Isiseko Samandla Omthetho

Ukwakhiwa kwamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho aseMelika kubumba wonke umthetho ochaphazela ubomi bakho, ukusuka kwirhafu oyihlawulayo ukuya kumgangatho womoya owuphefumlayo. Xa uqonda indlela iBhunga lowiso-mthetho kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ezicwangciswe ngayo, uzuza ubuchule bokuqhuba inkqubo ngokunempumelelo, ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zakho, kwaye ugcina abameli bakho benoxanduva. Olu lwazi lukuguqula ukusuka kumqwalaseli ongenzi nto ube ngumthathi-nxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko ngabom benza indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-macamral, bahlula amandla phakathi kwamaziko amabini anee-constiencies ezahlukeneyo, ubude, kunye neembopheleleko. Le ndlela yokuyila yayikulalanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, kodwa ikwasebenza injongo enzulu: ithoba inkqubela-phambili yenkqubo yemithetho, imikhosi inkcitho, ikhusela ubundlobongela obungathethekiyo benkomntlunye. Lo mgaqo mnye unwebela kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, nangona urhulumente ngamnye uvumelanisa imodeli kwiimfuno zawo ezikhethekileyo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwengqungquthela YaseUnited States

Indlu Yabameli: Ikomkhulu Labantu

Indlu yabameli, enamalungu ayo angama-465 okuvota, yenzelwe ukuba ibe ligumbi elikufutshane nabantu. Ilungu ngalinye limele isithili sengqungquthela sabantu abamalunga no-761,000, isibalo esitshintsha nyaka ngamnye emva kokubalwa kwabantu. Eli gama leminyaka emibini linyanzelisa abameli ukuba bahlale benxibelelene nenkxalabo yabantu babo, okanye basengozini yokuphulukana nesihlalo sabo kumjikelo wonyulo olandelayo.

Eli xesha lifutshane lidala amandla akhethekileyo. Abameli kufuneka balungelelanise iimfuno zokhuphiswano lwesizwe neemfuno ezithile zesithili sabo. Ilungu elisuka kwisithili sokulima sasemaphandleni liza kusondela kumthetho wezolimo ngokwahlukileyo kunelungu elisuka kwisixeko esijongene nothutho nezindlu. Isakhiwo sendlu siqinisekisa ukuba amaza asekuhlaleni athe ngqo, anamandla ekwenzeni umthetho wengingqi.

UmLawuli weNdlu, onyulwe liqela elininzi, unegunya elikhulu kucwangciso lwemithetho. Ulawulo lwezibhedlele ezifikelela kumgangatho, umisela ucwangciso lwekomiti, kwaye usebenza njengombutho wasekuhlaleni weNdlu. Le ndawo yesibini kumgca wolawulo, emva koMongameli onguMongameli.

ICandelo: Umzimba Onenkululeko

IBhunga leNdlela lisebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo yoluvo. Ngamalungu ali-100, amabini avela kwilizwe ngalinye, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi imela amazwe njengamagunya alinganayo azimeleyo kunabemi. Eli gama leminyaka emithandathu likhusela ii-jenali kwiingcinezelo ezikhawulezileyo zikawonke-wonke, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ivumela ukuba zijonge ixesha elide kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo.

Umjikelo wonyulo ontengantengayo uthetha ukuba malunga nesithathu esinye seBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi siphezulu ukuze kunyulwe kwakhona nangaliphi na ixesha elinikiweyo. Eli lungiselelo linika ukuqhubekeka okukhoyo. Kwanakwiminyaka yesiphithiphithi sezobupolitika esimanyumnyezi, iCantene igcina umzi ongundoqo wamalungu anamava ayiqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho nembali yeengxoxo zenkqubo.

Amandla akhethekileyo eNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso acebisayo kwaye avumela ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano zinika indima ekulawuleni okude kudlulele ngaphaya komthetho. Abaququzeleli bangavala okanye baqinisekise ukuba abaququzeleli bekhabhinethi, abagwebi bequmrhu, kunye nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, belungisa ulawulo lwawo wonke urhulumente karhulumente kamashumi eminyaka. I-Relivebuster, isixhobo se-procedster esivumela igosambhuli enye ukuba ilibazise okanye ivingce ukuvota, ngokubhekele ekuqiniseni amandla okuvumelana kweminye emithetho emikhulu.

