Table of Contents
Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sibhekisela kulungiselelo nokusasazwa kwegunya kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Imisela indlela eyenziwa ngayo izigqibo, indlela asetyenziswa ngayo amandla, nendlela abantu abalawulwa ngayo kumgangatho ngamnye. Ukuqonda ezi zakhiwo kubalulekile kubemi, abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo, neenkokeli zoluntu abafuna ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo nendlela abantu ababunjwe ngayo ngezigqibo zamaqumrhu abo alawulayo.
Indlela urhulumente akhiwe ngayo inentsingiselo enzulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka kumgangatho wezikolo zasekuhlaleni neendlela ukuya kutsho kumthetho nokubekwa koovimba boluntu, isakhiwo sikarhulumente siphembelela phantse zonke iinkalo zokuphuhliswa kwebutho loluntu kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo ebanzi luhlolisisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo zikarhulumente, izinto zazo ezingundoqo, kunye nempembelelo yazo ezibonakalayo kuluntu kulo lonke ihlabathi.
Ukuqonda Izinto Ezisisiseko Zokwakhiwa Korhulumente
Umba waso, isakhiwo sikarhulumente sichaza isiseko apho igunya lezobupolitika lilungelelaniswe khona kwaye lisetyenziswa. Esi sakhiwo simisela ulwalamano phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, simisela indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kumasebe nakumaqumrhu ahlukeneyo, kwaye simisela imithetho yendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo neziphunyezwa ngayo.
Izakhiwo zikarhulumente zahluka kakhulu kumazwe nakumazwe aneenkqubo ezifanayo zezobupolitika. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa inkqubela yembali, imilinganiselo yezithethe, ukuqwalasela indawo neemfuno ezisebenzisekayo. Ezinye izakhiwo zisebenzisa igunya elisembindini, ngoxa ezinye zisasaza phakathi komgangatho ophakamileyo karhulumente. Ezinye zigxininisa ulawulo olunamandla, ngoxa ezinye zimisela ucwangciso lwezomthetho okanye ulawulo.
Ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente akunabundilele, kwaye kuphembelela izigqibo zenkqubo, indlela urhulumente asabela ngayo kwiimfuno zommi, nendlela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezinikezelwa ngokunempumelelo ngayo. Ukuqonda ezi zakhiwo kunceda abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi kwaye kubeke ityala kwiinkokeli zabo.
Iintlobo zeMimiselo kaRhulumente: Imboniselo enzima
Oorhulumente bangahlelwa ngokwendlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kwisithuba somhlaba naphakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yegunya. Iimodeli ezintathu eziphambili zesakhiwo zinkqubo zomanyano, zolawulo, zolawulo, nganye eneempawu ezahlukeneyo neziphumo ezichaphazelekayo zokulawula.
Iinkqubo zorhulumente zomanyano
Kwinkqubo karhulumente elungelelanisiweyo, urhulumente osembindini ulawula inkoliso yegunya, iiofisi zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni nezeziqingala phantsi kolawulo olungqalileyo okanye igunya lorhulumente osembindini. Ulawulo luxhomekeke kurhulumente ophakathi, kwaye oorhulumente bengingqi okanye basekuhlaleni bafumana igunya labo kurhulumente ophakathi, onamandla okwenza izigqibo kulo lonke ilizwe.
Kwinkqubo edityanisiweyo, imithetho nemigaqo-nkqubo kulo lonke elo lizwe idla ngokwabelwana, imithetho idluliselwa lula ngakumbi ekubeni ifuna ukuvunywa ngurhulumente osembindini kuphela, kwaye imithetho ayisoloko iphikisana ekubeni kukho iqumrhu elinye lenza loo mithetho. Oku kufana kunganenzuzo ekuqinisekiseni imigangatho neenkonzo ezingaguquguqukiyo kulo lonke ilizwe.
Iingenelo ezingundoqo zikarhulumente odibanisa umanyano ziquka ukuhambelana komthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo, ukwenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza ngexesha likaxakeka, nokucacisa imbopheleleko yokulawula, ngomthetho kunye nenkqubo jikelele kwilizwe elinye, ithetha ukuba ubani ufuna iphepha-mvume elinye lomsebenzi okanye lomqhubi welizwe liphela, kwaye abemi bamkela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke zomgangatho ofanayo kuyo yonke indawo.
Imizekelo yamazwe anenkqubo edibanisayo iquka iFransi, iJapan neTshayina. IFransi ngurhulumente odibanisayo apho urhulumente wesizwe elawula amaphondo okanye amasebe ahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye le mibutho iphumeza ulwalathiso lukarhulumente ophakathi, kodwa ingaze yenze ngokwayo.
Ngoko, iinkqubo zodityaniso zikwaneengxaki. Isithintelo sorhulumente weyunithi siyindlela yokulungisa isayizi enye. Oku kungenza kube nzima ukuqwalasela iimfuno ezizodwa nezikhethwayo zemimandla eyahlukeneyo kwilizwe, ezinokuthi zikhokelele kwimigaqo esebenzayo kakuhle kwezinye iindawo kodwa engasebenzi kakuhle kwezinye.
Iinkqubo zorhulumente womanyano
Umanyano luphawulwe ngokwabelana ngegunya phakathi korhulumente ophakathi norhulumente ophakathi, iphondo, okanye amaqumrhu alawulayo asekuhlaleni. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, igunya lahlulwe phakathi korhulumente ophakathi noorhulumente abancinane bengingqi, abanjengamazwe okanye amaphondo, abanorhulumente ophambili osingatha imicimbi yesizwe, ngoxa oorhulumente belawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni.
IUnited States ngomnye umzekelo weriphabliki karhulumente, apho umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States unika urhulumente wesizwe amandla athile ngoxa ugcina amanye amagunya awalawulayo. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente wesizwe unokuthethana namanye amazwe ngezivumelwano ngoxa amagunya karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni engenako, ngoxa oorhulumente begunya belizwe benamandla okumisela nokunyanzelisa imithetho yokuqhuba ngoxa urhulumente worhulumente engakwazi ukuqhuba.
Kusukela ngowama - 2021, ehlabathini lonke kwakukho iindawo ezingama - 25 zokutya, kuquka iArgentina, iOstriya, iBelgium, iBosnia neHerzegovina, iBrazil, iComoros, iKhanada, iTiyopiya, iJamani, iIraq, iMalaysia, iMicronesia, iMyanmar, iNepal, iNigeria, iPakistan, iRashiya, iSaint Kisss neNevis, iSudan, iSwitzerland, iUnited Arabhuabia Emirates, iUnited States neVenezuela.
