Ingcamango yedemokhrasi isekelwe kwisakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo. Phakathi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukwahlula amagunya kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano. Le migaqo, esekelwe kwingcinga yokhanyiselo, ilolonga ulawulo lwale mihla ngokusasaza igunya kumasebe ahlukeneyo kwaye likwazi ukuphathana. Ukuqonda imvelaphi, inkqubo, kunye neengxaki zamaxesha akhoyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezikhusela ngayo inkululeko nganye nokuqinisekisa ukuba zixhomekeke kurhulumente. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olubanzi lwale nkcazelo yesiseko, indaleko yalo engokwembali, kunye nokusebenza kwayo okuhlala kulawulo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Imvelaphi Yokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Isiseko sokukhanyiselwa kunye neMontesquieu

Isiseko sokwahlulwa kwamagunya savela ngexesha loKhanyiso, ingakumbi ngomsebenzi wesithandi sobulumko saseFrentshi [[FLT: 0]. UBaron de Montesquieu. Kwingxelo yakhe yolwazi ye 1748] uMoya woMthetho [, uMbutho weMontesqueu waphikisa ukuba inkululeko yezopolitiko ifuna urhulumente owenzelwe ukuba akukho mntu okanye iqumrhu lisebenzisa kakubi igunya. Wabhala ngokudumileyo, "Igunya lifanele lijonge amandla," ukukhuthaza icandelo lemisebenzi karhulumente kwi-Genestical, igcustoli, kunye namasebe ejaji. Ukuzobela isifundo sakhe seRiphabliki kunye nenkqubo yeBrithiki ye-British, Montequieua ice ece yahlula lemicinelo-ognomesss. [[5][FF]

Izinto Zangaphambili: Iminikelo Yamandulo Neyamandulo

Ngoxa iMontesquieu isoloko inconywa njengomyili wezolawulo lwamandla, iingcinga kunye neenkqubo zangaphambili zafak' isandla ekuphuhlisweni kwayo. [[FLT: 0] .Atheocracy ye-, iNdibano, iBhunga, kunye neeNkundla zazinemisebenzi eyahlukileyo, nangona zazingahlukanga ngokupheleleyo. [[FLT:] iRiphabliki yaseRoma [[[FL:] [FLT] [FL:]] [5] iquka umgaqo-siseko wesiseko somgaqo-siseko wezomthetho-siseko, iCathena, kunye neendibano ezithandwayo ezinokuhlola enye `````ikhomba-aa imodelis kamva ezincowayo). [[5] Ngexesha lamawaka alishumi elinesine eenkulungwane, i-FT] imbono esezantsi ye-Angcustongeyonke, i-Anggrase.[4] i-ase.[4] I-asethi ye-ases .[19] I-a

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Aneenkcukacha

Kwinkqubo yokwahlula yamandla, urhulumente ulungelelaniswe waba ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezichaziweyo. Ngelixesha ukwenziwa kwayo kuyahluka ngokwelizwe, imisebenzi engundoqo iyaguquguquka.

Isebe loMthetho: Ukubekwa kwemithetho nokuphendula

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lisebenza ngobuchule, ukuphikisana, nokumisela imithetho. Kwinkoliso yedemokhrasi, eli qumrhu liyi-' i-paraliation okanye i-arever[, eyahlulwe yahlulwe yangamagumbi amabini (i-bidameral) ukunikezela ngenkcaciso kunye nomelo. Umzekelo, i-U.S. Congresskor ziquka iNdrongress House of Beavests neCandelo. Ngaphandle komthetho, imigaqo-mthetho elawula uqingqo-mali, ibhengezo ulawulo, kwaye inika ulawulo lwesebe ngekomiti kunye nokuva. Bakwanamandla okungahambiswa kwesebe oluphezulu, kuquka nolawulo oluphezulu.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: ukhuthuzo nolawulo