Ngokwe `[QUTY:0] imbali esemthethweni yeli gumbi , igumbi lenziwe njengendlela yokukhangela kwindlu eshushu kakhulu, indawo apho izimvo zinokuphola kwaye zilawuleke.

Iikomiti: Apho Umsebenzi Wokwenene Wenzeka Khona

Zombini ezi gumbi zixhomekeke kwinkqubo yeekomiti ukuphatha umqulu omkhulu womthetho osungulweyo nyaka ngamnye. IiKomiti zisebenza kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo yezolimo, yokhuseleko, yezemali okanye yempilo. Ityala kufuneka lidlule kwikomiti ngaphambi kokuba lifike kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nevoti.

Izihlalo zekomiti, ngokuqhelekileyo amalungu eqela elinamalungu aphezulu, anempembelelo ebalulekileyo. Bagqiba ukuba zeziphi iindleko ezifumana ukuviwa, maphi amangqina abizwe, nokuba yiyiphi inkqubela-mali okanye ifile kwikomiti. Ukuqonda eli lungiselelo lekomiti kubalulekile kubaxhasi. Ukuba ufuna ukuphembelela umthetho kwiingenelo ezicocekileyo okanye zamava, kufuneka wazi ukuba yiyiphi ikomiti enegunya kwaye ngubani oya kuhlala kuyo.

Ikomitana engaphantsi iphatha naneendawo ezikhethekileyo, ivumela amalungu ukuba aphuhlise ubuchule obunzulu. Ilungu lekomiti ejongene noMgaqo-nkqubo kuMgangatho, umzekelo, liya kwazi uqingqo-mali lwePentagon ngaphandle. Olu lungiselelo luyintsebenziswano yenkqubo, kodwa likwadala isilos enokwenza utshintsho olunqamlezayo lwenkqubo lube nzima.

IMithetho yeRhulumente: Imikhosi yeeNkundla zeDemokhrasi

Ulawulo Olungafaniyo

UJaji Louis Brandeis uchazwa ngokudumileyo njengoorhulumente bedemokhrasi, kwaye isakhiwo sezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente sibonakalisa loo moya wovavanyo. Ngelixesha lonke ilizwe ngaphandle kwe Nebraska lilandela imodeli ye-bidamaral, iinkcukacha zahluka kakhulu ngobungakanani, ubude begama, ucwangciso lwentlanganiso, kunye nobuchule.

Ezinye izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe, ezifana nezi zaseKhalifoniya, eNew York, naseTexas, ziqeshwe kakhulu. Amalungu azo asebenza ixesha elipheleleyo, afumana imivuzo eninzi, kwaye aqeshe abasebenzi abakhulu. Ezi zindlu zowiso-mthetho zisebenza phantse njengeeveki ezincinci okanye iinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela. Kula maphondo, abafaki-mthetho babamba eminye imisebenzi enzima kwaye bazise amava asebenzayo kwimisebenzi yabo yokuqala.

Isakhiwo sendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente sichaphazela indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho kwaye ubani okwaziyo ukunikela iinkonzo. Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yenxalenye yommi, kubantu abathatha umhlala-phantsi, izityebi, okanye abo banemisebenzi ebhetyebhetye bayachazwa. Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yexesha elipheleleyo, umzimba ungawuphatha ngokunzima ngakumbi umthetho, kodwa ungatsala abezobupolitika abakhuselwe ngakumbi kubomi bemihla ngemihla kwisithili sabo.

Amagumbi Asezantsi Nezidleke Eziphezulu

Uninzi lwamazwe lubiza igumbi lazo elisezantsi njengendlu yabameli, nangona ezinye zisebenzisa igama elithi iNdibano (iCalifornia, iNew York, iWisconsin) okanye iNdlu yabathunywa (iVirginia, iMaryland). Amagama egumbi elisezantsi aqhele ukusetyenziswa iminyaka emibini, abonisa imodeli karhulumente. Ubungakanani beSithilishiya bahluka kakhulu. EKhalifoniya, ilungu leNdibano limele abantu abamalunga nama-50 000. ENew Hampshire, ummeli karhulumente ukhonza isithili sabantu abamalunga nama-3,300, nto leyo ebenza bafikeleleke ngokungaqhelekanga kwi-Ovesi.