Inkqubo karhulumente isenokumkelwa ngamazwe ahlukeneyo ngokweentlanga nangaphezulu, ngeli xesha amazwe amaninzi afanayo nanamancinane edla ngokubonakala eyi-ocential. Oku kubonisa iingenelo ezisebenzisekayo zolawulo ekuhlaliseni imimandla eyahlukeneyo yengingqi nokulawula iindawo ezinkulu apho iimeko zasekuhlaleni zahluka kakhulu.
Iinkqubo zomanyano zivumela ukuba kwenziwe ulingelo lwenkqubo kumgangatho wephondo okanye wephondo, kusenzela imimandla eyahlukeneyo ukuba izame iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzama iingxaki eziqhelekileyo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuhlaziyeni nasekusasazeni imigaqo-nkqubo ephumelelayo. Noko ke, urhulumente ungenza ukungavisisani kwiingingqi ezithile kunye nongquzulwano phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente.
Iinkqubo zorhulumente ezizinzileyo
Isivumelwano sinegunya elibuthathaka elisembindini elifumana onke amandla aso kwiphondo okanye koorhulumente bamaphondo. Ulawulo luhlala kumazwe angamalungu, kunye nelungu elibuthathaka elisembindini eliphumeza imisebenzi evunyelwa ngurhulumente; igunya elisenkabeni lingaphantsi kwaye alinakubulawula ulongamo lwamalungu alo.
I-United States yaqalisa ubuzwe bayo njengelizwe elilungelelanisiweyo, phantsi kweZigaba zoBunyaniso, kodwa urhulumente osembindini wayebuthathaka kakhulu ukuba axhase ilizwe elikhulayo, ngoko ke ootata abasekayo batshintshela kwinkqubo yorhulumente xa belungiselela umGaqo-siseko. Phantsi kweMigaqo yeNkxaso, urhulumente ngamnye wayesebenza phantse njengelizwe lakhe, kwaye urhulumente osembindini wayengenakuyiphakamisa okanye asombulule iingxaki phakathi kwamazwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwiinzima ezininzi.
Eminye imizekelo engokwembali iquka iSwitzerland (ngo1291-1848), ukudibana kweSweden neNorway (1814-1905), okanye iSenagambia (19982-89). Umzekelo wexesha elililo wokuhlanganisa yiCommonwealth of Independent States, eyakhiwa ngamazwe amaninzi ayeyinxenye yeSoviet Union, eyakha umanyano olukhululekileyo ukuze azenzele iqumrhu lesizwe elomeleleyo kunokuba urhulumente ngamnye ebenokuligcina.
Iinkqubo zomanyano zinqabile kwihlabathi langoku kuba zisoloko zizama ukucombulula iingxaki zezenzo ezimanyeneyo nokuphendula ngolungelelwano kwiingxaki zesizwe. Ubuthathaka begunya elisembindini bunokwenza kube nzima ukuzalisekisa imigaqo-nkqubo emanyanisiweyo okanye ukusabela ngokunempumelelo kwiingxaki ezichaphazela amazwe amaninzi angamalungu.
Ukuthelekisa Iinkqubo Ezintathu
Umahluko ongundoqo kubungakanani bamandla amaqela akhoyo. Urhulumente wesizwe une-(ukungagunya, amandla nobukhosi obungabo ngokuyintloko bamaqela, ngeli xesha kusetyenziso abahlulwa phakathi kwamaqela norhulumente wesizwe. Iinkqubo zomanyano zahlula-hlula amandla phakathi koorhulumente abasembindini kunye nemimandla, umanyano luvumela amazwe agcine inkululeko engundoqo phantsi kwegunya eliphantsi kombindi, kunye neenkqubo zomanyano zigxininisa kurhulumente ophakathi.
Phezu kwako nje ukwahluka kwabo, bonke oorhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba bayiphi inkqubo (indawo, yesizwe, okanye ye-comfore), bathelele intsingiselo efanayo: kuzo zonke, urhulumente wesizwe uyawalawula amagunya okuzikhusela nolwalamano lwamanye amazwe. Oku kubonisa imfuneko engundoqo yokumanyana kwemiba yezizwe ngezizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba labiwa njani igunya lasekhaya.
Iinkqubo zoMongameli zePalamente
Ngaphandle kokusasazwa kwegunya, amagunya orhulumente akwahlukene ngendlela alungelelaniswa ngayo amagunya alawulayo nalawulayo nanxulumeneyo.
Inkqubo yobuMongameli
Kwinkqubo yobumongameli, isebe eliphetheyo lahlukile kwisebe lowiso-mthetho, yaye intloko karhulumente (umongameli) inyulwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga ngabantu ngenjongo ethile emiselweyo. Umongameli usebenza njengentloko yesizwe nentloko karhulumente, enegunya elibalulekileyo lolawulo ngaphandle kwendlu yowiso-mthetho.
I-United States ibonakalisa inkqubo yobumongameli, apho umongameli anyulwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwiBhunga kwaye akanakususwa yivoti yowiso-mthetho yokungathembani (ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokunganyulwa). Oku kwahlula kudala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa apho isebe ngalinye linokuwamisela imiqathango amandla amanye.
Inkqubo yobuongameli idla ngokunika ukuzinza okungakumbi kokhokelo oluphezulu, njengoko oomongameli besebenzisa iimigaqo ezinzileyo kungakhathaliseki inkxaso yowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, oku kunokukhokelela ekubopheleleni izithuba xa umongameli noninzi lowiso-mthetho lumele amaqela awahlukeneyo okanye lunemigaqo engqubanayo.
Inkqubo yePalamente
Kwinkqubo yepalamente, isebe eliphetheyo lifumana ilungelo elisemthethweni yaye linetyala kwindlu yowiso-mthetho (ilungiselelo). Intloko karhulumente (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yindunankulu okanye umphathi) yinkokeli yeqela okanye umbutho oyalela uninzi kwipalamente.
Kule nkqubo, amasebe alawulayo nawasemthethweni adityaniswa kunokuba ahlulwe, namalungu ekhatheminoloji asebenza njengamalungu epalamente ngoxa ekhokela namasebe karhulumente.
Iinkqubo zePalamente zinokuba bhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwaye zisabela ngakumbi ekutshintsheni kweemeko zobupolitika, njengoko oorhulumente benokuthatyathelw' indawo ngamavoti angenantembelo ngaphandle kokulinda imihla yonyulo emisiweyo. Noko ke, oku kunokukhokelela ekungazinzini ukuba akukho mbutho okanye mbutho unokuthi ugcine uninzi oluzinzileyo.
Amalungu Angundoqo Olungiselelo Lukarhulumente
Ngaphandle kohlobo lwenkqubo jikelele, onke amaqumrhu karhulumente aneemeko ezithile ezisisiseko ezichaza indlela esebenza ngayo nokunceda abantu bayo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo.
Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Namasebe Karhulumente
Uninzi lwedemokhrasi zale mihla ezilungelelanisa imisebenzi karhulumente ibe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo, aquka amasebe alawulayo, owiso-mthetho, kunye namagunya agwebayo. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kuyilelwe ukuthintela ukuxineneka kwegunya nakwesiphi na isiko kwaye kuveliswe inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.
Isebe elinqumlayo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho, ukulawula imisebenzi karhulumente, nokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe. Lilawulwa ngumongameli, umphathi-nkulu, okanye omnye umphathi-mandla oyintloko, oxhaswa ngamalungu ekhabhathi kunye namasebe amakhulu karhulumente kunye namasebe.
Isebe elinobungcali linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho, uqingqo-mali, nokunika ulawulo lwesebe elilawulayo. Imithetho ingaba yi-uncameral (igumbi elinye) okanye i-bidaral (igumbi elibini), namalungu anyulwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukumela ii-contitue okanye izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo.
Isebe elilawulayo [ lichaza imithetho, licombulula iimpikiswano, liqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihambelana nemigaqo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zisebenza njengengqwalasela kumandla olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokugcina umthetho.
Amandla nolwalamano olukhethekileyo phakathi kwamasebe ahlukene kakhulu kwiinkqubo zorhulumente ezahlukeneyo. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, ukwahlukana kungqongqo ngakumbi, ngoxa kukwiinkqubo zepalamente, amasebe aphetheyo kunye nemithetho adityaniswe ngokusondeleyo.
Ukusasazwa kwamandla ngaphaya kwamaqondo karhulumente
Izakhiwo zikarhulumente zimisela indlela igunya elahlulwe ngayo phakathi kwemigangatho yesizwe, yengingqi neyengingqi.
Kwinkqubo zorhulumente, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko adla ngokubeka iliso kulawulo lwesizwe, olungoorhulumente bengingqi (amaphondo okanye amaphondo), nolwabelana okanye olwabelanayo. Eli candelo lizimisele ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yomanyano nolungelelwaniso lwesizwe kunye neengenelo zokuzimela ngokwasekuhlaleni nokusabela.
Kwiinkqubo zomanyano, urhulumente osembindini ugcina igunya elipheleleyo kuyo yonke imimandla yenkqubo, nangona enokuthi anike iziqu ezithile zolawulo. La mandla anikezelweyo angalungiswa okanye akhutshwe ngurhulumente osembindini nangaliphi na ixesha.
Umthetho wasekhaya ubhekisela kumandla abekwe kwisixeko ukusuka kurhulumente wesizwe, apho amatyala avumela ulawulo lwamakhaya ngokusisiseko avumela oorhulumente bezixeko ukuba babandakanyeke kwimicimbi engabhekiswa yimeko yeli lizwe. Enye yengenelo yendalo yolawulo lwasekhaya oluphezulu kukuzimela nokusabela okunika abantu basekuhlaleni, nangona imimandla yasekuhlaleni ineemfuno ezahlukeneyo, izilangazelelo, kunye nezinto, ulawulo lwasekhaya lungakhupha imilinganiselo esesikweni, esenokungathandeki.
Ukwenza iinkqubela zesigqibo
Izakhiwo zikarhulumente zimisela iinkqubo ezicetyiswa ngazo, eziphicothwayo, ezivunywayo, neziphunyezwayo. Ezi nkqubo zahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zinokuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo isantya, ukubonakala, nokungaquki kwesigqibo sikarhulumente.
Iinkqubo zomthetho zibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, kuquka uhlalutyo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukuvota, kunye nemvume yabalawuli okanye i-veto. Imithetho ekhethekileyo elawula ezi nkqubo / njengemfuno ze-quostom, imiqobo yokuvota, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa iprojekthi zinokuba nefuthe elikhulu apho imigaqo iphumelela kwaye ingaphumeleli.
Iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezinolawulo oluphezulu zibandakanya ucwangciso lwekhabhinethi, ukwenziwa kolawulo, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Iqondo lokubonisana nokuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu kwezi nkqubo liyahluka kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zorhulumente kunye nezicwangciso ezingokwasemthethweni.
Iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngokweenkundla zilandela iinkqubo ezimiselwe zamatyala okuva, zivavanya ubungqina, zinike izigqibo.
Umelo kunye neenkqubo ze-Elector
Indlela abemi abamelwe ngayo kwizigqibo zikarhulumente ingundoqo kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente. Iinkqubo zolawulo zigqiba ukuba ngubani onokuvota, ukubalwa kwemivoti, nendlela abakhethwa ngayo abameli.
Iinkqubo zokhetho ezahlukeneyo zivelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ngokomelo nolawulo. Iinkqubo zokuqala ezidlulileyo ze-post (apho umvoti uphumelela khona) zithambekela ekuveliseni izinto ezizinzileyo kodwa zingasebenzisa iimbono ezincinane. Iinkqubo zomelo lomelo zinikezela ngezihlalo ezisekelwe kwipesenti yevoti ezifunyenweyo, zinika umelo olwahlukeneyo kodwa olunokubakhokelele koorhulumente abanqongopheleyo.
Isakhiwo somelo sikwahluka-hluka kumgangatho worhulumente. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zingasebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokhetho kunemibutho yengingqi okanye yengingqi. Ezinye iinkqubo ziquka amalungu amiselweyo asecaleni koommeli abanyuliweyo, ngoxa ezinye zixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kunyulo.
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banembopheleleko yokubandakanya amalungu abo asekuhlaleni ngendlela eyomeleleyo nelinganayo ukuze baphumeze ngokunempumelelo imisebenzi engundoqo karhulumente, enjengokuyila nokuzalisekisa imithetho, uqingqo-mali, izicwangciso, ukhokelo, kunye nemibono ecwangcisiweyo. Umgangatho wokumela uxhomekeke kungekuphela kwimimiselo esesikweni kodwa kwanakufikelelwa nokuqulunqwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente.
Impembelelo Yokwakhiwa Korhulumente Kuluntu
Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sineziphumo ezinzulu nezifikelela kude kwinkqubela-phambili yoluntu, ubunjani bobomi, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi. Ezi mpembelelo zibonakala ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekudluliselweni kweenkonzo ezisisiseko ukuya ekusabeleni korhulumente kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni.
Uphuhliso loLuntu nokwanda kwezoqoqosho
Ukubaluleka kokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni kucace ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili, ngoku kunyuka kwexabiso lemali eqhubekayo kumazwe ngamazwe, njengoko urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka amisele ukukhula kwezoqoqosho ukuze ayile imisebenzi, aqhubeke nexabiso elinyukayo, kwaye agcine ukhuphiswano kuomasipala okanye kwimimandla enokuba ngaba bacinga ngokufuduka.
