungileyo wokumangalelwa kumangqina, nokulunga komthetho.

Ibinzana elithi ‘ eliya ngokuya lihamba inkqubo yomthetho. iye yaba yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kumthetho-siseko waseMelika. Ineenkqubo zombini ezi-procedal kunye nezomntlu-mbini. Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahlube umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla /indawo", ukuva, kunye nesigqibo sokungakhethi. Inkqubo engundoqo, ngelixa kuphikiswana, ikhusela amalungelo athile angundoqo ekungeneleni kukarhulumente, kwanokuba iinkqubo zilungile. Izigwebo zombini neziphelo zeshumi elinesine ziqula imigaqo efanelekileyo, kunye neNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise ukukhusela amalungelo ekhululekileyo ukuya kwisivumelwano sokuzala. Ukusekwa kobulungisa, njengoko kuxhomekeke kukhuselwa ngokuchana kwezi ngqinwa ngokuchananiswa kwamandla.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Phantsi KoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi Elinane

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uMphetho-mva kweshumi elinesine waguqula ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. I-Sumetic Protection Claus ivakalisa oku: “Akukho Rhulumente... eya kumkhanyela namnye umntu onegunya layo lokukhusela imithetho efanayo.” Le ngxelo yayinenjongo yokuqala yokukhusela amalungelo amaMelika atsha akhululekileyo aseAfrika, kodwa iye yaba sisiqinisekiso esibanzi sokulwa nesenzo soburhulumente borhulumente. INkundla Ephakamileyo itolike ikhuselwe ngokulinganayo ukunqanda ukhuselo lohlanga ([FLT: 0]Brown v. Brown b. bd of Education[FLD:], 1954], ubufana obufana (iqalisa nge [[FLD:]] isiqinisekiso sesenzo soburhulumente.v [FLD]]]], kwaye ezinye iindlela ezininzi ezingekho mthethweni.

I-Unimeal Protection Claus iyindlela ecacileyo yokubonakalisa ukuzinikela kwePregeget kubulungisa. Ifuna ukuba imithetho isebenze ngokungenasandla kwaye akukho qela likhethelwe ukulahlekelwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esivakalayo. Ibinzana liye laba sisiseko soloyiso lobugxwayiba bamalungelo abantu, kuquka ukususwa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo kaJim Crow, ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota, nokugqalwa komgangatho olinganayo womtshato. Kodwa isithembiso salo sihlala sifezekisiwe: ukungalingani kwemfundo, ubutyebi, kunye nokugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho kuyaqhubeka kuvavanya ukuthembeka kohlanga ukuze lukhuseleke ngokufanayo.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo Ekutolikeni Okusesikweni

Amandla okuhlola isigwebo, ```IJaji John Marshall'''). Igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho-siseko'akhange akhankanywe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa yamiselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokwayo Marbury v. UMadison [183]. IJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall yaphikisa ukuba “kungoko nangokomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuba lithethe oko umthetho." Eli gunya lenza uJusticary abe ngumgcini-mGatho kunye nolwandiswano, ukuzinikela kokusesikweni. Ngokuhlola okusesikweni, iNkugweba iNku inokubetha imithetho echasene nenkqubo elinganayo, ukhuseleko, okanye eminye imigaqo-siseko.

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhathisa intsingiselo yokusesikweni kumatyala amaninzi. Iye yakhusela urhulumente ekusekeni unqulo, iwise imithetho engenanto esekelwe kwibala okanye kwisini, yaza yandisa amalungelo abamangalelwa bemilingo. Kodwa iNkundla iphinde yenza izigqibo eziqhubekisela phambili okungekho sikweni [inqanda ubukhoboka] uScott v. [Sandford [1857], eziphelisa ukuma kohlanga [iiiii-FLT], eziphelisa ukumanyana kwesizwe Prefy v. [18] [18], kwaye ekuqaleni ingavumi ukuguqula imicimbi yezoqoqosho. Imbali yeNkuNkundla inguwonga ephakamileyo iyimeko eqhubekayo yokuchaza ingculobelo.

Umsebenzi Ongazange Upheliswe: Okusesikweni Kumazwe Anamhlanje AseMerika

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko kunye neenkulungwane zokuphuhlisa komthetho, ukusekwa kobulungisa kusengumsebenzi ongagqitywanga. I-Contemporary iqala ukubeka imingeni yokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi ukuya kumgangatho ongalinganiyo wezoqoqosho ukuya kucalucalulo olukhoyo olukwimeko ekhoyo.

Utshintsho Lobulungisa

I-United States ineqondo eliphezulu lokuvalelwa kwelizwe eliphucukileyo, elinabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezibini kwiintolongo zikarhulumente kunye norhulumente. Iqela labambalwa beentlanga nezizwe limelelwa ngokungenakulinganiswa: AmaMelika amnyama avalelwa phantse kahlanu umyinge wabemi abamhlophe. Imfazwe yeMizekeliso, isigwebo esinyanzelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zebheyile zemali zigxekwe ngokucukucekisa umgaqo wokusesikweni okulinganayo. Activars kunye nabenzi bemithetho-nkqubo baye babiza utshintsho olunjengokruthath-th-th-th-th-th-thu, ukuphelisa ibhethsa-mali yabagxaki, ukurhweba kwiinkqubo zokuzinzipho, ukurhweba nokulungisa, nokulungisa ityala eliyingcambumba likabuhlwelo lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokulungisa ityala elinobangela ubuhlwempuzelo kunye nokungabi namathuba.