I-senate yesizwe, amagumbi aphezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo anamalungu ambalwa namagama amade, adla ngokusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka emine. Esi sakhiwo sinika uzinzo kunye nohlolo kwigumbi elisezantsi lepopuli. Kwamanye amazwe, irhuluneli yemikhosi yemikhosi yephondo ye-engile, ngelinye ixesha, umongameli olawula i-propixel okanye uninzi lwenkokeli usebenzisa elo gunya.

INebraska ima yodwa kunye neuncameral yayo, engeyoparati. Abaququzeleli bayo abangama-49, abanyulwe ukuba babe ngamabinzana aneminyaka emine, ingxoxo kunye novoti ngaphandle koomalathisi beqela. Imodeli yeNebraska iphelisa inkqubo yekomiti yengqungquthela efunekayo xa amagumbi amabini engavumelani, ekhupha umthetho ophithizelayo. Abaxhasi bayiphikisayo banciphisa i-gridrock, lo gama abagxeki beyikhuphisayo isusa ii-checket nezikali ezixabisekileyo.

ISicwangciso seSeshoni neNkqubela-phambili yoMthetho

Kukangaphi apho indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente idibana khona neziphumo ezinzulu zokulawula. Amanye amazwe, njengoTexas, adibana rhoqo rhoqo ngonyaka iintsuku eziyi-140 kuphela. Oku kuxinzelelene kwexesha kunyanzelisa umsebenzi onzima, namawaka eendleko aziswayo kwaye aqwalaselwe kwifestile emfutshane. Amanye amazwe, njengeMassachusetts, aba neentlanganiso zonyaka ezinwela ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini, ezivumela ukuqwalaselwa ngesiquphe ngakumbi.

IConference yesiZwe soMgaqo-siseko weSizwe inika ubuncwane obubalaseleyo ngendlela eyahlukileyo yolwakhiwo lwamazwe, ubhekiso lwexabiso lwalo nabani na ogcina inkqubo karhulumente.

Intlanganiso ezikhethekileyo, ezibizwa yirhuluneli okanye iinkokeli zowiso-mthetho, zingaququzelelwa ukucombulula iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo okanye imiba ethile ephakamayo phakathi kweentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo.

Indlela Isakhiwo Esibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho

Isantya Sokwenza Umthetho

Isakhiwo sequmrhu lowiso-mthetho simisela ngqo indlela emiswa ngayo ngokukhawuleza ngayo. Ngokuyila, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zeBadamaral, zihamba kancinci kunezo zingenayo. Ityala kufuneka lisinde ekuchongiweni kweekomiti kuzo zombini iikomiti, lidlulise amavoti aphantsi, lize lilungelelanise naziphi na iimvisiso ngekomiti yengqungquthela. Iqonga ngalinye linika iingongoma ezininzi apho umlomo unokuthi uvaleke khona, ulungiswe okanye ubulawe.

Oku kulibala luphawu, hayi isiphene. Abalayishi boyika isenzo esikhawulezileyo, esingaqwalaselwanga sisininzi. Amandla esakhiwo se-bimeral alalanisa kunye nocwangciso. Noko ke, isakhiwo esinye singenza iqhina le-grid, ingakumbi kwixesha lokususwa kwemimandla engaphezulu. Xa indlu nendlu yendlu yendlu yendlu ilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, okanye xa elinye iqela lilawula iBhunga kunye neqela elahlukileyo lilawula idekanator, inkqubo yemithetho-wisocation ingangqula kumisa.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, iziphumo ezifanayo ziyasebenza. Umbuso onexesha elipheleleyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho eqeqeshiweyo kunye neentlanganiso zonyaka zingaphendula ngokukhawuleza kumbuso apho indlu yowiso-mthetho idibana khona nyaka ngamnye ngexesha elilinganiselweyo. Ukusabela kwisifo se-COVID-19 kwabalaselisa ngokuphandle okungaqhelekanga. Amanye amazwe akwazi ukudlulisa umthetho wongxamiseko ngeentsuku, lo gama amanye kwafuneka alinde iinyanga kwintlanganiso zawo ezilandelayo ezicwangcisiweyo okanye axhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwimiyalelo yegunya.

