Unyulo lweMidterm, olubanjwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, luyinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela kwe-United States. Lubakho phakathi kwesigaba segama lomongameli kwaye lusebenza njenge-arhente yolawulo lwelizwe lonke. Olu nyulo lumisela ulawulo lweNdlu yonke yabameli, isithathu seCatar, kunye neendawo ezininzi zikarhulumente zolawulo kunye nemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Ukuqonda indlela amandla karhulumente onyulo oluguqulayo ayimfuneko ngayo ekuqondeni amandla ezixhobo zezobupolitika eziyila umthetho, ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho, kunye nolawulo lwelizwe lonke.

Yintoni Imilinganiselo Yokhetho?

Unyulo lwemidter lwenzeka ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba kwiminyaka enokubalwayo ewela phakathi konyulo lomongameli. Umzekelo, ama-2022 exesha eliphakathi kwexesha lokuqala likaMongameli Joe Biden. Ngexesha lolu nyulo, amavote akhetha onke amalungu angama-435 eNdlu yabameli, aneminyaka emibini iphela ngumjikelezo wonyulo. IBhunga lijikeleza ngenxa yokuba ii-senters zisebenza ngokwemiqathango emithandathu yeminyaka, malunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo zeKhabhinethi ekhulu zinyulwa ngonyulo mzuzu ngamnye. Ngaphezu koko, amaphondo amaninzi abalawuli abavoti, amaphondo, amagunya alawula esizwe, asekuhlaleni, awenza umjikelezo-omatilo-o-ozwe ngokubanziswayo nolawulo-demo-mda.

Umjikelo wonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo wahlukile kunyaka wonyulo lomongameli kumlinganiselo kunye nokuziphatha kwabavoti. Ngokwembali, umvoti ojikayo phakathi kwimida usezantsi, ngokufuthi ngeencopho ezithe zangeephesenti ezili-10-15. Noko ke, amagophe acuthwa kakhulu. Iqela elilawula iKhomishini lisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo phezu kocwangciso lowiso-mthetho lwe-mongameli, ukuqinisekiswa kwabagwebi namagosa esebe aphetheyo, kunye nolongamela abameli besebe lesebe lesebe lesizwe.

Impembelelo Ekulungelelaniseni Amandla

Impembelelo ephambili yonyulo phakathi kwexesha lokukhetha kukuqinisekisa amandla phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo nawowiso-mthetho, yaye ngamanye amaxesha phakathi kwamaqela phakathi kweKhonkxarethi. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uyahlulahlula-hlula igunya lesizwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, kodwa isebe lemithetho /(Conrell) linamandla okubhala imithetho, ukuvakalisa izivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, nokulawula uqingqo-mali. Umongameli angawulawula umthetho, kodwa iNgqungquthela iyakwazi ukulisusa elo gunya ngexabiso eliziiiiii-3 ezimbini. Unyulo lwemijukujelwa lungaphononondisa ezi zenzo ezinamandla.

Ulawulo Lwendlu Yabameli

Ngenxa yokuba zonke izihlalo zendlu ezingama-465 ziyaphikiswa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, iNdlu yeyona gumbi lishushu. Ukutshintsha kwezithuba ezimbalwa kunganika iqela elinye, likwazi ukumisela ucwangciso lwemithetho, ukukhupha iipoena, kunye nezithintelo okanye iindleko eziphambili. Umzekelo, emva kwemizuzu yonyaka ka-2018, amaDemocrat afumana izihlalo ezingama-41 kwaye athatha ulawulo lwendlu, nto leyo eyawavumela ukuba aqalise uphando kulawulo lweTrump, avimbele iimfuno ezininzi zemithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Ulawulo lweBhunga

IBhunga leNtlanganiso likhuselwe kakhulu ukusuka kutshintsho olukhawulezileyo ngenxa yamabinzana alo eminyaka emithandathu, kodwa amaxa aphakathi angaphinda angabi nazincopho. Ekubeni kuncitshiswa malunga nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo kulowo nawuphi umjikelo onikiweyo, iqela elinamandla lisoloko likhusela isiseko esithile sezihlalo. Ukuba iqela elichasayo lithatha izihlalo ezaneleyo, liyakwazi ukulawula indima yeKhomishoni yomlawuli weCante, izihlalo zekomiti, kwaye ligqibele ukuba yeyiphi na imibambo yomongameli ephumelelsiweyo. Ulawulo lweNtlanganiso yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Umzekelo, unyulo lwe-2014 lwezinyuko lwezinyuko lunike isininzi se-Riphabliki, ezathi kamva zivumele ukuba ziqinisekise i-Ginlay Gor, Brett, Brett Kvagh, kunye no-Ammey phantsi koMongameli we-Cercester Truest Trump.