Isebe elilawulayo liphumeza izizalisekiso zemithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Likhokelwa yintloko yesizwe okanye urhulumente `njengentloko-mgaqo' yephondo, umongameli okanye umfundisi-mthetheli-mthetho [[[[FLT:]]] kwaye uquka amaqumrhu olawulo ajongene neendawo ezifana nezokhuselo, imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle, impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nemfundo. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, umphathi-nkulu wahlukene nendlu yowiso-mthetho, umphathi utsalwa kwimithetho efuna ukuphendula nokuphendula. Amandla angundoqo aquka umthetho (kwezinye iinkqubo), ukumisela, ukumisela, ukulawula, ukulawula, nokulawula imicimbi yezizwe zangaphandle, kunye neyolawulo. Noko ke, ulawulo lwezomthetho; ukuqwalasela nokuhlola nokulawula.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolikwa

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Ijaji ezimeleyo lilelona siseko sokwahlula amagunya, njengoko ingabetha imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nemigaqo-siseko (amandla omgaqo-siseko) yaziwa njenge judicial jingment [. Iinkundla zikwalungisa iimpikiswano phakathi kwabemi, phakathi kwabemi norhulumente, naphakathi kwamasebe karhulumente. Ukugcina ukungacaluli, abagwebi bamiselwa rhoqo ubomi okanye imibandela emide kwaye abanakususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Umlinganiselo wamandla okugweba uyahluka: eUnited States, iNkuphakamileyo yenza uhlolo olunamandla oluqinileyo, ngoxa kwamanye amazwe, njengolawulo lwe-Palamente, olungolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwezikongalo.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Ulwahlulo lwamandla lulodwa alwanele; isebe ngalinye kufuneka libe nomlinganiselo wokuthintela naliphi na elinye ekulawuleni. Inkqubo ye imijelo nomlinganiselo inika ezi nkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ujongelwano kunye nokuziphendulela.

I-Vito Enegunya noMthetho

Uvavanyo lodidi oluqhelekileyo yi-veto ephetheyo. EUnited States, umongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliselwe yiKhomishini, awuthumele ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingawulawula umgangatho wesigqeba esinesithathu somgangatho ophezulu, ibonisa indlela indlu yowiso-mthetho enokuthi ikwazi ngayo ukumelana nokulahlwe kwegunya eliphezulu. Le mikhosi inamandla iyakwazi ukuyekelela: umlawuli ophetheyo akanakukwazi ukubeka umthetho othintelweyo ngaphandle komngcipheko, kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ihlawule iindleko zempatho-mthetho zezandla ezizakwamkela okanye zibe nenkxaso eyaneleyo. Iinkqubo ezifanayo zikho kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomongameli, nangona iinkqubo zepalamente ngokufuthi zingenayo i-veto eyomeleleyo kuba isigqeqesho sendlu esiphetheyo sele iyinxalenye yemithetho.

Impinda Yomgwebo Njengobuchule

Uhlolo lwejaji mhlawumbi luyingqwalasela enamandla kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kunye negunya. Xa inkundla ivakalisa umthetho ongekho sigqeba, iphelisa umthetho ngokuya ngezantsi kwesigqibo senkundla. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwi buryrybry v. Madison[[FL:1] [18] [18.03] [18] [iiiinkundla] [iiiii-U.S., kwaye iye yamkelwa ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngemithetho-odemocracy. Ingqwalaselo yenkundla iqinisekisa ukuba i-Genegastivolitialtiki kunye nezenzo ze-ofisi zivumelana nomthetho esisiseko, ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane kunye nokuthembeka. Noko ke, iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nenkundla echokodwa , xa iinkundla ziqwalaselwa njengenkqubo ye-demokhrasitiko. [5]

Ukunyanzelisa, Ukuqinisekisa, Necebiso Nemvume

Indlu yowiso-mthetho ihlola isebe eliphetheyo kunye nelokuqinisekisa kunye neenkqubo zogunyaziso. Kwi-U.S., iNdlu yeQela kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli, oomongameli borhulumente, kunye nezinye iiofisi eziphezulu. Le "inkonzo kunye nemvume" ivumela iNdlu yemithetho yamatyala ukuba ivumele abatshabhisi babhaliswe njengabangakufanelekanga okanye abagqithisileyo, ukunikezela ngezaphulo zolawulo lwegunya. Ngokunjalo, indlu yowiso-mthetho iyakwazi ukutyumba kwaye isheke oomongameli, oomongameli boomongameli, abaphethe, kunye nabagwebi bezenzo eziphezulu zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka ihamba ngendlu (ukumiswa) kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho elawulayo. Nangona isebenza ngokunqabileyo, isebe lezomthetho lihlola imigaqo-mthetho ngokulawula imigaqo-siseko solawulo lwe-mthetho, kunye neenkqubo zezolawulo lwe-ofisi zegunya, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula, ezinye iijajinganiso, ezivumela iijajinganiso, kunye neenkqubo zejaji, ezinye iija