Umelo noFikelelo

Ubungakanani besithili sowiso-mthetho buchaphazela ngqo indlela afikeleleka ngayo ummeli. Kwindlu yase-U.S. ilungu ngalinye limela abantu abangaphezu kwama-70 000. Abameli abanako ngokwenene ukuba nengxoxo yobuso obuya kujongana nommeli wabo. Unxibelelwano luyenzeka ngengingqi, iiholo zedolophu, kunye nothungelwano loluntu oluninzi. Kwingingqi encinane yendlu yowiso-mthetho efana nentsha iHampshire, ummeli usenokuba ngummelwane wakho, umntu ombonayo kwivenkile yevenkile okanye kwivenkile yekofu.

Oku kusondelelana kutshintsha uhlobo lomelo. Ummeli wephondo elincinane angaphendula kwinkxalabo yabantu ngabanye ngokuqwalasela kobuqu. Bangaya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, batyelele izikolo, baze bakhulise ulwalamano nenkokeli zasekuhlaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ilungu leBhunga, kufuneka lixhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezibanzi zemithetho kwaye linike abasebenzi beofisi yesithili iinkonzo.

Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kukunceda uphucule ukulindela kwakho kunye namaqhinga. Ukuba ufuna ukuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente entsonkothileyo kumbandela ofana nohlaziyo lwezonyango, kuza kufuneka ubandakanyeke nombutho omkhulu, wakhe imibutho, uze usebenze ngamaqela ajongeneyo. Ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha umthetho osemthethweni wasekuhlaleni okanye uphucule isikolo sikawonke-wonke esithile, ummeli okanye ummeli wesizwe okanye ummeli wengingqi wakho kunokwenzeka ukuba ufikelele kweyona ngolu hlobo lokunxibelelana kwakho.

Amandla Omsebenzi

Kuzo zombini iindlu zowiso-mthetho nezombuso, ikomiti inikela ingqalelo kumandla ezandleni zabantu abambalwa. Isitulo sekomiti singagqiba ekubeni sibekwe kwityala, sicwangcise ivoti, okanye sivumele imali ife ngaphandle kwesenzo. Zilawula ucwangciso lwekomiti, uqingqo-mali, kunye nabasebenzi. Eli gunya lenza izihlalo eziphambili zabaququ zekomiti, amaqela ee-advocy, kwanabanye abalawuli.

Kubemi, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuqonda umntu onezikhundla zokhokelo zekomiti kubalulekile ukuze aphumelele ekulawuleni. Ukuba ukhathalele ubunjani bamanzi, kufuneka wazi ukuba ngubani obeka izihlalo zekomiti yemekobume nezogcino-lwazi lwendalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe yakho nakwiBhunga. Izinto eziphambili zalo mntu, izivumelwano zezobupolitika, kunye nembali yobuqu ziza kubumba iindleko eziya phambili nezingahambi.

Inkqubo ephambili, eyanika izihlalo zamalungu asebenza ixesha elide, eziye zawohloka kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Zombini ezi zigadi zimisela imida kwizihlalo zekomiti, kwaye inkqubo yokukhetha iya ikhula. Oku kushicileleka kukunciphisa amandla ezihlalo ezihlalo ezizinzileyo kwaye kwanciphisa ubuchule bokuzikhumbuza nokusebenza kwezihlalo ezinde eziziswa kwimisebenzi yazo.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okubandakanyeka kwiMibimbi Engomthetho

Baqonde Abameli Bakho

Inyathelo lokuqala lokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kukwazi ukuba ngubani okumeleyo kumgangatho ngamnye. Sebenzisa . Ulawulo lwegov elilungu ukufumana ummeli wendlu yakho ne-metators. Kumelo lwemeko yombuso, iwebhsayithi yendlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe inika isixhobo sokukhangela esisekelwe kwidilesi yakho.

Ukugcina uluhlu lwabameli bakho, izabelo zabo zekomiti, kunye nabasebenzi babo. Le nkcazelo kufuneka iquke ii-ofisi zabo zesithili, hayi ii-ofisi zabo zeWashington okanye zephondo. Abasebenzi besithili basoloko befikeleleka ngakumbi kwaye bajoliswe ngakumbi kwiinkonzo ezibandakanya i-active.

