Ukuqhayisa kudla ngokuchazwa njengesiseko sedemokhrasi, kodwa oko kuthethwa kuko kudlulela ngaphaya kwesithethe sesizwe. Ivoti nganye ithwele ubunzima obusemthethweni obulawulayo, obugunyazisayo, bukhusela amalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka okusemthethweni kokuthabatha inxaxheba kubonisa isizathu sokuba ukuvota kungekuphela nje kukhetho kodwa kuyindlela esisiseko yokugcina umthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ufumana amandla awo ngokuvumelana nabalawuli.

Intsingiselo Esemthethweni Yokudlulisela Intetho

Enyanzelweni yalo, ukuvota sisenzo esisemthethweni esiguqula ukhetho lomntu ngamnye lube zisigqibo esimanyeneyo. Xa abemi bevota, basebenzisa ilungelo elibekwe kwimigaqo-siseko, imimiselo, kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Esi siseko sisemthethweni sinika unyulo igunya labo kwaye sibophelele urhulumente onyuliweyo ekuthandeni abantu. Ngaphandle kokuba nenxaxheba ebanzi, igunya lonyulo linokucelwwa ngokusemthethweni, okunokwenzeka kusekwe kummiselo wemithetho, irhafuthelo le-levy, okanye ukunikezela ngohlanga kwiimbopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe.

Intsingiselo esemthethweni yokuvota ikwakumsebenzi wayo wokuhlola igunya. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, ilungelo lokuvota libotshelelwe kwamanye amalungelo . njengokufumana inkululeko yokuthetha nendibano, ngenxa yokuba inika abemi indlela engqalileyo yokuphembelela inkqubo yezobupolitika. Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba ukuvota lilungelo elisisiseko elingenakuvalwa ngaphandle kokunyanzeleka. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ku [FLT: 0]. uSims (19644) umisela umgaqo “womntu omnye, ivoti enye,” ivakalisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota lilo “lonke.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yokuthetha Njengelungelo Elisemthethweni

Ukubaluleka okusemthethweni kokuvota kuye kwakhula kwiinkulungwane. Umthetho wolawulo-lwazi lwangaphambili obekelwe umda kumadoda azigadayo ngezinto zempahla, kodwa izakhiwo zale mihla zomthetho ziye zandisa ukuhlaziywa komthetho ngokupheliswa, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zamalungelo abantu. UMthetho-Mgaqo-siseko we-19th Demende kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.Wanika abafazi ilungelo lokuvota; uMthetho wokwahlula amaLungelo wonyaka ka-6566 owalela ucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteleni. Ngokunjalo iziganeko ezingokomthetho zenzeka kwamanye amazwe (*) umzekelo, ukufuziselwa kwabantu kwimisebenzi yoBukumkani boMgaqo-siseko we-siseko we-Australia waphelisa iimfanelekomfaneleko wempahla, kunye noMthetho we-Otherceal Elctoral Actal Act wolawulo lwamayela eOvential woluntu jikelele jikelele wom we-oventi yocalu nyaka ka-19662.

Ezi nguqulelo zomthetho azizenzekanga; zabangelwa kukuthatha inxaxheba, ukuthatha inxaxheba, nokulwa kwemithetho. Ulwandiso ngalunye lwamalungelo okuvota lwaqinisa umgaqo othi ukuba nenxaxheba kukunikwa ilungelo elisemthethweni, kungekhona ilungelo elinikwe ngabo basemagunyeni. Namhlanje, izixhobo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (Artle 25), ligqala ilungelo lokuvota njengelungelo elisisiseko lomntu, ukumisela izivumelwano ezisemthethweni ukuqinisekisa unyulo olukhululekileyo nolulungileyo.