Ingqikelelo-magama yothelekiso: Iimodeli ezahlukahlukeneyo ngaphaya kwemikhosi yamazwe ahlukeneyo

Iinkqubo zePalamente

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuxhomekeke kuhlobo olwahlukeneyo kuxhomekeka ekubeni ilizwe lisebenzisa inkqubo yomongameli okanye yepalamente. iinkqubo ezisisigxina njenge-United States, umphathi onegunya unyulwe ngokwahlukileyo kwaye azimele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, enolwahlulo oluqinileyo nolucacileyo. isixokelelwano sokulungisa inkqubo [[FLT:] njenge-United Kingdom okanye Canada, isebe eliphetheyo (umlungiseleli kunye nekhampala) likhutshwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye linokususwa lingenavoteko. Oku kwenza ulwanolawulo olunamandla kunalo, nangona kusenziwa ngokuchasana, ukukhangela okuphezulu, ukuphinda-jinga kwe-jikelezwa kwe-masti (ukuba kufike), neentlanganiso ezininzi zeentlanganiso ze-gropublicralitiesties, iintlanganiso ezifanelekileyo, ezithe ukuqinisekisa ulungiso olungakumbi, nangona kunika ulungiso oluthe olo lunga oluphambili, lunokuqinisekisa ulawulo, lunoku

Inkqubo ye-Hybrid kunye ne-Semi-Presiteries

Ezinye idemokhrasi zidibanisa amacandelo olawulo-bulumbini oonobumba bombini. kwiinkqubo ze-presilial njenge-Fransi, kukho umongameli onyuliweyo ngqo owabelana ngegunya lolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu nomphathiswa onegunya kwipalamente. Eli gunya linye lingenza imiba enzima: umongameli angalawula inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ngelixa umphathiswa kwemicimbi yasekhaya. Xa umongameli kunye nomphathiswa-nkulu bevela kumaqela ahlukeneyo (ukuhlala), ii-checkss nolwano olungakumbi. Amanye amalungiselelo e-prigin aquka i-' eedender [[FLT]] isakhiwo esilawula amagunya athe nkqo phakathi koorhulumente belizwe, ukongezelela omnye umaleko wokuhlola. Ilizwe elifana ne-Australia kunye nolawulo lwe-omatiko-othe .

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya Nokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Kulawulo-mthetho oluninzi, ulwahlulo olukhulayo lwe-demokhrasi luye lwasiphazamisa inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano. EUnited States, umzekelo, ukuhlahlela okunzulu kubangele ukuvalwa kwemithetho karhulumente rhoqo, ukulibaziseka, ukulibaziseka kwemithetho yemithetho, kunye ne-optional lowitrol lomthetho. Xa amaqela engavumi ukulalanisa, amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okanye ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemimiselo athintelwa, kwaye umphathi-mandla angabhenela kwizenzo zombutho (imiyalelo enzima) ukudlula kwingqungqungquthela. Ngexesha le miyalelo ikhokelela ekuhlolweni kwemithetho, ukunyuka kwawo kungaphazamisa ulungelelwano olucetyo. Ngokufanayo, kwiinkqubo zepalamente, amaqela akhuphiliseke kakhulu anokuthintela ukumiswa kwemithetho-mthetho okanye ukungalungisi, okungavumiyo okubangelwa yinkqubo elungele ukulawulwa yi-gracconvo-ance.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kunye nesenzo esingasetyenziswayo

Inkxalabo eqhubekayo ilawulwa ngumphathiswa olawulayo, apho umongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi asebenza ngaphaya komGaqo-siseko okanye igunya loburhulumente. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa [[FLT: 0] imiyalelo elawulayo ephumele phambili, elawulayo, esebenzisa amandla ongxamiseko angakhange ahlolwe kakuhle, okanye asetyenziswayo ngokusemthethweni. Kumazwe athile, abaphathi bawandisa amandla abo phantsi kokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ulawulo. Umzekelo, izibhengezo zengozi zingamisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lwemithetho yomthetho, njengoko kujongwa kumaphondo ahlukeneyo. Iintlanganiso zezikhulu zesizwe ezizimeleyo kunye nemithetho yezobugosalgosa ekufuneka zithintele ukuphaza, kodwa xa elinye isebe lilawulwa lilawulwa liqela elifana nolawulo oluphezulu.

