Table of Contents
IBhunga leNtlanganiso laseUnited States limi njengenye yezona ntlangano zinamandla kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, isebenza njengomgcini-mikhosi ogxeka amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko yomgaqo-siseko. Ubukhulu babantu ngoomameli babo abanyuliweyo buqatshelwa kwiGatya I, eliyila iBhunga eliyiNxale kunye neNdlu yabameli. Ukuqonda indima yeNtlanganiso exhaswe kakhulu ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho kufuna ukuvavanya amandla ayo omgaqo-siseko, imisebenzi yomthetho-siseko, kunye nokuhlola okunika lona kwamanye amasebe karhulumente. Olu khokelo lunengqiqo lubonisa isizathu sokuba iNtlanga isoloko ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ilungelo lokulawula ilizwe laseMerika.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sendima yokhuselo yeBhunga
Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko bayila ngabom iBhunga leNtsimbi ukuze lisebenze njengegunya lokuzinzisa kurhulumente waseMelika. Ngehlobo lowewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe ananye, abathunywa kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko eFiladelfi bamisela umelo olulinganayo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli, bebizwa ngokuba "Kulalanisa Okukhulu" okanye "Ukulalanisa," esi sicwangciso sikhethekileyo somelo sobukhombutho sazisombululo esineyo sowona mcimbi wezo womGaqo-siseko. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba wonke amazwe, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani babemi, anelizwi, anelizwi elilinganayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abemi bawo.
IBhunga leNtsimbi yeUnited States liza kuba lizizicalucalulo ezimbini ezivela kuRhulumente ngamnye, ezinyulwe ngabantu balo, iminyaka emithandathu; kwaye iSenator nganye iza kuba nevoti enye. Eli gama leminyaka emithandathu linika abaququzeleli abazimeleyo abakhululeke ngakumbi kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika ezikhawulezileyo, zibavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kulwamkelo olude lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunokuba bakhethe intlalo yexesha elifutshane yezobupolitika.
IBhunga Njengenxalenye Yenkqubo Yokukhangela Nokulungelelana
Abalawuli bamisela ngabom inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano lokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Bayila igcisa eliphetheyo elinoxanduva lomthetho ngexesha benika iBhunga lowiso-mthetho namandla okulawula nokuqinisekisa ukuba icandelo lejaji elizimeleyo likwimeko ekhethekileyo kule nkqubo, elinamandla angenakusetyenziswa yiNdlu yabameli okanye nguMongameli kuphela.
UmGaqo-siseko owabelwe iKhomishini yokulungiselela amasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo, ukunyusa ingeniso, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokuwenza wonke umthetho oyimfuneko ekuphumezeni la magunya. KwiNgqungquthela, iNdlu yeeNgwevu ineembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, kuquka ukuqinisekiswa kwamaqumrhu alawulayo, ukubhaliswa kwezivumelwano, namandla okuzama ukuzama ukuthoba.
Imithetho yomthetho weBhunga namalungelo
Indima yeBhunga leMicimbi yeMicimbi yowiso-mthetho inika amathuba amaninzi okukhusela nokwandisa inkululeko yabemi. Inxalenye nganye yomthetho kufuneka idlule kuwo omabini amagumbi eBhunga, inika iNdlu yeeNtsimbi amandla okuhlola, ukuphendla, okanye ukugatya amatyala asenokusongela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.
Impinda Yebhadamal Iqinisekisa Ukuba Iqwalaselwe Ngokucokisekileyo
Imfuneko yokuba umthetho udlulise zombini iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela idala inkqubo enceda ekuthinteleni izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo ezinokuthi ziphazamisane namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ubungakanani obuncinane beNdlu yeQela buneephesenti ezingama-435.* Ivumela ukuba kuqhutywe impikiswano ebanzi kunye nohlolo oluneenkcukacha lwemithetho ecetyiweyo. Esi sakhiwo sithetha ukuba umthetho ochaphazela inkululeko engundoqo ufumana uhlalutyo ngokweembono ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.
Abaququzeleli banokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe imithetho eyomeleza ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, yongezelele imigaqo yokukhusela urhulumente ekuphathweni, okanye isuse amalungiselelo anokuchasana namalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yokulungisa ibibalulekile ngokwembali ekulungiseni imithetho ephathelele ukuzimela, ukuthetha ngokukhululekile, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho.