Imigudu ye-Bipartisan efana neyokuqala Inyathelo (208) yenze inkqubela ethobayo ngokukhulula imithetho yowiso-mthetho kunye neenkqubo zolungiso ezandisiweyo. Kodwa utshintsho lomgangatho karhulumente lwahluka kakhulu. Ukusukela okusesikweni kufuna uphando oluqhubekayo lokuba inkqubo yezomthetho iphathe bonke abantu ngokusesikweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba batyebile, uhlanga, okanye imvelaphi. Injongo yokuseka okusesikweni ayinakwaneliswa xa inxalenye engundoqo yabemi ijonga inkqubo njengebhaqayo kunokuba ikhusele.

Ubulungisa Bezoqoqosho Namathuba

Okusesikweni akuphelelanga kwinkundla yenkundla; kubandakanya amathuba ezoqoqosho kunye nokuhamba-hamba kwentlalo. Isicelo sobulungisa sePregegry, kunye nolwandiso lwamva “lokuguqula iWelfare jikelele,” lucebisa ukuba ibutho elisesikweni limele liqinisekise ukuba bonke abemi banethuba elifanelekileyo lokuphumelela. Kodwa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho eUnited States kukhule ngokuphawulekayo kwisiqingatha senkulungwane edlulileyo. Umsantsa phakathi kwabazizityebi nabahlwempuzekileyo uphakathi kwemininzi ehlabathini eliphucukileyo. Iintsapho ezininzi zitsalana ngeendleko zezindlu, iimali zezamayeza, kunye neemboleko zabafundi, ngoxa ezona zinto zityebileyo ziqokelela imali eninzi kakhulu.

Ubulungisa bezoqoqosho bubandakanya ukufikelela kwimfundo entle, unyango, nomsebenzi ohlawula imali efanelekileyo. Kuquka ukukhusela ekubolekeni abaxhaphazi, ukucalucalulo emsebenzini, nokuxhaphaza. Ingcamango ikwadibanisa amahlelo nobulungisa bobuhlanga, njengoko imimandla yemibala ikhatyiwe ngokwembali ukuba amathuba okwakha ubutyebi akhoyo kubamhlophe. Imithetho efana nokuhlawula irhafu eqhubekayo, ukwanda kwemivuzo, ukunyamekela impilo yehlabathi, kunye nezindlu ezithe kratya zidityaniswa njengendlela yokuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho.

IQumrhu LezeNtlalo Elisesikweni Nokukhula Kwamalungelo

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, imibutho yentlalo iye yanyanzela ukuba ilizwe liphile ngokuvisisana neenjongo zalo ezisunguliweyo. Umbutho wokupheliswa kwemithetho yezobulungisa, umbutho wamabhinqa, umbutho wokusebenza, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, iLGBTQ+ , kunye nemibutho yamaxesha alo yokulawula uhlanga kunye nokuguqulwa kwezentlalo-ntle yabantu, zonke ezi zinto ziye zafuna ukuba isithembiso sokusesikweni sidluliselwe kwabo babekade bechaziwe. Le mibutho iye yasebenzisa ulwimi loMgaqo-siseko (*) ingakumbi isindululo se-Pregistry, iDeclation of Independence, kunye neSinyuso se-1455th Demendmentation (to) ingqina ukuba idinga ukuba abemi bani bemi bemi bebonke namalungelo alinganayo bonke.

UMthetho waMalungelo oWonke-wonke ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 wawuzimpumelelo ephawulekayo eyawuvala ucalulo olugqwethiweyo kunye nomthetho wokuvota. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo obergefell v. Hodges (2015) umtshato osemthethweni osemthethweni kwilizwe lonke, uqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko engundoqo. Namhlanje, imibutho efana neBlack Livence Matter kunye nentswana yamalungelo odluliselwe phambili iyaqhubeka ivavanya ukungabikho kobulungisa. UPregget ayingomfortyisi yembali; ngumthetho ophilayo omele utolike kwaye uzalisekise.

Isiphelo: Ukufuna Umanyano Olugqibeleleyo

Ibinzana lesiqalo seNqanawa “ ukuseka uBulungiseleli” lumanyano phakathi kwabantu norhulumente wabo `a isithembiso sokuba ulungelelwano olusemthethweni nolwezobupolitika luza kuba lusesikweni, lungakhethi, kwaye lukhusele amalungelo omntu wonke. Kwizintlu zoluNjikelelo ezayila ukusekwa komgaqo-siseko wamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye nohlalutyo, ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kuMphengululo we-145, i-United States yakha isiseko esichukumileyo sobulungisa. Kodwa umsebenzi awuze uphele. Ixesha ngalinye lizisa imingeni ebangela ukuzinikela kohlanga kwimigaqo yalo.

Ukusekwa kobulungisa kufuna ukuphaphazela okuqhubekayo, ubumi obukhutheleyo, nokukulungela ukujamelana neenyaniso ezingathandekiyo malunga nendawo ephoswayo. Kufuna ukuba siqonde isidima somntu ngamnye kwaye siqinisekise ukuba imithetho isebenza kakuhle kunezilangazelelo zomntu wonke onamandla. Njengokuba iPregedge isikhumbuza, usukelo alungomanyano nje kuphela, kodwa lumanyano olugqibeleleyo [ olugqibeleleyo [ [umanyano olusondelele kubulungisa ngomgudu kunye neqela.

Kwabo banqwenela ukuqwalasela umbhalo wokuqala kunye nomongo wawo ongokwembali, Abalawuli belizwe banika intetho epheleleyo yoMgaqo-siseko kunye neNqaku. Abaphengululi bezomthetho kunye noluntu kwakhona bangajonga kwi [[ iSiko loMgaqo-siseko sobuzwelo-siseko [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [iiilungu] [iimeko] yezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo. [FLT:] [5] [5] [5], kunye nee-'activeractives projectives projects projectives projectives proviations provices proviation] [[5]