Isakhiwo sikarhulumente siphembelela indlela abantu abasukela ngayo amaqhinga okuphuhlisa kwezoqoqosho. Iinkqubo eziphenjelelwayo zingavumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba benze imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ngokweemeko zabo ezithile, banikele izihlomelo okanye imimiselo ebonise izinto eziza kuqala kwindawo ethile. Iinkqubo zobuKapa zinganikezela ngemigaqo engqinelanayo yezoqoqosho kodwa zisenokuphoswa amathuba okungenelela okufanelekileyo ekuhlaleni.
Unxulumano lukawonke-wonke loluntu yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo iinkokeli zoluntu ezinokukhuthaza ngayo ukwanda kwezoqoqosho okunentsingiselo kulo lonke elo mmandla lo gama ziphuhlisa izibonelelo ezinamandla zokwenkqenkqeza phambili, njengoko izibonelelo ezisemzimbeni ezingcono kumalungu oluntu ukuze afumane umgangatho wobomi ziphucule kwaye zivulele amathuba oshishino kwiinkampani zokwakha, kwaye amathuba emisebenzi abo bafuna umsebenzi kuluntu.
Ubuchule boorhulumente basekuhlaleni bokwenza izigqibo ezizimeleyo malunga nokuhlahlela, ukuhlawula irhafu, kunye nomthetho weshishini, buchaphazela kakhulu ubuchule babo bokutsala utyalo-mali nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho. Abantu abazimeleyo banokusabela ngokukhawuleza kumathuba ezoqoqosho neengxaki, ngoxa abo bangenalungelo lakuzilawula banokungenelwa kulwahlulo lwengingqi kunye nolwahlulo lwezibonelelo.
Ukufuduswa kweZibonelelo kunye nokukhutshelwa kweenkonzo
Urhulumente umisela indlela oovimba boluntu abaqokelelwa ngayo, basasaze ngayo, kwaye basetyenziswe ngayo. Oku kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani nokufikelela kweenkonzo zikarhulumente, ukusuka kwimfundo nakwezonyango ukuya kwisiseko soqoqosho nokhuseleko loluntu.
Umlinganiselo wabemi basekuhlaleni uchaphazela iinkonzo ezinokubonelelwa kunye nendlela ubomi boluntu obunjani ngayo, njengoko abantu abaninzi basekuhlaleni bengenakukwazi ukulungiselela iinkonzo zamapolisa nezicima umlilo, izikolo, iincwadi, okanye iinkqubo zokulahla inkunkuma nenkunkuma, ngoko ke olu luntu luncinane lusoloko lunxulumana nabanye abantu abakufuphi ukuze lubelane ngezi nkonzo, okanye luvumelane norhulumente okanye norhulumente wephondo ukuba luzibonelele.
Ulawulo olusembindini lungaphumelela uqoqosho lomlinganiselo ekunikezelweni kweenkonzo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigangatho encinci kuyo yonke imimandla. Noko ke, isenokungasabeli kakuhle kwizinto ezikhethwayo kunye neemfuno zasekuhlaleni. Izakhiwo eziphantsi komgangatho zivumela abantu ukuba basebenzise iinkonzo eziphambili ngokwemigangatho yasekuhlaleni kodwa zisenokuphumela kwiiyantlukwano eziphawulekayo kumgangatho wenkonzo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuganana okungathethekiyo kwabantu kuphumela kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, izenzo nezigqibo ezisabela ngakumbi kwiinkalo eziphambili zoluntu, ziphephe imiphumo emininzi engabonwanga kwangaphambili, zize zibangele ulwalamano olubangela ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphendule, ngoxa ukuganana okuphumelelayo kwabantu kusenokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezikhokelela ekusasazweni ngokulinganayo kwezithuthi ezisempilweni entle, njengalapho izibonelelo zokuthutha abantu zifumaneka okanye ziveliswe khona kwiipaki zasekuhlaleni, kwizikolo, okanye kwiindawo zokuhlala.
Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Nokuzibandakanya Nolawulo - melo
Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usisiseko sedemokhrasi, njengoko umgangatho karhulumente osondele kuwe, apho kwenziwa izigqibo ngerhafu, iinkonzo, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yoluntu. Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kwabemi nomgangatho wokudityaniswa kwedemokhrasi.
Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ukuhlaziywa komgangatho kuphucula ukuphumelela kwecandelo loluntu ngokulungisa iinkqubo kunye neenkonzo kwizinto ezikhethwayo zengingqi, kwaye le ndlela inciphisa "umcimbi wokuphendula phakathi korhulumente noothunywashe, inceda abemi ukuba bagcine ngokunempumelelo amagosa akwityala lokuphumelela nokungaphumeleli kwilungiselelo lenkonzo.
Ngokuguqula izinto ezikhoyo nezingachananga zokwenyama nezobundlobongela babantu bethu, amagosa asekuhlaleni anyulwayo achaphazela indlela abemi abanolwazi ngayo ngemihla ngemihla, kodwa phezu kwayo nje impembelelo egqithisileyo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, isabelo sabantu abathabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo yedemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni sincinane kakhulu. Lo msantsa wokuthabatha inxaxheba umela ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kulawulo-demokhrasi kuwo onke amanqanaba.
Izakhiwo zikarhulumente ezinika amanqaku amaninzi okufumana amagalelo abemi .Njengoko amabhunga asekuhlaleni, ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe, uqingqo-mali oludityanisiweyo, nezinye iinkqubo , ezithi zinyuse imigangatho ephezulu yokudityaniswa kwezentlalo-ntle. Kodwa ke, ukuphumelela kwezi nkqubo kuxhomekeke kwindlela eziyilwe ngayo nokuzalisekisa kwazo, kwakunye nezinto ezibanzi ezifana nemfundo yezentlalo nenkcubeko yezobupolitika.
Ukungakwazi koorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni ukudibanisa ngokungqongqo nangokunyanisekileyo abaxhasi babo kwizigqibo zikawonke-wonke kuye kwafak' isandla ekuveliseni, ekulondolozeni, kwanasekwa kobu bubini bobuntlalo kunye nezempilo obuqhubeka namhlanje. Ukuphucula inxaxheba kufuna ukuhlangabezana nemiqobo yokwakha nokudala iinkqubo ezithe xhaxhe zokumanyana kwebutho labantu.
Ukuphendula nokuziphendulela
EUnited States, abasemagunyeni bamele baphendulele kubemi basekuhlaleni, njengoko abantu basekuhlaleni benyusa intlawulo yabo enkulu, umsebenzi ophambili wokuphicotha ulinganiselwe kakhulu, yaye amasebe karhulumente emicimbi yoluntu akhoyo nje ukunikela iinkonzo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kungekhona ukuvelela imisebenzi yabo.