Amandla Okukhusela Amalungelo
IBhunga alithathi nje kuphela inyathelo kwimithetho evela kwiNdlu; linokuvelisa amatyala alo ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo abantu. Kwimbali yonke yaseMerika, abaququzeleli baye bamisela umthetho wesibonelelo othetha ngamalungelo abantu, ukuvota, amalungelo okukhusela abantu, kunye nezinye inkululeko ezisisiseko. Ubuchule beNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso bokubamba amatyala, ukuqokelela ubungqina obungochwepheshe, nokuqhuba uphando lunika isiseko somthetho osunguliweyo othetha ngezisongelo ezivela kwinkululeko yabantu ngabanye.
Ngokomzekelo, abaququzeleli baye bamisela umthetho obanzi othetha ngamalungelo okuvota, uhlaziyo lwezemali, kunye nokhuseleko oluchasene nokujongwa ngurhulumente. Inkululeko kuMthetho weVote/i-demokhrasi engqinelanayo ulungiso-mthetho olubalulekileyo olufuna ukuhlaziywa-mthetho-siseko, "iimilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi amaMerika avalwa kwibhokisi yokuvota kwaye awatshoni ngemali emnyama kunye nezilangazelelo zeshishini.
Isiqinisekiso somthetho: Impembelelo engapheliyo yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yamalungelo
Mhlawumbi akukho gunya leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso linamandla anzulu nahlala ehleli kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunokuqinisekiswa ngabagwebi besizwe. Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimi yeQela acebisayo nemvume mhlawumbi angumphumo omkhulu kwityala lomongameli kwiinkundla zephondo, apho abagwebi banikwa ubomi phantsi komGaqo-siseko kwaye banokupheliswa kuphela ngenkqubo yokungaququki kwexesha lokuququzelela.
Isizathu Sokuba Ukugweba Okuthile Kubaluleke Ngamalungelo Akho
Ukuzimela kweQumrhu III labagwebi likhusi elingqalileyo lenkululeko yakho yasekuhlaleni; banikwe amandla okuphelisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nomthetho-siseko kunye nesenzo sorhulumente esingekho mthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ingcinezelo yezobupolitika evela kumongameli okanye kwiBhunga. Abagwebi boManyano basebenza kwimiqathango yobomi bonke, ithetha izigqibo ezenziwa yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ebudeni beenkqubo zokuqinisekiswa zinokuchaphazela ukutolikwa nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko kangamashumi eminyaka.
Bonke abagwebi balawula amatyala achaphazela amalungelo ethu kunye nobuchule bethu bokuphila kwidemokhrasi echumayo, eneendidi ngezizwe. Abagwebi bayalela kumatyala abandakanya amalungelo okuvota, ukulingana kwempilo, amalungelo esiphene, ukukhusela abaphambukeli, amalungelo abantu abasebenzayo, ukukhathazwa ngokwesini, inkululeko ekucalucalucalulweni okusekelwe kunqulo, ekukhuselweni kwemekobume, ekukhuseleni izilwanyana, nakolunye ukhuseleko.
INkqubo Yokuqinisekisa Njengokhuseleko Lwamalungelo
IBhunga leNtlanganiso linamandla okucebisa nokuvumela. Le nkqubo iqala ukuya kwiKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeeNdlu zoLawulo, apho umtyunjwa athandatyuzwa khona ekuhleni ngeentanda-bulumko, amava, kunye nemithetho edlulileyo. Ukuba ikomiti iyavuma, i-commation iya kwiBhunga elipheleleyo ukuze kuvotelwe okokugqibela. Le nkqubo ivumela abaquququzeleli ukuba bahlole enoba abachongi baya kuwakhusela kusini na amalungelo omgaqo-siseko baze baxhase umthetho.
Icebiso leNdlu yeeNtsimi kunye nendima yokuvuma inika uvavanyo kumandla esebe eliphetheyo, iqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli bayahlolisiswa baze baphendulwe ngentanda-bulumko neemfaneleko zabo zomthetho. Ngokuncina ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa, abaququzeleli bangahlola iimbono zabaququzeleli kumalungelo asisiseko, ukuzimisela kwabo ukumisela imizekelo, nokuqonda kwabo ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.
Imizekelo yembali ibonisa ukuvuma kweBhunga lokulwa amatyala anokusongela inkululeko yabemi. IBhunga leNdlu yala isibini soMongameli uRichard Nixon − appes jaji yenkundla uClement F. Haynsworth, Jr., kunye noG. Harrold Carssell. Bobabini bajamelana nezityholo zokucalula ngokucalula abasebenzi nangamalungelo abantu. Oku kubonisa ukuba iNtsimbi ithatha imbopheleleko yayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi belizwe liya kukhusela amalungelo abo bonke abantu baseMerika.