Imithetho yeRhuluneli kunye neMithetho kaRhulumente

Unyulo lwaphakathi lwemida luchaphazela amandla karhulumente. Iingingqi ezininzi zolawulo noorhulumente abacholacholiyo kwiminyaka ephakathi. Abalawuli banegunya elibalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali lwemeko, imfundo, inkqubo yezonyango, kunye nolawulo longxamiseko, kwaye basoloko besebenza njengovavanyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ukongeza, izikhululo zephondo zizoba iimaphu zephondo nganye emva kokubalwa kwabantu, ngoko ke iqela elilawula le mibutho lingenza umelo lwezopolitiko lweshumi leminyaka. Unyulo lwama-2010, umzekelo, lwavelisa ukhuthulo lweRiphabliki yeRiphabliki lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo-Riphabliki ekhokelela kwimigudu enzima enjenge-Wisconsin, umNtla Carolina, nePennsylvania.

Indlela Amandla Atshintsha Ngayo Izandla

Xa ulawulo lwezigqibo zonyulo phakathi kwexesha lonyulo lwegumbi elinye longqungquthela, ubuchule bomongameli bokwenza ucwangciso lwemithetho bunyanzelwa kakhulu. Umphikisi angasebenzisa uninzi lwakhe ukuba lubambise ukuvalwa, ii-apoenas, kwaye angavumi ukuzisa iindleko zomongameli kwivoti. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba iqela lomongameli ligcina ukulawula amagumbi omabini, ulawulo lungaqhubela phambili ngosukelo lwalo lwenkqubo lula ngakumbi, nangona amaqela angaphakathi esenokubangela ingxabano.

Ngaphandle komthetho, amandla alawula izenzo zolawulo. Umongameli ojongene neBhunga elinobutshaba angaxhomekeka ngokuqhubekayo kwimiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, elinomthetho kodwa elinokupheliswa ngulawulo olulandelayo okanye libethwe ziinkundla. Umzekelo, emva konyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lonyaka ka-2014, uMongameli Obama wakhupha imiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu ekufudukeni nokutshintsha kwemozulu emva kokuba iMbutho ingavumi ukwenza okuthile. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uTrump wasebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo kurhwebo nokhuseleko lwesizwe xa iBhunga loMbutho lahlulahlulwa.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yenye ibala apho ushicilelo lwamandla lubonakala khona. Iqela elilawula iKhomishini lilawula uqingqo-mali nolulawulo lwezindululo. Urhulumente owahlulelweyo usoloko ekhokelela kwimingxuma, ukuvalwa, kunye nezigqibo eziqhubekayo. Urhulumente 2018-2018-2019, oyena mde kwimbali yase-U.S., wabangelwa yimbambano phakathi koMongameli Trump kunye neDEdemocratic House elawulwayo phezu kwemali exhasa umda wodonga.

Uqinisekiso

Enye yezona ndlela zisisiseko zonyulo olusembindini wexesha lonyulo olutshintshayo lungoncedo loqinisekiso lweNdlu. Umongameli umisa abagwebi besizwe, oonobhala kunye nee-arhente, kodwa iNdlu yeNkulumbuso kufuneka ibaqinisekise. IBhunga elilawulwa yinkcaso linokucotha okanye lithintele imfazwe ephambili emva kokuba iNtlanganiso ingavumi ukuba iJaji iphulaphule iJaji iMer Garkindland, uMongameli Obamasmine, kuba yayingumongameli wonyaka wonyulo. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, iRhulumentalban, i-Rhulumentalmey, i-Amma inguRhulumey Conney Conteney Contenell, i-Chebeyment 2020 (icell) iqinisekisa ukungqinwa kwale kwembali yobulungisa emva kokhetho lwamaR.

Iziphumo eziphakathi zexesha eliphakathi ezingundoqo

Iimeko eziliqela ezidityanisiweyo zibonisa ukuba liliphi iqela elifumana okanye eliphulukana nezihlalo kunyulo phakathi kwexesha. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kuyanceda ekuxele kwangaphambili nasekuchazeni iziphumo.

Iimeko zezoqoqosho

Imeko yezoqoqosho idla ngokuba yeyona nto iphambili. Iivoter zityekele ekusohlwayeni iqela lomongameli ngexesha lokungaqeshwa kakhulu kwemisebenzi, ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali, okanye ukurhoxa kwemali (yekunyusa). Unyulo lonyaka wama-2010 lwabona amaza amakhulu eRiphabliki, abangelwa kukuchachachana kwemeko yemali ka-mali ka-2008 kunye nokungaqeshwa. Ngokuchasene nonyulo lwaphakathi konyaka ka-1998 lwaluluncedo kumongameli Clinton's Democrats kuba uqoqosho lwalunamandla kwaye uqingqo-mali luthengezele.