Yazi Inkqubo Yomthetho

Iqumrhu ngalinye lemithetho linemithetho nemigaqo yalo, kodwa inkqubo esisiseko iyaguquguquka. Imali iveliswa lilungu, inikwe ikomiti, iqwalaselwe ekuchongweni, ilungiswe, ize ithunyelwe kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. Kwinkqubo ye-bidamaral, irekhodi kufuneka idlule zombini izisele ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba iye kumphathi-ntloko ukuze ifumane imvume.

Umthetho wendlela othetha ngezixhobo ezikhoyo. IKhomishini yeNkqutyana.gov inika irekhodi ebanzi yee-ofisi zemali zikarhulumente. Iiwebhsayithi zemithetho yesizwe zinika umsebenzi ofanayo, nangona ubunjani buhlukene. Iinkonzo ezininzi zokulandelela ziqhutywa yimibutho engazifuneli ngeniso okanye izikhuseli-ndaba.

Yiba Ngamxhelo Ofanelekileyo

Icebo lakho lokuphembelela umthetho kufuneka lihambelane nomgangatho karhulumente oza kujolisa kuye. Kwimibandela karhulumente, ungomnye wamakhulu amawaka ee-asethi. I-imeyili okanye umnxeba wakho ngamnye usenokuba nempembelelo elinganiselweyo, kodwa imigudu ecwangcisiweyo evela kwimimandla emininzi ingenza umahluko. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kumaphulo okuxhasa urhulumente wesizwe, ukudibanisa imibutho ebhenela kuwe, nokunikela kwabathathi-nxaxheba ziingcebiso ezisebenzayo.

Kwimiba yephondo neyendawo, ilizwi lakho linobunzima obungakumbi. Umnxeba osuka kwilungu elithile uye kummeli wephondo kwisithili esincinane ungaphembelela ngokwenene ukuvota kwabo. Ukuya kwikomiti echongiweyo, ukunikela ubungqina kwityala, okanye ukulungiselela intlanganiso nommisi-mthetho wakho wasekuhlaleni kungenza iziphumo ezicacileyo.

Ubungqina basesidlangalaleni ekuchotshelweni kwemithetho busisixhobo esinamandla kodwa esingasebenzi kakuhle. UManyano lwaManyano lwaMantokazi Voters lunika izikhokelo ezisemagqabini ngendlela yokulungiselela ubungqina obunempumelelo, umkhwa onokunceda nabani na ummi ukuba avakale kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.[[FLT: 1].

Lumkela Kukhetho Lonke

Uvavanyo olugqibeleleyo lwamandla owiso-mthetho yibhokisi yokuvota. Ukwazi isakhiwo samaqumrhu owiso-mthetho kucacisa isizathu sokuba kutheni imicimbi nganye. Ukuvota kwakho kwindlu yase-U.S. kumisela ukuba yeliphi iqela elilawula elo gumbi kwaye ngubani oya kulawula. Uvotelo lwakho lwe-senate lumisela umlinganiselo wamandla kwigumbi eliphezulu lelizwe lakho kwaye, kumazwe amaninzi, kubumba inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kwimibandela esuka kwimfundo ukuya kwizothutho.

Imijaho yeqela eliphantsi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente idla ngokufumana ingqalelo encinane kakhulu kunemilo ye-presidenti okanye yomphathi-mikhosi, ukanti ezi ntlanga zigqiba ukuba ngubani obhala imithetho echaphazela ubomi bakho ngqo. Imithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho igqiba ngemali yezikolo zakho zasekuhlaleni, imithetho yeengxaki zamnini-ndlu, imiqathango ye-inshorensi, nemida yeendawo ovota kuzo.

Izicelo zoMthetho weSibonelelo soLawulo-Msebenzi

Iqhina Lenqwithela Nemiphumo Yalo

Isakhiwo se-bidamaral, sidityaniswe nolwahlulo lwamagunya, sidala iingongoma ezininzi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Le ndlela yayisenziwa ngenjongo, kodwa ngexesha lolwahlulo olunzulu lwabaguquli, inokuba nesiphumo se-grid engapheliyo. Xa iNdlu, iCante, kunye nomphathi wolawulo zahlulwa phakathi kwamaqela, iindleko ezinkulu ezimbalwa ziba ngumthetho. Urhulumente wengingqi ufumene ukuva ukuvalwa kwemiqathango, amatyala ophahla, kwaye uthatha inxaxheba exakelweni lokucinezela utshintsho olufana norhwebo lwesakhiwo sokufuduka.