Impembelelo yexesha elide yokutyunjwa kwezahlulelo zogwebo
Iingcamango zabagwebi zinokuyiphembelela ngokuphawulekayo impembelelo yokwenza kwabo izigqibo, ukuguqula ukuchazwa kwemithetho nokusetyenziswa kwemizekelo egweba. Ukutyunjwa kwabagwebi abanembono ethile kunokuba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwiinkundla, iphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwemithetho yomthetho kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngenxa yokuba abagwebi begunya lesizwe basebenzela ubomi, izigqibo zeBhunga leMithetho zidala ilifa eliyiliweyo elingaphaya kwalo naliphi na isebe lomongameli.
Ukubaluleka kwala mandla akunakuchazwa ngokugqithileyo. Ezi siqinisekiso zibaluleke ngokupheleleyo ekukhuseleni inkululeko nenkululeko yabemi bonke baseMerika. Abagwebi abaqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNgwevu baza kugqiba ngamatyala achaphazela amalungelo obuqu, inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, inkqubo efunekayo, nezinye iziqinisekiso ezingenakubalwa zemiGaqo-siseko ezizayo.
Isiqinisekiso samadinga alawulayo kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo
Ngaphandle kokumiswa kwekomiti egwebayo, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka iqinisekise amagosa amaninzi aphetheyo anezigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo abantu. Oku kuquka oonobhala, iintloko zeekhabhinethi, ii-arhente, namanye amagosa aphezulu alawulayo asebenzisa kwaye anyanzelisa imithetho echaphazela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni.
Amalungu eKhabhinethi kunye nokunyanzelwa kwamalungelo oluntu
IGeneral iAttorney, ekhokela iSebe leMithetho yoLuntu, yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni imithetho yamalungelo abantu nasekukhuseleni inkululeko yomgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa yeNdlu yeeNtsimi yeNtsimbi ivumela abaququzeleli ukuba bathandabuze ngokuzimisela kwabo ukumisela imithetho yamalungelo okuvota, ukukhusela ukucalucalulwa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba kugwetywe ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Ngokufanayo, unobhala weHomeland Security, unobhala-Mandla wezeMpilo nezoNtloko, namanye amalungu eBhabhinethi yenza izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko.
Ngenkqubo yokuqinisekisa, abaququzeleli bangakhupha izifungo kumphathi-mnethi malunga nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Isikhulumi uSibophele ukuzinikela kuNobhala Noem ukuba uzakulandela imiyalelo yenkundla ukuba uMongameli uzama ukunqumamisa i-habeas corpus kunye nenkundla yesizwe yawuguqula lo myalelo. Oku kubonisa indlela inkqubo yokuqinisekisa enokuba yindlela yokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko.
Intloko ye-arhente kunye nokhuseleko lolawulo
Amasebe amaninzi alawulayo anikela imimiselo echaphazela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukusuka ekukhuseleni ngasese ukuya kumgangatho wokhuseleko emsebenzini. Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi anika ithuba lokuqinisekisa ukuba la magosa aya kuhlonela imiqathango engokomGaqo-siseko kumandla karhulumente aze akhusele inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwizigqibo zawo zolawulo.
Isivumelwano seNdlu yeeNtsimbi
UMgaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso amandla okuvumela izivumelwano ezixoxwe nguMongameli. Eli gunya linentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, njengokuba izivumelwano zinokuchaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ukuya kukhuseleko lwemfihlo ekudlulisweni kogcino-lwazi lwezizwe ngezizwe.
Izivumelwano Zamalungelo Abantu Ehlabathi
Indima yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela zokuqinisekisa izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe iyazivumela ukuba izivumelwano ezinjalo zihambelane nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Abaququzeleli bangacebisa amathandabuzo, ukuqonda, okanye izindululo ezicacisa indlela eziza kuphunyezwa ngayo izibophelelo zesivumelwano ngendlela ehambelana neBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezinye iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko.
Ukukhusela Ulongamo Namalungelo omGaqo-siseko
Ngokufuna amaninzi amabini anesithathu ukwenzela ukuhlawuliswa kwesivumelwano, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe azinakukwazi ukuphazamisa ukhuseleko lwasekhaya. Uhlolo lononophelo lwezivumelwano lunceda ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kweembopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe ezinokungqubana namalungelo asisiseko namaMelika nenkululeko.
Ulawulo nophando lweBhunga
UMgaqo-siseko unika iNkomfa ekuphela kwegunya lokumisela umthetho nokuvakalisa imfazwe, ilungelo lokuqinisekisa okanye ukugatya ukumiswa kooMongameli abaninzi, kunye namandla amakhulu ophando. La mandla ophando enza ukuba iNdlu yeeNgwevu ikwazi ukutyhila izisongelo kumalungelo abantu ngabanye nokugcina amagosa karhulumente etyala ngokuchaphaza ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.