Uluvo Lwasesidlangalaleni NgoMongameli

Umlinganiselo wolwamkelo lobuMongameli unxulumene kakhulu nomsebenzi ophakathi. Umongameli onemilinganiselo esezantsi yovumo, ngokuqhelekileyo engaphantsi kwama-50%, urhuqa phantsi abaza kubhaptizwa. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba "sisohlwayo esiphantsi" umzekelo, uMongameli George W. Umlinganiselo osezantsi wemvumelo ephantsi ngenxa yemfazwe ye-Iraq kunye nenkcazo yeSiphepho uKatrina wafaksla igalelo leDemocratic kwishumi lowama-2006. Ngokunjalo, uMongameli uDonald Trump's ngokwembali wezoncopho zokwamkelo oluphantsi ngo-12018181818 wakhokelela kwilahleko yendlu yeRiphabliki.

Incopho yojikelezo

Unyulo lwemidter lubona unyulo olusezantsi kuneminyaka yobumongameli, kodwa ngawaphi amaqela anokujika aphelise iziphumo. Abavoti abadala nabavoti abangaphezulu bamelwe ngokungenakulinganiswa. Kwimijikelezo yakutshanje, kwanda ukurhoxiswa phakathi kwabavoti abaselula kunye nabavoti abambalwa, kuncedile i Democrates, lo gama ukujongwa okuphezulu phakathi kwabaveleli abamhlophe ngaphandle kwamaqondo ekholeji kuncedile amaRiphabliki. Amaqondo onyaka ka-2018 abona ukurhoxiwa kwengxelo ephakathi, enamashumi amahlanu eepesenti ee-ccolate, eqhutywa kakhulu yiDmocracratic. Oku kwanceda uDemocrates kukhuphelates kuvula iNd Hoogn.

Ukurhwebelana Ngezintlawulo Nemali

Amaphulo angoku abiza imali eninzi kwaye asetyenziswa ngogcino-lwazi. Ubuchule bokukhulisa imali, ukuqhuba izibhengezo, kunye nokuxhobisa izingca eziphekelelwayo zabaxhasi baphantsi kubaluleke kakhulu. I-PCs kunye namaqela angaphandle achitha imali angagalela izigidi kwisithili sokhuphiswano. Umjikelo wonyulo wama-202020 wabona ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni zemali epheleleyo, kwaye imijikelo yasembindini ayikadeli. iGerryndering idlala indima: isithili esithenjiswa kwiqela elinye lingenza izihlalo ezithile ezingakhuphiswanga, ngelixesha elinoko lokufumana iimaphu ezizotywa ngocotho.

Okusingqongileyo kwesizwe

Maxa wambi imbambano enye ibalasele kwezobupolitika. Ngonyaka ka-2006, imfazwe ye-Iraq yaba ngumba ophambili. Ngo-2022, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso namalungelo okuqhomfa emva kwesigqibo samaDobbs yaba yeyona iphambili. Iimpikiswano ezinika amandla kwisiseko seqela elinye zinokuqhuba ukujika nokuguqula i-voti.

Imizekelo yembali yeentambo eziphakathi

Ukukhangela kunyulo oluphakathi kwithuba elidluleyo kutyhila indlela yokudlulisela amandla nemiphumo yawo.

IMicrons: Imvukelo yaseRiphabliki

UMongameli uBill Clinton wafunda ukudlula koqingqo-mali oluphikiswayo kunye nobuchule bokulungisa impilo nobokungafezeki. Unyulo lwangonyaka we-1994 lwexesha lonyaka lwaphumela ekupheliseni amaza amakhulu eRiphabliki, enika iqela ulawulo lwazo zombini iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu ePhakathi yokuqala kwiminyaka engama-40. Umbhali Newt Gingrich's "Ilungu elinguMelika neMelika" wamisela ucwangciso oluthelekisayo olungqubanayo noClinton, olukhokelela ekucinyweni koorhulumente ngo1999996 kodwa ekugqibeleni kwanokuphucula ulungiso kunye nohlahlolo lohlalo.

2006 Imfazwe yaseIraq

Unyulo lwaphakathi kwexesha lonyaka ka-2006 lwabonwa ngokubanzi njenge-arhente kuMongameli uGeorge W. Bush kunye neMfazwe ye-Iraq. Abalawuli bafumana ulawulo lwamagumbi omabini eBhunga okokuqala ukususela ngo-1994. Utshintsho lwakhokelela ekujongeni phambili kolawulo lwemfazwe, ukunyanzelelwa kokurhoxa kwamajoni, kunye nongcelele lwezingxubusho kulawulo.