Ubume bukarhulumente bubumba ulwalamano oluneembopheleleko ezisisiseko. Kwinkqubo ezinemiqathango ecacileyo yegunya nembopheleleko, kulula ngabemi ukuphawula ukuba ngubani onoxanduva lweziphumo zenkqubo nokugcina amagosa ephendula ngonyulo okanye ngezinye iinkqubo. Kwinkqubo ezinamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko ezabelanayo, ukuphendulana kusenokuba nzima ukunyanzelisa.
Izakhiwo ezisemgangathweni zisenokubangela ukuba urhulumente ajongeke ngakumbi ebantwini, kufuneke kube lula ukuba abemi bajonge baze baphembelele izenzo zikarhulumente.
Ukulingana Nokwahluka
Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yokulingana nokwahluka-hluka koluntu. Ukusasazwa kobuncwane, ubunjani beenkonzo, nokusabela kukarhulumente kubemi abahlukeneyo konke kuyahluka kuxhomekeka kwindlela urhulumente alungelelaniswe ngayo.
Inkqubo ezisetyenziswayo zingavumela abantu abazizityebi ukuba banikele iinkonzo eziphezulu ngeli xesha abantu abangamahlwempu bezama ukumelana nezibonelelo ezingentle. Oku kunokubangela ukungalingani okukhoyo kwaye kubangele ukwahluka okubalulekileyo kumathuba neziphumo. Iinkqubo zobuKapa zingabekwa kakuhle ekusasazeni izinto zobuncwane nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigangatho encinane, kodwa zisenokungasabeli kwiimfuno ezithile zoluntu olusweleyo.
Kwezinye iindawo, kukho ukungahlali ngqo korhulumente, njengakuloo mmandla, abantu abazizigidi ezisisi - 2,6 abanakuvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni ngenxa yokuba bengengobemi baseUnited States yaye amashumi amawaka abangakwazi ukuvota ngenxa yokuba bebophelelekile okanye bebotshelelwe, yaye inkoliso yaba bahlala apho ihlawula irhafu, ithumela abantwana babo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, ibandakanyeka kubomi babantu boluntu, yaye banolwazi ngeengxaki ezijongene noommandla abahlala kuwo, ukanti abavumelekanga ukuba bathelele, bemela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwebutho ngenxa yokuba aba bahlali bafumana imali ephantsi nemibala, yaye iimfuno zabo zinokuba ngahlukene kakhulu nabamelwane babo, ngokungabi nanxaxheba kwempembelelo yokwenene ekusetyenzisweni kwelizwe labo, ukusetyenziswa koqingqo - mali, kunye nesikolo.
Ukubekwa komgangatho ophakathi nge-. Ukuthotyelwa: Ukufumana ungqinelwano olukuko
Omnye weyona mibuzo ibalulekileyo kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente yindlela yokulungelelanisa ukubekwa komgangatho ophakathi nokubekwa komgangatho ofanelekileyo. Olu lungelelwaniso luchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zolawulo, ukusuka ekuvumelaneni kwenkqubo ukuya kulwamkelo lwasekuhlaleni.
Iingenelo zoLuntu
Ukwakhiwa korhulumente okwiqondo eliphezulu kunika iingenelo eziliqela. Zingaphumelela uqoqosho lomlinganiselo ekunikezelweni kweenkonzo, ukucutha iindleko nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle. Zingaqinisekisa imilinganiselo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo efanayo kuwo onke amaphondo, zikhuthaza ukulingana nokungaguquguquki. Zingalungelelanisi iimpendulo kwiimeko ezinqamleza imida elawulayo, ukusuka ekukhuseleni imekobume ukuya kwinkqubela yezoqoqosho.
Ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo zombindi kungenza unikezelo lwezibonelelo ezivela kwimimandla etyebileyo ukuya kwimimandla ehlwempuzekileyo, ukunceda ukunciphisa iinguqu nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo ezisisiseko. Kunokunikezela ngolawulo lobuchule kunye nobugcisa obungafumanekiyo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kuluntu oluncinane okanye oluncinane.
Ngamaxesha obunzima okanye ongxamiseko, igunya elisembindini linganceda ukusabela ngokukhawuleza, okulungelelanisiweyo okunokunzima ukufikelela ngako ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Oorhulumente besizwe bayakwazi ukuqokelela ubuncwane kunye nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ngokukhawuleza xa benegunya elicacileyo kwaye akuyomfuneko ukuba banxibelelane noorhulumente abahlukeneyo bengingqi okanye basekuhlaleni.
Iingenelo Zokwenziwa
Izakhiwo zikarhulumente eziphantsi zinika iingenelo ezibalaseleyo. Zivumela iinkqubo neenkonzo zilungelelane neemeko, izikhethelo, neemfuno, ezinokuphucula ukuphumelela nolwaneliseko. Zisondeza urhulumente ebantwini, ziwenza ufikeleleke ngakumbi kwaye uphenduleke kubemi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi kungakhuthaza ulwakhiwo kunye novavanyo, njengoko amagunya ahlukeneyo ezama iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwiingxaki eziqhelekileyo. Izinto ezintsha eziphumelelayo zinokusasazwa kwezinye iindawo, ngexa ukungaphumeleli kuhlala kukwindawo ethile. Lo msebenzi "wokuqeshwa kwedemokhrasi" ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekusingatheni iingxaki zenkqubo entsonkothileyo apho izisombululo ezingcono zingaqiniseki.
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko benenkcazelo engcono ngeemeko zasekuhlaleni neemfuno kunabaphathi-lwazi abakude. Le nzuzo yolwazi isenokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezingcono ezinolwazi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo. Ukunyuselwa kolawulo kusenokunyusa ukuganana kwebutho loluntu ngokunika amathuba angakumbi okuba nenxaxheba kwabemi nokuwenza urhulumente athabathele ingqalelo ngakumbi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.
Ukufikelela Ulungelelwano Olufanelekileyo
Ukulungelelana okulungileyo phakathi kombindi kunye nokuzinza kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka ubungakanani nomahluko welizwe, uhlobo lwemingeni ecetywayo, amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, namaxabiso kunye nokhetho lwabemi.
Uninzi lweeprojekthi zikarhulumente eziphumelelayo zidibanisa amacandelo okwenziwa kobume nokuhlaziywa komgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente ngokusekelwe kwiingenelo zabo zokuthelekisa. Oorhulumente besizwe bangasingatha ukhuseleko, inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, neenkqubo eziphambili zokunikezela, ngoxa oorhulumente bengingqi kunye nabengingqi belawula imfundo, izibonelelo zasekuhlaleni, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba.