Uphando lweKomiti Neendlebe
Iikomiti zeNtlanganiso zisoloko ziququzelela iinkundla ukuze ziphande imibandela echaphazela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Olu hlolisiso lungabhenca ukuphandwa korhulumente, ukuxhatshazwa, ucalucalulo nezinye izisongelo kumalungelo abantu.
Iikomiti zinikela uphando lukawonke-wonke lwendlela imigaqo-nkqubo nezenzo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ngayo inkululeko yabantu. Iingcali, abameli, nabantu abachaphazelekayo banokungqina ngezisongelo kumalungelo abantu, kunceda ukwazisa ngezenzo zowiso-mthetho kunye nokuphaphela kwabantu. Lo msebenzi wokujonga imicimbi yesebe eliphetheyo onokuthi uphazamise ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko.
Ulawulo lobuntlola nomthetho
IKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimi eziNgwevu neKomiti yoLuntu idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni imisebenzi enokusongela amalungelo abantu obuqu kunye nenkululeko yabo.
Ngokwenziwa kweengcebiso ezifutshane nophando, abaququzeleli banokuhlola iinkqubo ezichuliweyo ezinokuphungulwa nguwonke wonke. Oku kunikela uncedo ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo okhuseleko lwesizwe aquka ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko.
Amandla Afunayo Nokuphendula
IBhunga leNtlanganiso liza kuba nelona gunya lokuzama zonke iiMpathiso. Le mbopheleleko yezomGaqo-siseko inika iBhunga igunya elipheleleyo lokususa amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka uMongameli, umongameli onguSekela-Mongameli, kunye nabagwebi besizwe, abasebenzisa kakubi igunya labo okanye abatyeshela imisebenzi yabo yomgaqo-siseko.
Ukukhusela Amalungelo Xa Uphendula
Amandla okungagunyaziyo asebenza njengesikhuseli esiqatha kumagosa asongela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Ngoxa iNdlu yabameli inamandla okugweba (ngokufanayo nokugweba), kuphela iNdlu yeeNgwebo enokuliqhuba ityala ize isuse igosa kwisikhundla. Xa uMongameli waseUnited States evavanywa, iJaji ePhakamileyo iya kulawula: Yaye akukho Mntu uya kugwetywa ngaphandle koMbutho wamalungu amabini anesiqendu akhoyo.
La mandla aqinisekisa ukuba amagosa achasene nesifungo sawo sokuphakamisa umGaqo-siseko anokubekwa ityala. Isisongelo sokungathobeli nokususwa sisebenza njengesithintelo kwizenzo eziphazamisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye okanye eziya kuphazamisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.
Imizekelo Engokwembali YokungaLamlelwa Namalungelo
Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iingcebiso ezingekho mthethweni ziye zathetha ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunye nokuphulwa kwemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi kwezi meko ibonisa ukuzimisela kwayo ukubeka amagosa esichengeni esibeka ityala xa esongela amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabemi baseMerika.
IFilibuster Nokhuseleko Lwamalungelo Amancinane
Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekhethekileyo, kuquka i-filbuster, isebenza ngokwembali ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane ngokufuna ukuvumelana okunzulu kutshintsho olukhulu lwemithetho. Ubuchule obuphezulu bama-60 abaququzeleli bomthetho bungaphula i-evenubuster ngokucela i-gamplate, okanye ukuququzelelwa kwengxoxo ekwisivumelwano somthetho, kwaye inyanzelisa ukuvota. Le mfuneko ithetha ukuba umthetho obalulekileyo ochaphazela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ufuna inkxaso ye-bipartarian.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho noKhuselo lwamalungelo
I-filbuster ikhuthaza ukuqhutyelwa phambili kwengxoxo nokucingisiswa ngemibandela ebalulekileyo. Olu hlolisiso longezelelekileyo lunganceda ekuboneni izisongelo kumalungelo omntu ngamnye kumthetho ocetyisiweyo luze luvelise amathuba okulungisa okomeleza ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko. Imfuneko yokuvumelana okubanzi inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kwimithetho echaphazela amalungelo asisiseko lubonisa okungaphezulu kolu sukelo luncincane.
Ukuthintela Inyathelo Elingenamsebenzi Kwiimbambano Zamalungelo
Ngokufuna inkxaso ephezulu yokuphelisa ingxoxo, imithetho yeBhunga inceda ekuthinteleni isenzo sokungxama kumthetho onokuthi uchaphazele amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yokuzimela inika ithuba lokungeniswa kolwazi lukawonke-wonke, uhlalutyo lobungcali, kunye nokuqwalasela ngenyameko indlela imithetho ecetyiweyo enokuthi ichaphazele ngayo inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.