IMicrons: Iliza Leqela Letiye

Ngo-2010, uMongameli uBarack Obama's Democrates walahlekelwa zizihlalo zendlu ezingama-66 kunye nezihlalo ezintandathu zeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, eyona nto imbi kakhulu yoyiswa kweqela ukususela ngowe-1938. Iqela leTa Parti liqhube umva othe ngqo nxamnye noMthetho weNkhathalelo weAffordible kunye nepakethi yesixhobo esikhuthazayo. Uninzi olutsha lwaseRiphabliki ngoko lwabandakanye neengxaki zoqingqo-mali eziphinda-phindiweyo, kuquka iingxaki zemali ezibangelwa nguphahla lwasemzingeni zangongongongongowangowangowangowama-2011 ezakhokelela ekuthobeni kokuqala kwe-U.S. Ityala. Kumgangatho wesizwe, amaRiphabliki afumana ulawulo lwezindlu-mthetho ezininzi, lusenza ukuba lukwazi ukurhoxa olutshixwe ngexabiso lweshumi leminyaka.

2018 Iziphene Eziphakathi: Iliza Eliluhlaza

UMongameli uDonald Trump waqala phakathi kwisigaba sokubona uDemocrates sp 41 yezihlalo zendlu kunye nokufumana ulawulo lwendlu, ngeli xesha iiRiphabliki zandisa kancinci uninzi lwendlu yendlu yendlu. Ukutshintsha kwendlu iDemocrates ezinikwe amandla ukuvelisa uphengululo oluninzi kwimali kaTrump, ihambo yolawulo, kunye nophengululo lwe-Mueller. Kwakwakwakhela iqonga lokuqala ukupheliswa komongameli ngo-201919. IiNyaka ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu zabonisa amanani embali amabhinqa kunye nabahlali abambalwa abanyulwayo.

Indima Yokuqalisa Ukudla Ngeziko Nokubandakanyeka

Unyulo lwemidter luxhomekeke kakhulu ekuthini ngabavoti babonisa ntoni. Ngenxa yokuba ukujika kusezantsi kunakwiminyaka yobungameli, abanyuli badla ngokukhula, batshintshele kwimiqathango, kwaye bagqithise kakhulu ngokweengqiqo. Noko ke, kwimijikelezo yakutshanje, imigudu yokulungiselela ukuvota abaselula, abantu bemibala, kunye nabavoti abasezantsi baye bancitshiswa umsantsa. Amaqumrhu anjengo Stacey Abrams's Fair War eGeorgia namaqela engca kulo lonke ilizwe aye afaka ekubhaliseni nasekuwaguquleleni abavoti bebophelele kwimiphakathi. Isiphumo siye saphinda-phinda-phindaphindeka-phinda izithuba zamandla.

Ukuganana okusuka kwimiba kuphenjelelwa zizibonda ezibonakalayo. Xa iqela lilawula umongameli, isiseko sakhe singaba ngabangakhathaliyo, ngelinye ixesha inkcaso inamandla. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ngumgama "wenthusiasm". Ngo-2018, ihlombe ledemocratic yehlombe leRiphabliki elingaphezulu kakhulu kunehlombe lephondo ngenxa yokuchaswa nguTrump, ngoxa ngo-20222, ihlombelo leRiphabliki yayiphezulu ngenxa yomsindo ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zinamandla kunceda ukuxela kwangaphambili ukuba liliphi iqela eliza kungenelwa kwicandelo elinikwe icandelo.

Isiphelo

Unyulo lwemidterter lungaphezulu kakhulu kunokhetho olubonisa umongameli. Luyinkqubo yokuqala apho unyulo lungalungisa khona inkqubo phakathi kwemiqathango ye-presidente ```ekwabela'' okanye eyohlwaya iqela elilawulayo, ukuphinda lifumane isebe lewiso-mthetho, nokumisela ukufezeka kwemimiselo kamongameli. Ngokuchaphazela ulawulo lweBhunga, ii-gamplare, kunye nemithetho yolawulo, inkqubo yobume yemithetho-oomasipala, inkqubo ekhoyo ekwimibango yerhafu, imfundo, amalungelo oluntu, kunye nemali yokwakhenkela imfutho ekwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. [FFF1], ukwamkela indlela amandla karhulumente afuneka ngayo nabani nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ulawulo-demokhrasi, nokuba ngaba umfundi, okanye umminye. Xa kufundwa kweminculo lwembali yayo, ukukhangela imbali [FFFoctives] [Foctives], uR.[5]