Ukukhusela Okusemthethweni Nokuxhasa Amalungelo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinombolo zokuvota, iinkqubo zomthetho zimisela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kucalucalulo, ukungalungisi, kunye nokuqhatha. Ezi migaqo-siseko ifakwe kwimithetho-siseko, kwimithetho yonyulo, nakwizigqibo zokugweba. Ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi abafanelekileyo bangabhalisa, baphose i-octive ngaphandle koloyiko, kwaye ivoti yabo ibalwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Imithetho Echaseneyo

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yokuphelisa imiqobo yokuvota esekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, ubufanasini, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, okanye ulwimi. UMthetho wokuBonisa ngamalungelo e-U.S. ka-1965, ngokomzekelo, ukwalela iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala kunye nezinye izenzo zokuvula izithuba kuMazantsi kwaye kufunwa imigaqo-siseko elawulayo kunye nembali yocalulo ukuze afumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokutshintsha iinkqubo zokuvota. Amanye amazwe anezikhuseli ezifanayo: UMthetho we-Canada we-Evolutions[ Canada u-Expost [[FLT]]] iqinisekisa ukufumaneka komvoti ngemiqobo, kunye neKhomishini yokuHlawulo ye-Indiya igunyaziso inyanze umthetho wendlela yokuzibopha i-voti nokuzi.

Ezi zikhuseli zomthetho azimi ndawonye; zijongene nocelomngeni olungapheliyo. Izigqibo zenkundla zakutshanje eUnited States, ezinjenge Shelby County v. Umphathi (2013]), wagatya amalungiselelo angundoqo oMthetho wamalungelo eVoting Act, ekhokelela kwimithetho emitsha kumacandelo amaninzi athi abahlalutyi bathi ngokungenalusini bachaphazela ivoti abambalwa. Lo mzabalazo oqhubekayo ubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokukhusela amalungelo okuvota ngomthetho nowombini.

Izixhobo Zokukhusela Okuqhelekileyo

ngapha koko, iinkqubo zomthetho zimisela iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka konyulo. Ezi ziquka:

  • Iinkqubo zobhaliso lweVoter: imiyalelo ifuna iinkqubo ezichanekileyo nezifikelelekayo zobhaliso, ngokufuthi ngokuzenzekelayo okanye ngokukhetha usuku olunye.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imiyalelo ye-Specret translate withreams: Inkoliso yedemokhrasi ifuna ukuba ukuvota kube kokwasese ukuthintela ukunyanzeliswa nokunyotywa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Khupha ushicilelo kunye nogcino: Imithetho yekhayin-of- curtody ikhusela uphazamiso.
  • Ukubala kunye namalungiselelo ophicotho-zincwadi: inkqubo yokuyila isiseko ivumela iziphumo ezilucelomngeni ukuba kurhanelwa izinto ezingentle.
  • Iikhomishini yonyulo ezizimeleyo: izizwe ezininzi zidala amaqumrhu azimeleyo ukunikezela ngonyulo ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezobupolitika.

Ezi nkqubo zomthetho zingundoqo wokuthenjwa konyulo. Xa zisebenza kakuhle, ziqinisa ukuthenjwa kwabantu; xa zisilela, zinokubangela iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni ezifikelela kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo. Ngokomzekelo, unyulo oluphikisayo eKenya, eUganda, naseUnited States luvelise imithetho ebalaseleyo engokubala imilinganiselo, iinjongo zovoti, kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho.

Imiphumo Yokungakhuthazi

Ngoxa ukuvota kunelungelo, kwiindawo ezininzi kukwayimbopheleleko esemthethweni. Imiphumo yokungavoti ingasuka ekubeni kukungalungi komfuziselo ukuya kwisohlwayo semali, kwaye iziphumo zidlulela ngaphaya komvoti ngamnye kwibutho labantu liphela.

Iinkqubo zokunyusa nokunyusa ezinyanzelisayo

Malunga namazwe angama-20 `kuquka i-Ostreliya, iBelgium, i-Brazil, ne-Uruguay'. Kula mazwe, abemi abafanelekileyo kufuneka bavote kunyulo lukarhulumente, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokugula, ukuhamba, okanye ukulwa nonqulo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuvota ngaphandle kwesizathu esivakalayo sokufumana intlawulo, kwaye ukungathobeli ngokuphindaphindiweyo kungakhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwamalungelo okuvota okanye ezinye izigwebo.

Ngokomzekelo, iCommonwealth Electoral Act yase-Australia ifuna bonke abemi ababhalisweyo ukuba bavote. Isohlwayo okwangoku yi-AUD $20 ngenxa yokusilela ukuvota ngaphandle kwesizathu esifanelekileyo, nokwanda okuhle ukuba ayihlawulwa. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukuvota okunyanzelelwayo kuqinisekisa ukurhoxa komvotelo oluphezulu kwaye inyanzelisa amaqela ezobupolitika ukuba abhenele kubo bonke abanyuli kunokuba aphe abo baphelw'ihlolo. Abachasi bathi iphazamisa inkululeko yokungavoti kwaye isenokukhokelela ekuvoti okanye ekuvotiseni. Ngokunjalo, ilungiselelo lomthetho lithetha ukuba ukuvota njengomsebenzi wesizwe onyanzelwe ngumthetho.

Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni Lokukhetha

Xa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yonyulo ingaphumeleli ukuvota, ukuma okusemthethweni konyulo kungabuzwa. Kwamanye amazwe, ukurhoxa okusezantsi kuye kwasetyenziswa njengezizathu zenkundla yokufuna iziphumo ezingenanto. Abalawuli basenokuphikisa ngelithi urhulumente ophumeleyo akamelani ngokwenene nabantu, ingakumbi ukuba ukurhoxa kungaphantsi komnyango womthetho. Ngoxa iinkundla zinqabile ukubhukuqa unyulo ngenxa yokujika kancinci, ukuqondwa kokungalawuleki kwenkundla kungakhokelela ekungazinzini kwezobupolitika nasekuguquleni komthetho.

Ngaphezu koko, abavoti ngabanye abakhetha ukungathabathi nxaxheba kwilungelo elisemthethweni lokukhuphisana neziphumo zonyulo. Iinkundla zidla ngokufuna ukuba abachopheli babonise ukuba bachaphazeleke ngenxa yokungalungisi okutyholwayo, kwaye umntu ongakhange avote angakufumani kulula ukuma. Ngoko, ngokuhlala ekhaya, abemi abalahlekelwa yimpembelelo yabo kuphela kodwa kwanendlela yabo esemthethweni yokuvavanya iinkqubo ezingekho ngqiqweni.

Udityaniso oludityanisiweyo nonxulumano lomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukungarhoxi akuzange kumchaphazele umntu; kuchaphazela umjikelo wokonyula. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abangengovolo badla ngokuthanda ukuba bancinane, bahlwempuzeke kakhulu, bahlwempuzeke kakhulu kunabo bavoti. Xa la maqela ehlala ekhaya ngokuqhubekayo, amagosa anyulweyo akanazintshukumisa zininzi zokuthetha ngeengxaki zawo. Oku kudala umjikelo wokuzilungisa ngokwawo: ukuhluthwa kwemigaqo-siseko engayihoyikiyo imibutho yabantu abangenayo, eqhubeka idimaza inxaxheba. Isiphumo esisemthethweni singurhulumente onokuthi ungakwazi ukukhusela ngokulinganayo izilangazelelo zabo bonke abemi, ucuthe iziqinisekiso ezilinganayo kwimithetho-siseko emininzi.

Indima Yenkqubo Yasemthethweni Kukhetho Lwengqibelelo

Unyulo ziinkqubo ezisemthethweni ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni. Inkqubo esemthethweni inika imithetho, iintsuku-suku, kunye nokunyanzelisa iziphumo zokungafezeki. Ukugcina ingqibelelo yonyulo kufuna ulawulo oluqhubekayo notshintsho olusemthethweni ngamaxesha athile.

Ubuchule Obusemthethweni Bokwenza Okulungileyo

Imithetho yokhetho imisela iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zokuthintela ukuqhatha nokuqinisekisa ukuchana:

  • Imithetho ye-ID yeVotler: Amanye amazwana afuna uchazo lwefoto kuvolo. Ngeli xesha yenzelwe ukuthintela ukuqhatha, le mithetho ithanda ukuphikisana nabavoti abafanelekileyo ngaphandle kwe-ID.
  • Ukufumana ugcino-lwazi: Kwinkqubo zokuvota ezikwiposi, imithetho igunyazisa iikhowudi ezikhethekileyo kunye nokutyikitya utyikityo ukufumanisa ukuvota okuphindwe kabini okanye ubuxoki.
  • Uphicotho-zincwadi lokhetho lweposi: lufuna uphicotho-zincwadi olungacwangciswanga lwephepha ukuqinisekisa uphando lwe-elektroniki. Olu xwebhu lugunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni kwaye luqhutywa ziingcali ezizimeleyo.
  • Imithetho yemali eqingqiweyo: ilinganisela iminikelo kwaye ifuna ukutyhilwa ukukhusela urhwaphilizo nempembelelo engafanelekanga.