Inkululeko yejaji echasene

Ukuzimela ngokwamatyala kubaluleke kakhulu kwimimandla ethanda ukususwa komtshato, kodwa kusenokubangela izityholo ze- zomthetho wobuGcisa ]. Xa iinkundla zigqalwa njengeziyandisa igunya lazo elingaphaya kokuchazwa. Oku kuxinezeleka kuyabonakala ngakumbi kwimimandla echaseneyo efana nokuqhomfa, umtshato ofanayo, namandla olawulayo. Ezinye ziphikisa ukuba uphendulo lwezomthetho luyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko kwinkqenkqenkqeza; ezinye ziphikisa ngelithi luthobcaza idemokhrasi ngokuvumela abagwebi abangagunyaziswanga babhukuqele ukuba babhukuqe umthetho oqhelekileyo. Ukulungele ukulingana komgaqo-siseko: amanye amazwe, njengo-UK, agcina ulawulo lwepalamente olulinganiselweyo, ngoxa ezinye, njengeIndiya, zinezikhundla ezinamandla zokuzinziswayo ezibandakanya kwinkozo zikawonke wonke. Izalelo zimele zinikezelwe ngokuzinyotyekelelwa ngomthetho nomthetho.[Fogciso oluzimeleyo.[3]

Ukomeleza Isiseko Sedemokhrasi Sekamva

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kunye nokuxilongwa akumi ndawonye; kuyaguquguquka njengoko amaqumrhu etshintsha. Ukugcina impumelelo yawo, ulawulo-melo kufuneka luzilungise ngokukhutheleyo iingcinezelo zamaxesha afanayo. utshintsho olukhoyo [ olucacileyo olukwimida yamandla olawulo oluphezulu, olubangela ukuba kubekho ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kulawulo lomthetho, kunye nokhuseleko lwenkululeko yezomthetho lunganceda ukubuyisela imo elungeleleneyo. Ngaphezu koko, imfundo yezentelezi ezinika abemi ulwazi ngemigaqo-siseko ibalulekile, njengoko ukuthenjiswa kukawonke wonke kuvavanywa ngamandla. Unyuko lwemichiza ubugcisa bukwazisa imingeni emitsha, njengokungahlulwa kolulo lwezi yembono kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, efuna ukusetyenziswa kokwenzakala kolwazi oluphezulu lwezinzonzonzo.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo yokwahlula amagunya kunye nokuqinisekisa ulwahlulo kunye nolungelelwano ayiyozinto zokwakha ezithelekelelwayo; zizinto eziluncedo eziye zanceda ulawulo-melo ukuba luphumelele ngokuthintela ingcinezelo yoorhulumente abazimeleyo nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kwimvelaphi yokukhanyiselwa kwazo ngobuchule bezi mini, ezi nkqubo zibonise ixabiso lazo lokwahlula amandla nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Nangona iingxaki zexesha elifana nolawulo lwe-grack lolawulo oluphezulu, ukuphakamisa ingqwabalaza, kunye nokugweba kolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo-mthetho kusongela impumelelo yabo, unikezelo olutsha kwingqibelelo yequmrhu nokuzibotshelelwa kwabantu ngabanye lungabaqinisa. Ukuqonda ezi zisekelo kuxhobisa abemi ukuba balukelele ngokunelisayo ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokuzelela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Njengokuba ukuzinikela kwezopolitiko kuhlala kungumqulu olungele ukuphumelela kwemibutho yabantu abakhululekileyo nokukhusela lemigaqo, sinceda ukuba baqhubeke ukuphumelela ukuze baqhubeke ukuphumelela kwinkqubo.

[[UMTL:0] ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya ngoyilo lomgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., tyelela iZiko loMgaqo-siseko wohlanga.