Umgaqo wokungalinganisi macala-malungu .ukuthi izigqibo zenziwe kumgangatho osezantsi karhulumente okwaziyo ukuwathetha ngokufezekileyo, unika isikhokelo esiluncedo kuxanduva lobutyala ngapha nangapha korhulumente. Lo mgaqo ubonakalisa ixabiso lokwenza izigqibo kunye nemfuneko yolungelelwaniso oluphezulu nenkxaso xa umgangatho wasekuhlaleni unganele.
Iingxaki Ekwakheni Urhulumente Nezotshintsho
Akukho lungiselelo likarhulumente ligqibeleleyo, yaye bonke abantu bajamelana nocelomngeni lokulungelelanisa imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo nokusabela kwiimeko eziguqukayo.
Umanyano nokwahlulwa-hlulwa
Olunye ucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente kukulungiselela isenzo ngaphaya kwemithetho emininzi kunye namanqanaba karhulumente. Ukwahlulwa komthetho kusenokukhokelela ekukhupheni umgudu, kwizithuba ekudlulisweni kwenkonzo, kwaye kunzima ukusingatha iingxaki ezinqumla imida elawulayo.
Imimandla ye-Metropolita idla ngokujamelana nocelomngeni oluthile, njengoko idla ngokuquka oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanezixanduva ezihlalisanayo nezikhuphiswano. Iingxaki zengingqi ezifana nezothutho, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, nenkqubela yezoqoqosho zifuna ukusetyenziswa ngolungelelwano, kodwa ukufikelela olo manyano kunokuba nzima xa igunya liqhekene kwiingingqi ezininzi.
Ziye zaveliswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa iingxaki ezibangelwa kukusebenzisana kwemibutho, kuquka izivumelwano eziphakathi kwesebe, iziko lengingqi, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo ezinegunya kwimisebenzi ethile.
Ikhono kunye noovimba
Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ubuchule obufanelekileyo kunye noovimba, kodwa ezi zinto zidla ngokusasazwa ngokungalinganiyo ngapha nangapha kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo namaqela karhulumente. Oorhulumente abancinane basekuhlaleni basenokuswela ubuchule bobugcisa, ubuchule bokulawula, okanye ubuncwane bemali ukuhambisa ngokunempumelelo iinkonzo okanye ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo.
Lo msantsa unokuba buthathaka kwiingenelo ezinokubangelwa kukuthotyelwa, njengoko oorhulumente bengingqi bengenakukwazi ukuxhamla kwinkululeko abayinikweyo. Kwakhona kunokuphinda kubonakale ukungalingani, njengoko abantu abazizityebi abanobuchule obungakumbi bephumelela ngakumbi kuluntu oluhlwempuzekileyo oluzama ukulungiselela iinkonzo ezisisiseko.
Ukusingatha imingeni yokufumana amandla kufuna utyalo-mali ekuqeqesheni, ekuncediseni ngobuchule, nasekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo. Kusenokufuna ukuba kuqwalaselwe kwakhona ukwabelwa kweembopheleleko ukuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yabelwe urhulumente onamandla okuyenza ngokunempumelelo.
Ukuba Nenxaxheba Nokuncedisa
Ngoxa ilungiselelo likarhulumente linokuvelisa amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kubemi, ukuwaqonda la mathuba kufuna ukunqoba imiqobo ephawulekayo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo abantu abayayo bambalwa, yaye abantu abakwaziyo ukuya kwintlanganiso badla ngokubonakala bemhlophe yaye bezizityebi, yaye kusenokubakho imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezinye iindawo, kuquka ulwimi, ukufunda nokubhala, nezithethe ezahlukeneyo, ukongezelela kwiminyhadala yentsapho nemisebenzi, ngoko ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi exhaswa ngemali idla ngokubonisa izinto eziza kuqala kubantu abanegunya lezoqoqosho nelezobupolitika yaye isenokungabi nokwenzeka ukuba ibonise ezona zinto ziphambili kubantu abajongelwe phantsi ekwenzeni izigqibo.
Ukuphucula akufuni nje kuphela utshintsho lwesakhiwo kodwa kwanobuchule bokwenza urhulumente afikeleleke kwaye angabi nanto yakwenza. Oku kuquka ukulungiselela iinkonzo zoguqulelo, ukuqhuba iintlanganiso ngamaxesha afanelekileyo nakwiindawo, ukusebenzisa imijelo emininzi yonxibelelwano, nokufuna igalelo kuluntu olungaphantsi kolwazi.
Ukuziqhelanisa Notshintsho
Izakhiwo zikarhulumente kufuneka ziguquke ukuze zicombulule iimeko ezitshintshayo, ukusuka kutshintsho lwamanani abantu, inkqubela yezobugcisa ukuya kutsho kucelomngeni olutsha lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokutshintsha ulindelo lwabemi. Noko ke, kudla ngokuba nzima ukufikelela utshintsho lwesakhiwo, njengoko amalungiselelo akhoyo edala intsabelo elungileyo nendlela emelana notshintsho.
Amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko, izicwangciso zomthetho, kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika zonke zibumba amathuba okulungisa isakhiwo. Ezinye iinkqubo zinika iindlela zokutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe, ngoxa ezinye zifuna iinguqulelo ezingundoqo zomGaqo-siseko ekunzima ukuzifikelela. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni iindlela zokuphucula ezifanelekileyo.
Utshintsho oluphumelelayo ludla ngokufuna ukwakhiwa kwemibutho emikhulu, ebonisa iingenelo zenguquko, nokuthetha ngeenkxalabo zabo basenokuphulukana namandla okanye ubuncwane phantsi kwamalungiselelo amatsha. Kukwafuna ulwazelelelo olululo ekuzalisekiseni, kwanotshintsho olucwangcisiweyo lungasilela ukuba babulawa kakubi.
Indima karhulumente woluntu
Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unendima ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaMerika, enikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezinjengokulungisa iindlela nokuqokelela inkunkuma nokususwa kwayo, yaye inkoliso yabantu baseMerika ihlala kwizixeko okanye kwimimandla yasezidolophini, yaye impembelelo yezigqibo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni inamandla, ngoxa isenokungabi namtsalane nengqalelo enikelwa kurhulumente worhulumente, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenza njengomgca ophambili kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo.
Iinkonzo eziBanzi
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikwe imbopheleleko yokuhambisa iinkonzo ezininzi ezichaphazela umgangatho wobomi, kuquka amanzi nogutyulo, iindlela, ezothutho, iipaki, ukhuseleko nokuzonwabisa, nokusebenzisa imithetho elawulayo.