Xa ezi ndlela zobuchule zingaphumeleli, iinkundla zingena. EUnited States, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo bush v. Gore ngokuphumelelayo yayiphelisa ingxelo yeFlorida yaza yagqiba unyulo lomongameli. Kutshanje, iinkundla kulo lonke ilizwe ziye zalawula kwiimpikiswano ngexesha leposi, ukutyikitya ukudityaniswa, kunye nokukhutshwa kwevoti. Ezi mithetho zibonisa ukuba inkqubo esemthethweni ayingomgcini nje kodwa ngumxhasi okhutheleyo kwiziphumo zonyulo.

Comment

Enye yezona ndawo zilwayo zomthetho wonyulo ibandakanya ukususwa kwabavoti kuluhlu lokubhalisela. Ama-odoli anomdla osemthethweni wokulondoloza iiroom ezichanekileyo, kodwa ukuhlanjululwa kobundlobongela kuye kwabelwa umngeni wokwaphula imithetho yesizwe efana neNational Voter Regatorial Act (NVRA). iMithetho esoloko ichaphazela ukuhlambulula okuncinane nokungangeni kakuhle komvoti. Amada asemthethweni angqonge le misebenzi abonisa indlela ulawulo lonyulo olusekelwe ngayo ngokunzulu kwimithetho yesiseko kunye nemithetho.

Ukucinezelwa Kwezinto Neengxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni

Phezu kwazo nje iinkuselo ezisemthethweni, imigudu yokucinezela ukuvota iyaqhubeka. Ukucinezelwa kwe-Voter kungathabatha iintlobo ezininzi ngezantsi ukusuka kwimithetho ye-ID engqongqo kunye nokucutha iiyure zokuvota ukuya kutsho ekupheliseni iindawo zokuvota kwimimandla encinane. Ezi zenzo zidla ngokucelw'ucelo-gosa ngokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo karhulumente.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Olungokwasemthethweni

Emva konyulo lwase-U.S. 2020, amaphondo amaninzi amisela imithetho engqongqo yokungena ekuvoteni, echaza izibhengezo ezingekho ngqiqweni zokuqhatha okusasazekileyo. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu yamangalelwa, iphikisa ngelithi le mithetho iyalichasa iCandelo 2 loMthetho wamaLungelo. Umzekelo, inkundla yesizwe yaseGeorgia yawugatya umthetho owawungakuvumeli ukulungiselela ukutya namanzi ukuvota abantu belindile, iwubiza njengomthwalo wasekunene wokuvota. ETexas, ityala lacel'icel'imbambano yacela urhulumente ukuba angavumeli ukuqhuba ngevota.

Kumazwe ngamazwe, ukucinezelwa kwabavoti kungagqithisa. Kwamanye amazwe, amaqela abachasi ajamelana nokuhlaselwa ngokusemthethweni, kwaye izikhululo zokuvota zibekwe kwiindawo ezikude okanye eziyingozi. Iintlanganiso zonyulo lwezizwe ngezizwe zidla ngokubhala uhlolo olunjalo, kwaye ingcinezelo esemthethweni yemibutho yamalungelo abantu ingenza iinguqulelo.

Idabi Elisemthethweni Lokulwa Nokoyikiswa

Usongelo lweVoter `enokuba luvela kwizisongelo, iimbonisi ezixhotyisiweyo, okanye ulwazi olulahlekisayo `lungekho mthethweni' kwinkoliso yedemokhrasi. Imithetho ye-U.S. yenza ukuba kube lulwaphulo-mthetho “ukuchanaba, ukusongelo, okanye ukunyanzela” nabani na ngenjongo yokuphazamisana nelungelo labo lokuvota. Abatshutshisi boMalumelwano bangazisa izityholo, kwaye amaxhoba angamangalelwa ukuba afumane umonakalo. Noko ke, ukunyanzeleka akulingani. Inkqubo yomthetho mayizinyanzele ezi zixhobo ukuphelisa usongelo nokuphelisa abaphuli-mthetho, beqinisekisa ukuba isenzo sokuvota sihlala sikhuselekile kwaye sikhululekile.