Indima yeBhunga ekuhlaziyweni komGaqo-siseko
IBhunga leNtlanganiso lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuguqula umGaqo-siseko. Nakuphi na ukubuyiselwa komGaqo-siseko okucetyisiweyo makufumane ivoti yesithathu kwindlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeMalanga phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumazwe ukuze ikhutshwe. Lo mqobo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kumthetho osisiseko welizwe, kuquka inkxaso echaphazela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, iphakamile.
Ukukhusela Nokwandisa Amalungelo Ngokuhlaziywa
IBhunga leNtlanga yeeNdlela zokuHlaziya liye lanceda ekuqhubeni phambilini ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko olukhuselayo nolwandisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ladlula lithe gqi ngeStenamente ngoJuni 8, 1866, laza lavuma kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngoJulayi 9, 1868, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lwanika bonke abantu ubumi "abazelwe okanye abenziwe ngamakhoboka eUnited States," kuquka nabantu ababekade bekhotyokiswa, kwaye banika bonke abemi ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi kwemithetho," ukudlulisela amalungiselelo eBhili lamaLungelo kumazwe.
Le njongo yaguqula ngokusisiseko ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye eMelika, iqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente besizwe, njengorhulumente wesizwe, kufuneka bahlonele inkululeko yomGaqo-siseko. Indima yeNdlu yeNtsimbi ekufakeni nasekuqhubeni phambilini le nguqu ibonisa amandla ayo okomeleza ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.
Ukuthintela Ukuhlaziywa Okuyingozi
Kanye ngokubaluleka, imfuneko yeBhunga leNtsimbi yevoti ezimbini-ntathu inceda ekuthinteleni ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko olunokuthi luthintele amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Lo mqobo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko olungundoqo kumGaqo-siseko lungancitshiswa lula okanye lupheliswe.
Amalungelo Akhethekileyo Akhuselwa YiNdlela yokusebenza
Amagunya endlu yeNgoma adibene ukukhusela uninzi lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko yomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda indlela ezikhuseli ezisebenza ngayo kunceda kubonise ukubaluleka kweNdlu yeNyanga ekulondolozeni inkululeko.
Ukuncomela Amalungelo Nengqibelelo
IBhunga lisoloko lithetha ngamalungelo okuvota ngomthetho, ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, nangokuvelela. Utshintsho olugunyazisiweyo lukarhulumente ukuba ohlwaye luthi ilungelo labemi abavaliweyo lokuvota ngokulinganayo ngokunciphisa imelo labo kwiBhunga. Abaququzeleli bayaqhubeka bengenisa umthetho wokukhusela amalungelo okuvota, ukuthintela ukucinezelwa komvoti, nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwengqibelelo yabachongi.
Ngezobuveleli, abaququzeleli bahlolisisa izisongelo zamalungelo okuvota baze baphande izityholo zokucinezelwa kovoti okanye zolawulo olunegunya. IBhunga likwachaphazela amalungelo okuvota, njengoko abagwebi namagosa aphezulu benza izigqibo ezichaphazela ukufikelela konyulo nobulungisa bonyulo.
Amalungelo abantu ngasese kunye nokwanda korhulumente
INdlu yeeNtsimbi inendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo obuqu nxamnye noorhulumente abajolise ekuhlolweni. Ngomthetho, ngooveleli, nangokuqinisekiswa ngabagwebi namagosa aphezulu, abaququzeli basebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokuhlola ziquka ukukhuselwa okufanelekileyo kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Iikomiti zeNdlu yeeNtlanga zisoloko zihlola imisebenzi yobuntlola kunye nokugcinwa komthetho ukuze zithintele ukuxhatshazwa okungasongela ilungelo lobuqu nenkululeko yoluntu.
Intetho Yakukhululeka Nentetho
INdlu yeeNdlela zokuHlaziya Yokuqala ikhusela amalungelo okuHlaziya ngokusebenza kwayo imithetho kunye nolawulo. Izicaka zingawuchasa umthetho oya kuthintela inkululeko yokuthetha, zicebise izindululo zokukhusela inkululeko ecacileyo, zize ziqinisekise abagwebi abaza kuxhasa ukhuseleko olunamandla loLawulo lokuqala. Ngokuva nokuphanda, iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso inokuhlolisisa izisongelo zokukhulula ukuthetha kurhulumente nakubalinganisi-ndaba.
Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokuqhuba Nokunyanga Ngobulungisa
Umgaqo osemthethweni ofuna ukuba urhulumente anike isizathu sikawonke-wonke sokuvalela nokuvalela abantu entolongweni. I-Habeas corpus lilungelo elisisiseko elahlula abantu abakhululekileyo njengaseMelika kumaphondo amapolisa. IBhunga likhusela amalungelo afanelekileyo okuqhuba iinkqubo ngokuqinisekisa abagwebi abaza kuxhasa le migaqo yokhuseleko, ukukhupha umthetho oqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni, nokuphatha ulawulo lomthetho kunye nezenzo zokugcinwa kwemibutho.
Ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo namalungelo asekuhlaleni
Akukho Rhulumente uya kwenza okanye uya kunyanzelisa nawuphi na umthetho oza kuvala amalungelo okanye ukukhusela abemi baseUnited States; kwaye akukho naliphi na iLizwe eliya kuhlutha nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye akhanye nabani na ekulawuleni kwakhe ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho. IBhunga linyanzelisa ezi ziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko ngokuthintela ucalucalulo, ukunyanzelwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokuqinisekiswa kwamagosa abekwe ekusebenzeni ngokusesikweni.
Ulwalamano lweBhunga neMibutho yaMalungelo aBantwana
Imibutho yamalungelo amakhaya iyayiqonda indima ebalulekileyo yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ekukhuseleni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye isoloko inxulumana namaqumrhu kwimibandela echaphazela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Le mibutho inikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni, inikela amagqabaza ngomthetho, kwaye ixhasa ukuqinisekiswa kwabagwebi namagosa aza kukhusela inkululeko yabemi.
Bonke abantu baxhomekeke kubagwebi ukuba babe netyala, balandele umthetho, baqonde indlela izigqibo zabo ezibuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Enoba kuthethwa ngombutho oxhaphaza abathengi, urhulumente ophula amalungelo omntu, okanye isibhedlele esiphatha kakubi umguli, abagwebi banembopheleleko enkulu kwaye kufuneka bakhethwe ngokusekelwe kwiimfaneleko zabo nakubuntu babo. Isihlalo ngasinye sokugweba kwimicimbi yesizwe sethu ukwenzela ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko, amalungelo ethu asisiseko, kunye nobomi bethu iminyaka ezayo.
Ucelomngeni kwindima yamalungelo eBhunga
Ngoxa iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso inendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi ekuphumezeni le mbopheleleko. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda abemi baqonde ukubaluleka kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso nokufuneka kokuhlala bephaphile ekukhuseleni inkululeko yomGaqo-siseko.
Name
Ukuhla kolwando lwezimvo zamaqela amabini amakhulu ezobupolitika kwinkulungwane yama-21 kwaphakamisa izithintelo zokuchophela ityala kwiNkundla yeNtlanganiso, hayi nje ukuququzelela inkundla ePhakamileyo. Isantya sokuqinisekiswa kwabagwebi sithoba, kunye nokungaququzelelwa kwenkundla ephantsi okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwabekwa phantsi kweqela elincinane. Oku kuhlaliswa kunokwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukufikelela uvumelwano lwebhipartastan rhoqo oluyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokunempumelelo.
Iinguqu Ezingokwemo
Ngo-2013 iNdlu yeeNtsimbi zeQela zasebenzisa amandla azo amaninzi ukuxhobisa ubuchule benyukliya obubizwa ngokuba lukhetho lwenyukliya, ukuhamba okuzinzisayo okunciphisa umqobo wokuphelisa ingxoxo kumatyala aphantsi enkundla egweba kuninzi olulula. Ukutshintshwa kweenkqubo zeNdlu yeeNtlalo kungayichaphazela indlela elikhusela ngokunempumelelo ngayo ilungelo lomntu ngamnye ngokutshintsha umlinganiselo phakathi komthetho omninzi kunye nokhuseleko oluncinane.
Ulwando lwamandla alawulayo
Ukwanda kwegunya elilawulayo kunika ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kubuchule beNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukukhangela izenzo ezisenokusongela amalungelo abantu. Njengoko oomongameli beya bexhomekeka kwimiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu nakwizenzo zolawulo, iNdlu yeeNgwevu kufuneka ifumane iindlela zokuphatha ngokunempumelelo kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lugcinwe.
Indlela Abemi Abanokudibana Ngayo NeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso Zamalungelo
Ukuqonda indima yeBhunga lokukhusela amalungelo linyathelo lokuqala. Abami bangathatha indima esebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaququzeleli baphumeza iimbopheleleko zabo zomgaqo-siseko ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.
Ukunxibelelana Nezandisi
UMmerika ngamnye umelwe zii-senetaria ezimbini, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zihlala kweliphi ilizwe. Abahlali bangaqhagamshelana nabameli babo ukuze bachaze iimbono ezingomthetho ochaphazela amalungelo abantu, ukuchonga komthetho, ukuchonga kolawulo, ukubeka imigaqo yesebe, kunye nemiba yokuvelela.
Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi
Ukugunyazisa kunyulo lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kuvumela abemi ukuba bakhethe abameli abaza kubeka ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ngenxa yokuba abaququzeleli besebenzisa amagama akwiminyaka emithandathu, olu nyulo luneziphumo ezizinzileyo zokuzinzisa indlela iBhunga elizikhusela ngayo ngokunempumelelo inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.
Ukuxhasa Imibutho Elawulayo
Imibutho emininzi isebenza ukukhusela inkululeko yabemi kunye namalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngokubandakanyeka neNdlu yeNdlu yeQela engomthetho, ukuququzelela kunye nolawulo. Ukuxhasa le mibutho kunika amazwi avakalayo abemi kwaye kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ifumana igalelo elinolwazi ngemibandela echaphazela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ungafunda okuninzi ngenkululeko yasekuhlaleni kwiintlangano ezifana ne- American Liberties Union[ kunye neNgqungquthela yamalungelo eMganganyelweni yoLawulo lwamakhaya namalungelo abantu.
Ukuhlala Unolwazi
Emva kokuthethwa kweNdlu yeeNtsimbi, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti neengxoxo ezisemgangathweni zinceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela abaphendula ngayo oosomashishini babo abathetha ngemibandela echaphazela amalungelo abo. INdlu yeeNtlanga inika abantu ithuba lokuva iindlebe, ukuvota nezinye iziganeko, nto leyo evumela abemi ukuba bajonge indlela abakhusela ngayo ngokunempumelelo ngayo abameli babo inkululeko engokomGaqo-siseko.
Ikamva Lendima Yamalungelo Endlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso
Njengokuba ibutho labantu baseMerika liguquka lize lifumane ucelomngeni olutsha kumalungelo omntu ngamnye, indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ekukhuseleni inkululeko yezomGaqo-siseko ihlala ibalulekile kunanini na ngaphambili. Ubugcisa obudibanisayo, izithethe ezitshintshayo zentlalo, kunye nezisongelo ezizinzileyo zenkululeko zifuna ukuqwalaselwa nokuqhelaniswa okuqhubekayo.
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye namalungelo emfihlo
Iminyaka yamanani inika ucelomngeni olutsha kumalungelo abantu ayimfihlo kunye nenkululeko yabemi. INdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka ithethe ngeemeko ezifana nokuzimela kogcino-lwazi, ubuchule bokuhlola urhulumente, ubukrelekrele obungeyonkqubo, namandla eenkampani zobugcisa. Ngomthetho, ulawulo, nokuqinisekiswa kwamagosa aqonda le mibandela, iNdlu yeeNgwevu inokuba luncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkqubela yezobugcisa ayingeni ekuphulukaneni namalungelo omgaqo-siseko.
Ukukhusela Imigaqo - siseko Yedemokhrasi
Amalungelo abantu angomGaqo-siseko angundoqo wedemokhrasi yethu nesiseko sorhulumente wethu. Ukukholosa kwabantu ngorhulumente wethu nonyulo kukwabalulekile kwimpilo yohlanga lwethu. INdlu yeNdlu idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ingqibelelo yamaqumrhu olawulo-siseko, ekuqinisekiseni ukuba unyulo olufanelekileyo luthintele ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya okunokuphelisa ulawulo olusemgqeni.
Ukuqhelana Nezisongelo Ezitsha
Njengoko kuvela izisongelo ezintsha kumalungelo omntu ngamnye, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka ilungise imisebenzi yayo yokukhusela ukuze icombulule iingxaki zale mihla. Oku kungaquka ukusingatha imibandela efana nokuchanabeka kwemithetho-siseko, amalungelo amanani, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuluntu olubuthathaka, nezinye izinto ezichaphazela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.
Indawo Ekhethekileyo Yendlu yecawa Kurhulumente waseMerika
UmGaqo-siseko kunye nezinye iziko lomthetho-siseko wesizwe sethu ziqinisekisa amaMerika inkululeko yawo yasekuhlaleni kwaye zithintele amagunya karhulumente ombindi. Bonke abantu baseMerika banelungelo lokufumana okusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, ngaphandle kokwahlulwa, kunye nokhuseleko kurhulumente worhulumente ozimeleyo nongenamkhethe. Inkqubo yethu engokwasemthethweni, esetyenziswa kwiinkundla zethu, inembopheleleko yokulondoloza amalungelo ethu omgaqo-siseko kurhulumente ongathintelwanga nokuqinisekisa ukuba kugwetyelwa okukhawulezayo nokusesikweni xa kuyimfuneko.