Utyalo-mali olunemiqathango lungumsebenzi obalulekileyo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, oneziphumo ezithe gqolo zokuphuhliswa koluntu kunye nokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho. Izigqibo malunga nalapho ukwakha iindlela, izikolo, iipaki, nezinye iindlela zokuphuhlisa nokuphuhlisa, ezichaphazela amaxabiso empahla, izigqibo zeendawo zoshishino, kunye nomgangatho wobomi.
Ucwangciso loLuntu noPhuhliso
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banendima ephambili ekucebiseni nasekuphuhlisweni kwebutho labantu ngokulawula umhlaba ngokusebenzisa imiqathango, ukuqesha, nokuphuhlisa izakhiwo. La mazwe avumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba babumbe uhlobo lokwemvelo lwebutho labantu, aphembelele yonke into ekubeni nezindlu zinokukwazi ukulondolozwa kwemekobume.
Ezinye zezigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezenziwa ngoorhulumente basekuhlaleni zibandakanya ukuphuhliswa kwezakhiwo, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka benze okungakumbi ukwazisa uluntu ngeeprojekthi eziqwalaselwayo, babafundise ngezixhobo ezithe kratya ekudlaleni, bacele igalelo labo, baze babagcine benolwazi ngolwakhiwo, kuquka ukufuna iiplani ezifuna umasipala kunye neeplani zoluntu ukuze iprojekthi zibonise izinto eziza kuqala, ukuchaza ixesha lokungeniswa kwegalelo loluntu, nokusebenzela ukuthelekisa iibhodi noomasipala ukuze babonise umahluko okhoyo.
Ukulingana nokhuthuzo
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banempembelelo ephawulekayo ekukhetheni ulungelelwano nokubandakanya iinkqubo zabo eziphathelele izindlu, imfundo, iinkonzo zikawonke wonke, nokuphuhliswa koluntu. Izigqibo malunga nendawo onokufumana kuyo izindlu ezinokufikeleleka, indlela yokuxhasa izikolo, nendlela yokwaba izinto zikawonke wonke zonke zinemiphumo elinganayo.
Ukunika abantu ulawulo olungakumbi kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo kunye nabantu abahlala nabo kunempembelelo entle kwimpilo, yaye eyona nto ibalulekileyo, inkqubela kwindlela eyenziwa ngurhulumente, njengenkqubo yomanyano lwasekuhlaleni, inokukhokelela kwiinguqulelo ezihlala zihleli kwinkcubeko yentlangano, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo eziqhubeka nasemva kokuba kudlule nayiphi na inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zikawonke wonke.
Izenzo ezizizo kwiMigangatho kaRhulumente
Ngoxa kungekho lungiselelo lifanelekileyo likarhulumente elisebenza kuzo zonke iimeko, uphando namava aye achaza ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezinokuphucula ulawulo nolomeleza abantu.
Ukwabelwa Imbopheleleko Ngokucacileyo
Amalungiselelo karhulumente asebenzayo achaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente omele usebenze. Oku kucacisa kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuphendula, ukunciphisa ukwenziwa koxwebhu kunye nezithuba ekudluliselweni kwenkonzo, kwaye kwenza abemi bakwazi ukwazi apho banokubhekisa inkxalabo yabo kunye neemfuno zabo.
Isabelo soxanduva kufuneka sibonise ukuthelekiswa kweengenelo zomgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente, nemisebenzi enikwe kumgangatho ongcono onikwe ukuwenza ngokunempumelelo. Oku kudla ngokuthetha ukwabela imisebenzi enendawo eninzi yokuchitha okanye uqoqosho lwemigangatho ephezulu karhulumente, ngeli xesha kusabiwa kwemisebenzi engenelwa kulwazi lwasekuhlaleni nokusabela kwimigangatho esezantsi.
Impumelelo yooVimba
Oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba bafuna ubuncwane obufanelekileyo namandla okufeza iimbopheleleko zabo ngokunempumelelo. Oku akuquki nje ubuncwane bemali kodwa kubandakanya nekomkhulu labantu, ubuchule bobugcisa, kunye nobuchule bolawulo.
Ukwabiwa kwemali kumele kuthelekise ulwabelo loxanduva, ukuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente baneendlela zokuphumeza imisebenzi abayinikiweyo. Oku kungafuna ukufuduswa kwezorhulumente, ukwabelana ngengeniso, okanye ezinye iindlela ukuchaza ukungalingani okuphakathi kwamanqanaba okanye amaqela karhulumente.
Ubuchule Bokwamkelwa
Ukwakhiwa korhulumente okusebenzayo kuquka ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi kwiingingqi zolawulo nakumanqanaba karhulumente. Ezi nkqubo zingasuka kwizivumelwano ezisemthethweni zezorhulumente kunye namagunya ahlangeneyo ukuya kwiinkqubo ezingacwangciswanga kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzisanayo.
Ukumanyana kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekusingatheni imida enqumla imida okanye efuna ukuthatha amanyathelo kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente. Ukusingqongileyo, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, ucwangciso lwezothutho, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke konke kufuna iimpendulo ezidityanisiweyo ezibandakanya oorhulumente abaninzi.
Amathuba Okuthabatha Inxaxheba
Izakhiwo zikarhulumente kufuneka zinike amathuba afanelekileyo ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Oku akuquki kuphela ukuvota kodwa kukwaquka ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchongeni amatyala kawonke-wonke, ukusebenza kwiibhodi zolawulo, ukubandakanyeka kuqingqo-mali lokwahlukana, nezinye iindlela zokubhalisa iphondo.
Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuwagqitha amava kawonke - wonke ukuze babandakanye ngokunentsingiselo onke amalungu oluntu kwizigqibo zoqingqo - mali eziwachaphazelayo, yaye inani elandayo loorhulumente basekuhlaleni eUnited States lizama ukuhlawula imali (PB), inkqubo evumela amalungu ebutho ukuba agqibe ngokungqalileyo indlela yokusebenzisa zonke okanye inxalenye yoqingqo - mali lwasekuhlaleni.
Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula
Amalungiselelo karhulumente aphumelelayo akhuthaza ukuba kubekho ingqiqo nokuziphendulela ngokunikela ingxelo ecacileyo, ngokufumana inkcazelo ebantwini, ngokufumana ulwalathiso oluzimeleyo, nangamathuba athe rhoqo okuba abemi bafune ukuphendula ngonyulo nangezinye iindlela.
Ukubonakala kwale ngxelo kwenza abemi bakwazi ukuqwalasela izenzo zikarhulumente baze benze izigqibo ezithe bancedwa ngomntu abaza kuxhasa kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuphendula.
Ikamva Lokwakhiwa Korhulumente
Izakhiwo zikarhulumente ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko kunye nocelomngeni olutsha. Izimo eziliqela zisenokulolonga ikamva lombutho karhulumente kunye nempembelelo yesakhiwo kuluntu.