Ezinye izazinzulu zezobupolitika zithi le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqhuba kancinci ulawulo kwaye imbono yokuntywila ibaxiweyo. Abanye bathi izinto zokwakha ezazifudula zikhuthaza ukucinga ngoku zikhuthaza ukungasebenzi kakuhle. Nokuba yiyiphi na imbono yakho, ukuqonda imvelaphi yesakhiwo se-glack block kukunceda uchaze iindaba zezobupolitika kwaye umisele ukulindela okusengqiqweni oko urhulumente anokukufeza.

Ulawulo Olukhulu Namalungelo Amancinane

Uxanduva phakathi komthetho omninzi nokhuseleko oluncinane lwakhelwe kwisakhiwo seBhunga kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Indlu yenzelwe ukubonisa ukuba uninzi luza kubonakalisa, ngemithetho yayo eyiminyaka emibini kunye nesithili esisekelwe kubemi. IBhunga lenzelwe ukukhusela izilangazelelo ezincinane, kunye nemfuno zemeko elinganayo kunye nezobugqwesi bombuso ukwenzela izenzo ezithile ezifana nokukhuthazwa kwesivumelwano kunye nokungaqiniseki.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, olu xinezeleko ludlalwa ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuba kuvotelwe irhafu ephakamileyo okanye kubekwe umthetho wexesha likaxakeka. Abanye bavumela ezona zinto zikhulu ukuba zithathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza. Olu khetho lubonisa inkcubeko yezopolitiko nembali yephondo ngalinye.

Ukuphinda uxelelwe

Isakhiwo sequmrhu lowiso-mthetho sichaphazela indlela esisabela ngayo kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Indlu yabameli, enamagama ayo aneminyaka emibini, isabela kakhulu ekuguqukeni ngokweemvakalelo zikawonke-wonke. Unyulo lwamaza lungatshayela uninzi lwabameli kwaye lutshintshe ngendlela ephawulekayo indlela yenkqubo yegumbi. IBhunga, kunye nemithetho yalo yeminyaka emithandathu, ligqunywe ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke, linika uzinzo kodwa likwanokungachazwa.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ezinemibandela emifutshane nezincinane zesithili zidla ngokusabela ngakumbi kwimibandela yasekuhlaleni. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha lommi, ngokukodwa, zivelisa abamisi-mthetho abahlala behleli kwingingqi yabo kwaye abanokukhawuleza baqonde ukuguquka koluvo lukawonke-wonke. Noko ke, isakhiwo esifanayo sithetha ukuba aba baququzeleli bomthetho banexesha elincinane lokufunda imiba entsonkothileyo kwaye baxhomekeke kakhulu kubaququzeleli okanye kumasebe aphetheyo ukuze bafumane ulwazi.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zingafunda imiba enzulu, zibambe iingcabangcago, kwaye zisebenzisa inkqubo entsonkothileyo. Kodwa amalungu azo asenokungahlali kwimiba yemihla ngemihla yabantu abasebenza kunye nawo, ingakumbi ukuba achitha ixesha elininzi kwikomkhulu lonyaka kunakwisithili sawo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemizimba Yomthetho

Term Limits

Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1990, amaphondo amaninzi afumana imida esetyenziswayo yamagama asetyenziswayo kubamisi-mthetho bawo. Lo mbutho wawukukusabela koluntu ekunxunguphaleni kwezopolitiko zezomsebenzi nakukujonga ukuba akukho mfuneko yamkeleka. Imida yemithetho ngoku isebenza kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezili-15 zikarhulumente, kunye nemiqathango eyahlukeneyo. Amanye amaphondo amisela imimiselo emithetho kwisimbuku seminyaka esibhozo eseofisini, ngoxa amanye evumela inkonzo ende kodwa enemiqathango elandelelanayo.

Iziphumo zemiqathango yexesha ziyaphikiswa. Abaxhasi bathi imilinganiselo yegama izisa iimbono ezintsha, inciphisa amandla eenjongo ezinyuliweyo, kwaye inyanzelisa abamisi-mthetho ukuba banikele ingqalelo ekulawuleni kunokuba bathathe iphulo. Abahlalutyi bathi ibinzana elithi imida lilulaza ulwazi lweziqu zoluntu, amandla okuguqula amagosa anyuliweyo abe ngabasebenzi abangacwangciswanga nabaxhasi, kwaye babangela ukuba abenzi bomthetho abangenamava baqhubeke befunda umsebenzi.