Isakhiwo sale Cathena kunye namandla ayenza ifaneleke ngokukhethekileyo ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Umlinganiselo wayo omncinci xa uthelekiswa neNdlu uvumela ukuqwalaselwa kwemibandela echaphazela inkululeko yomgaqo-siseko. La magama eminyaka emithandathu anika abaququzeleli abazimeleyo abazimeleyo kwiingcinezelo ezikhawulezileyo zezobupolitika. Umelo olulinganayo lwamazwe luqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abemi kumazwe amancinane bafumana ulwabo oluqwalaselwano olufanayo nalawo asemagunyeni amakhulu.
IBhunga Leentloko - Mbini Njengesiqu Esineempazamo
Izithethe zeBhunga leNdlu yeengxoxo ezinyusiweyo kunye nolwazelelelo lwenza kube kuhle ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezichaphazela amalungelo abantu. Ngokungafaniyo neNdlu, apho ingxoxo isoloko ilinganiselwe, iBhunga livumela ukuvavanywa ngokucokisekileyo kwemithetho ecetyiweyo enokuthi ichaphazele ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi wesibonelelo unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ochaphazela amalungelo asisiseko ufumana uhlolo olufanelekileyo.
Ukhuseleko nenkumbulo yeziko
Ngenxa yokuba igumbi linye kuphela kwisithathu sonyulo qho emva kweminyaka emibini, ligcina intsebenziswano kunye nenkumbulo encedayo ekukhuseleni imigaqo emide emile yomgaqo-siseko. Olu nyuko luvumela iNdlu yeeNgwevu ukuba ixhathise iingcinezelo zezopolitiko zokwexeshana ezisenokusongela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokugcina inkululeko yomgaqo-siseko ikhuselekile kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika.
Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwindlu Yezigwebo
IBhunga leMimandla yowiso-mthetho, ukuqinisekisa igunya, imisebenzi yobuveleli, neempawu ezikhethekileyo zombutho, iNdlu yeeNgwevu isebenza njengonogada obalulekileyo wenkululeko yomgaqo-siseko.
Ukusuka ekuqinisekiseni abagwebi abaza kuchaza umGaqo-siseko oza kuthabatha amashumi eminyaka ezayo, ukudlulisa umthetho okhusela inkululeko yabemi, ukukhokela izenzo zikarhulumente ezisenokusongela amalungelo abantu, iNdlu yeeNyanga ezilawula ngokungqalileyo iinkonzo ezinanditshwa ngabantu baseMerika suku ngalunye. Njengowesithathu, olinganayo norhulumente, ijaji elinegunya lokuchaza imithetho, elahluke ngabom kwimithetho enikwe indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ibhale imithetho kunye nomphathi-ofisi ukuze ayinyanzele.
Ukuqonda indima yeBhunga lokukhusela amalungelo kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo nokubamba abaququzeleli babo abaza kuphendula ngokukhuselekileyo ngokukhusela inkululeko engokomGaqo-siseko. Njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye, imisebenzi yokhuseleko yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso ihlala ibalulekile njengakuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso sedemokhrasi yaseMelika ./imvume yokulawula nokusesikweni kuzo zonke iziqubuthela ukuzalisekiswa.
Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko badala iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ukuze isebenze njengequmrhu elizimeleyo eliza kukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kubo bobabini abagqwesileyo nolawulo lobuzwilakhe bokwexeshana. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini kamva, lo mbono uhlala ufanelekile. Ngokusebenzisa amandla awo omgaqo-siseko ngokucinga kakuhle nangokuzinikezela ekukhuseleni inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ziyaqhubeka zisebenza njengesongelelo esiyimfuneko kumalungelo nenkululeko echaza ubumi baseMelika.
Nokuba ngokuphenjelelwa ngononophelo kwenkundla egwebayo eya kukhusela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ukumiswa komthetho okwandisa inkululeko yabemi, ukulawulwa kwezenzo zolawulo ezisenokusongela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, okanye ukuqwalaselwa okungenalusini kwemiba entsonkothileyo echaphazela inkululeko esisiseko, iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi ephumeza umsebenzi wayo wesiseko wokukhusela amalungelo abo bonke abantu baseMerika. Le ndima ikhusela ibangela ukuba iNtlanga ingabi siso nje isiko esibalulekileyo, kodwa ibaluleke ekulondolozeni iriphabliki esemthethweni eqinisekisa inkululeko nokusesikweni kubo bonke abantu.
Ulwazi oluninzi ngendlela iBhunga leNtlanganiso elisebenza ngayo nendima yalo kurhulumente waseMelika, tyelela iwebhsayithi e-U.S.. Ukufunda ngomthetho wangoku ochaphazela amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko, ungahlola ubuncwane Conreg.