Ikamva Lokudlulisela Amalungelo

Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye nebutho labantu ziguquka, kufuneka ziphinde zivuleke ngokusemthethweni ekuvoteleni. Imingeni emitsha ivela kwizisongelo zokungakhuli, ukwanda kokuvota iposi, neengxoxo ngokubhaliswa kovoti abazenzekelayo. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iza kuqhubeka idlala indima engundoqo ekuchaneni indlela amaMerika nabemi behlabathi lonke abasebenzisa ngayo ukuvota.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa okusemthethweni

Uvota, uvotelo lwe-Intanethi, novota, kunye nee-ID zamanani zihlolwa njengendlela zokwandisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuvuseleleka. Noko ke, uhlaziyo ngalunye luphakamisa imibuzo esemthethweni: Singaqinisekisa njani ukuba ibhola yemivoti iphoswe ngumvoti osemthethweni? Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umncedisi uhla ngobusuku bonyulo? Imithetho kufuneka ilungiswe ukuphendula ezi meko, ngokufuthi ngeenkqubo zomqhubi kunye nemigaqo ebhaliswe ngocoselelo. Ukuchaza umhla, iingcali ezininzi zicebisa, zikhankanya ukungabikho kobugcisa obukhuselekileyo.

Ukubaluleka Okukhulayo Kokulawula Iijaji

Ngokupheliswa kwezobupolitika, iinkundla ziye zaba ngabameli abapheleleyo bemithetho yonyulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. izimisele ukuva amatyala okuvota iza kuguqula umhlaba kangangeminyaka. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko kwamanye amazwe ngezantsi njengeNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseJamani ekwakumiselwe imithetho ebalaseleyo kwimali yeqela, imiqobo yokuvota, kunye neemfuno zobumi. Imisebenzi esemthethweni iya kubizwa ngakumbi ukuba ikhusele ize ichaze ilungelo lokuvota.

Utyekelo Lwehlabathi Lonke

Inkqubela phambili yokwandisa ukufikelela kovota. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela ukuvota okungekhoyo ehlabathini lonke, anciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ibe yi-16, okanye amabanjwa aguqukileyo. Utshintsho ngalunye lubandakanya amadabi asemthethweni ngokuchazwa komGaqo-siseko nangexabiso lokuthabatha inxaxheba. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ucebisa ukuba ukubaluleka okusemthethweni kokuvota kuya kukhula, njengoko amaqela amaninzi efuna ukubandakanywa kwaye njengoko ubugcisa bucel ’ umngeni iingcamango ezingokwesithethe zokuchola iindawo kunye neebhola zomgunyaziso.

Isiphelo

Kulo lonke uvota kumele kuboniswe intsingiselo esemthethweni ehlaziywe ngamaziko edemokhrasi. Ukugunyazisa oorhulumente abasemthethweni, ukukhusela amalungelo abo ngabanye, kunye nokuphendula ityala. Ukusilela ukuvota kungenza buthathaka ukuma okusemthethweni, kunciphise ukumela, kwaye, kwamanye amazwe, kubangela ukuba kuhlawulwe okanye kuhlawulwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olujikeleze ukuvota /ukusuka kwimithetho echasene nohlanga-lufuna ukuphengululwa kweenkqubo .

Isenzo sokuvota asiyonto umntu azikhethela yona; sisenzo esisemthethweni esidibanisa umntu nesizwe. Xa abemi bevota, baqinisekisa isivumelwano sobuntlalo esidibanisa urhulumente nabalawulwa. Xa beluyeka, bashiya eso sivumelwano sisemngciphekweni wokukhukuliseka. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka okusemthethweni kokuthabatha inxaxheba kwenza kucace isizathu sokuba ukuvota okuthi ngokwenene kubaluleke kungekuphela nje ngonyulo, kodwa kusempilweni nasemthethweni womthetho ngokwawo.

[[FLT:] ifunda ngokuphindaphindeneyo: Ukutshona okunzulu kwisiseko esisemthethweni samalungelo okuvota, jonga kwi-American Civil Liberties Union ukuqwalaselwa kwengcaciso [[FLT: 1] yamalungelo [[FLT:], iBrennan Center yoHlalulo loLugwebo [[FLT:]]. I-Elmetal Commission inikela iinkcukacha [[FL:] ukuvota okucinezekelelayo [[FLT]], kunye nokhokelo lwe-Bhululegi ye-omati yeZizwe Ezihlangene lweNtloko Yoluntu [[FLT] [FFF]]