IBhunga alinamida yexesha elifutshane ngaphaya konyulo oluthi lugqitywe ngabavoti. Iinkqubo zemida yexesha lombutho ziye zamiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kodwa azizange zifumane uthotho olwaneleyo lokugqithisa.

Diversity and Representation

Ukwenziwa kwamanani amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho kuye kwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka engamashumi aliqela edluleyo. IKhomishini ye- 118 yayiquka amanani ashicilelweyo amabhinqa, abantu bemibala, kunye ne-LGBTQ, nangona ukumela kusekho kwingingqi yabemi jikelele. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zibonisa umahluko omkhulu kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, amanye amazwe asondelayo amele azimeleyo kwaye amanye ahlala elawulwa kakhulu ngamadoda amakhulu amhlophe.

Isakhiwo samaqumrhu owiso-mthetho sichaphazela iinguqu ngeendlela ezininzi. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha lommi enemivuzo ephantsi zityekele ekutsaleni abantu abanokukwazi ukufikelela, ngokuqhelekileyo abazizityebi, abathatha umhlala-phantsi, okanye abo bahlala nabaqeshi. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinemivuzo yokhuphiswano neengenelo zingatsala uludwe olubanzi lwabazali abasebenzayo, kuquka abantu abaselula, nabo baneemvelaphi eziphantsi zezoqoqosho.

Ubungakanani besithili bukwangumbandela. Izithili ezincinane zenza kube lula kubathathi-nxaxheba ngaphandle kothungelwano oluninzi lokubonelela ngezimali ukulungiselela isikhundla, nto leyo enokuthi ikhule. Ixabiso eliphezulu lokubaleka kwisithili esikhulu sombutho okanye iofisi yelizwe ngokubanzi yenza imiqobo echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa namaqela akhoyo.

Ukwenza Inkqubo Ikusebenzele

Isakhiwo seBhunga nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente asiyosifundo esingeyonto. Yinkqubo esebenzayo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Xa uqonda indlela ezi ziqumrhu ezilungelelaniswe ngayo, indlela amandla ahamba ngayo kwiikomiti, nendlela asebenza ngayo amagumbi awahlukeneyo, ungasebenzisana ngayo nenkqubo ngendlela elungeleleneyo nephumelelayo.

Qalisa ngokufunda ukuba ngubani omele wena ngokomlinganiselo ngamnye. Khangela izabelo zabo zeekomiti, ingxelo yabo yokuvota kwimibandela oyifunayo, kunye neendawo zeeofisi zesithili zabo. Yibani nekomiti echongiweyo, enoba ingumntu okanye yi-intanethi. Ngoku izikhululo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zijikeleza, ukuze kukwazi ukuthobela inkqubo yayo naphi na.

Bhala ileta okanye uthumele i-imeyili kummeli kumxholo othile. Isakhelo somyalezo wakho ngokucacileyo, chaza indawo ohlala kuyo, kwaye chaza isizathu sokuba umba ubaluleke kuwe nakuluntu. Yiba nentlonelo kwaye ungqale. I-imeyile esenziwe kakuhle esuka kwi-active ithwala ubunzima, ingakumbi kumgangatho wombuso.

Yakha ulwalamano nabameli bakho kunye nabasebenzi babo. Olu nxulumano, oluphuhlisiweyo ekuhambeni kwexesha, lungakwenza ube ngumthombo othembekileyo wenkcazelo yommisi-mthetho othetha ngembambano entsonkothileyo. Xa uzimisa njengomntu onolwazi nonengqiqo, ilizwi lakho linempembelelo engaphaya kwayo nayiphi na ingxaki okanye isibhambathiso.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yenzelwe ukuba ibe nzima. Kufuna ukuzingisa, ubuchule nokuqonda. Kodwa yenzelwe ukuba ifikeleleke kwabo bazinika ixesha lokufunda isiseko sayo nemithetho yayo. I-Arm ngokwayo inolwazi, ibandakanyeke ngokungaguqukiyo, kwaye igcine abameli bakho benetyala. Le yindlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo xa abemi bexelelwe yaye besebenza.