Utshintsho lwamanani
Ubugcisa bamanani butshintsha indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo nabasebenzi. Iinkonzo zikarhulumente, iqonga lokuthatha inxaxheba kumanani, idata e-alytics, kunye nobuchule bokufakelwa zitshintsha amathuba okunikezelwa kwenkonzo, ukuthembisana kwabemi, kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo.
Obu bugcisa bunganceda isakhiwo esitsha sikarhulumente esilwa nokumiselwa kwesithethe kwejiyografi kunye nemigangatho. Zisenokudala imingeni emitsha enxulumene nokwahlulwa kwamanani, ukuzimela, nokuxinzelelwa kwamandla kwabo balawula iqonga lemigangatho nogcino-lwazi.
Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuzinziswa Kwayo
Inkqubela eqinileyo ayenzeki kwibhodi yenqanawa yaseWashington okanye kwiingqungquthela zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo – yenzeka kwiMain Street, njengoko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benokhuphiswano olukhethekileyo okanye benolwabelana ngemisebenzi yemozulu, amandla, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, ucwangciso nezinye iindawo ezininzi ezibaluleke kwikamva lethu elisingqongileyo.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nezinye iingxaki zemeko - bume kusenokufuna iindlela ezintsha zokulungisa izakhiwo zikarhulumente, kuquka iindlela ezinamandla zokusebenzisana kwemimandla nezizwe ngezizwe, amaziko amatsha okulawula ubuncwane obunye, nokukwazi ngakumbi ukuqhela nokukwazi ukumelana nemekobume.
Ukusetyenziswa kwenani labantu kunye noTshintsho
Ukutshintsha kwenani labantu, kuquka ukuhlaliswa kwabantu ezidolophini, ukwaluphala, nokunyuka kobundlobongela, kudala iimfuno ezintsha kurhulumente nakucelomngeni olutsha lomelo nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo. Amalungiselelo karhulumente kuya kufuneka alungelelanise olu tshintsho, aqinisekise ukuba bonke abantu banazo iinkonzo zomgangatho ophezulu namathuba afanelekileyo okuthabatha inxaxheba.
Imibutho yoluntu efuna ukuthelekelela, ukufakwa, nokusesikweni kukwaqhubela utshintsho kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente nokuqheliswa. Le ntshukumo iqhubela phambili utshintsho olunika abantu abaphantsi ilizwi elikhulu ekwenzeni izigqibo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo karhulumente ithetha ngentetho engakumbi kunokuba ibangele ukungalingani okukhoyo.
Utshintsho Lwezoqoqosho
Ukutshintsha kwezoqoqosho, kuquka ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho, ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, nokutshintsha kwemisebenzi, kuchaphazela indima nobuchule boorhulumente kuzo zonke imigangatho.
Ukunyuka komsebenzi osemaphandleni norhwebo lwamanani kukwaguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu nendawo, olunokuba negalelo kwindlela yokufuduka, ukumanyana kwebutho labantu, kunye nemali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Amalungiselelo karhulumente kuya kufuneka aqhelane nezi nguqulelo ngoxa eqhubeka enceda bonke abemi.
Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwizakhiwo Zikarhulumente
Imicimbi karhulumente ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu nakubemi. Ibumba indlela eyenziwa ngayo izigqibo, indlela oovimba abanikwa ngayo, indlela abanikwa ngayo iinkonzo, nendlela urhulumente asabela ngayo kwiimfuno zommi nezinto azithandayo. Ukuqonda ilungiselelo likarhulumente kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, ukuxhasa utshintsho lwenkqubo, okanye ukusebenza ukomeleza uluntu lwakhe.
Nangona kungekho lungiselelo linye likarhulumente elifanelekileyo elisebenza kuzo zonke iinkalo, imigaqo ethile ingakhokela ekuyilweni nasekuhlaziyweni kwamaziko karhulumente. Ezi ziquka ukucaca kwisabelo sobuphathi, ukusetyenziswa koovimba namandla, iindlela zokusebenzisana kwiindawo zonke, amathuba anenjongo okuba nenxaxheba, nokuziphendulela okunamandla nokubonakala ngokucacileyo.
Ulungelelwano phakathi kokubekwa kombindi nokuthotyelwa komgangatho kumbuzo obalulekileyo kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente, oneziphumo ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kakuhle, ukulingana, ukusabela, kunye nokuhlaziywa. Ukulungelelana okufanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi kwaye kungahluka kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo zemigaqo-nkqubo nakumanqanaba karhulumente.
Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wenza indima ebalulekileyo kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu, unikela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko, ukuphuhliswa kwebutho labantu, nokubonelela ngamathuba okubotshwa kwabemi. Ukuqinisa ubuchule bukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni nokuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayasabela kwaye banokuphendula kuluntu lwabo kubalulekile ekwakheni imimandla ekhulayo, engomeleyo.
Njengoko ibutho labantu lijamelene neengxaki ezintsha, amalungiselelo karhulumente aza kuqhubeka eguquka. Ukuguquka kwamanani, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukutshintsha kwamanani, nokutshintsha kwezoqoqosho, zonke zinokuqhuba utshintsho kwindlela oorhulumente abalungelelaniswe ngayo nendlela abanceda ngayo abantu babo. Ngokuqonda isiseko sobume bukarhulumente kunye nempembelelo yabo kuluntu, abemi neenkokeli banokusebenza kunye ukuze bakhe iinkqubo ezisebenzayo, ezinokulingana, nezinokusabela.
Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngezakhiwo zikarhulumente kunye neempembelelo zazo, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. UManyano lwesizwe lwamaDolobha lunika ulwazi oluphangaleleyo kwimiba karhulumente wobulali kunye nemisebenzi engcono. ISiko loPhuhliso lwe-Urban [[ luqhuba uphando ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente, inkqubo kawonke wonke, inkqubo yoluntu, kunye nenkqubela yoluntu. Academic kunye nothengingssss kumazwe anika uphando olubalulekileyo kunye nohlalutyo kwizakhiwo zoorhulumente ezithelekeleli kunye neziphumo zazo kuluntu.
Ukuqonda isakhiwo sikarhulumente asiyonto nje efunekayo ukuze kufundwe ngayo, kodwa kuyimfuneko nabani na ofuna ukwenza umahluko phakathi kwabantu. Ukuba ngummi ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, inkokeli yoluntu esebenzela ukuphucula iinkonzo zikarhulumente, okanye umenzi-nkqubo ocinga ngotshintsho lwesakhiwo, ulwazi ngendlela izakhiwo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ngayo uluntu lubalulekile ukuze ufikelele usukelo lwakho nokwakha ikamva elingcono kubo bonke abantu.