Ukwazisa: Indlela Urhulumente Abutshintsha Ngayo Ubomi Bakho

Izigqibo ezenziwa ngamagosa karhulumente ./nakuko nakumagumbi ebhunga lesixeko sakho, kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, okanye kwisizwe sakho zichaphazela ubunjani bobomi bakho ngokungqalileyo kunokuba abantu abaninzi besazi. Ukusuka ekucocekeni kwamanzi empompo ukuya kukhuseleko lweendlela, ukusuka kwirhafu ongayihlawulwayo ukuya kumoya owuphefumlayo, urhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba amisela imithetho, anika iinkonzo, kwaye anika ubuncwane obumavayo imihla ngemihla. Kodwa abemi abaninzi abaqondi ukuba yeyiphi inxalenye yorhulumente ebeke ityala lento ebangela ukuba kuphi inkxalabo, izikhalazo okanye inkxaso yakho.

Ukuqonda iindima namandla ahlukeneyo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, borhulumente, kunye norhulumente asiyonto nje efundiswayo. Sisixhobo esisebenzayo sobumi obunempumelelo. Xa wazi ukuba ngubani olawula inkxaso-mali yesikolo, omisela imithetho ecwangcisiweyo, okanye olawula iimeko zempilo kawonke-wonke, ungavota ngobulumko ngakumbi, uthethele ngamandla amakhulu, ugcine amagosa afanelekileyo ephendula. Eli nqaku lihlola isakhiwo sikarhulumente eUnited States, lihlolisisa indlela umgangatho ngamnye ochaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho, kwaye libalase isizathu sokuba olu lwazi lubandakanya ubumi.

Isakhiwo EsineeNtloko Ezintathu Zorhulumente

EUnited States, amandla karhulumente ahlulwe phakathi kwemigangatho emithathu engundoqo: umgangatho wasekuhlaleni, wesizwe, kunye nowesizwe. Umgangatho ngamnye ufumana igunya lawo kwimithetho yomGaqo-siseko kunye norhulumente, kwaye ngamnye uchaza ngokucacileyo iimbopheleleko. Noko ke, imida ayisoloko iqinile/iimeko-ntlobo kunye nemali isoloko iqukuqela kumgangatho ophezulu, idala inkqubo entsonkothileyo kodwa exhomekeke kuzwelo.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Eyona Nto Isondeleyo Kubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baquka imimandla, izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophu, nemimandla ekhethekileyo enjengeebhodi zesikolo okanye amagunya alawula amanzi. La maqumrhu adla ngokuba yeyona ndawo yokuqala yokudibana kwabemi norhulumente. Amagosa asekuhlaleni enza izigqibo ezichaphazela imeko ekufutshane nawe: imeko yendlela ohamba ngayo, umgangatho wepaki kawonke-wonke kufuphi nekhaya lakho, ixesha lokuphendula kwamapolisa namasebe omlilo, kunye nezifundo ezifundiswa kwisikolo somntwana wakho.

Iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ziquka:

  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: Amapolisa alinda, ukucinezelwa komlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye nokusabela kwintlekele zilawulwa kakhulu ekuhlaleni. Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho asekuhlaleni anyanzelisa urhulumente kunye nemithetho yawo yokusebenzisa umkhosi, ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nokunyanzelisa iinqwelo-mafutha achaphazela ukhuseleko lwabahlali.
  • Imfundo: iibhodi zesikolo kunye namaqumrhu emfundo yasekuhlaleni acwangcisa uqingqo-mali, abaqeshi, abaqeshi bezifundo, inkxaso-mali yesikolo, kunye nokugqiba irhafu yempahla yemali yesikolo. Umgangatho wezikolo zikawonke-wonke kummandla wakho ubonakalisa ngokuthe ngqo izigqibo zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Isakhiwo kunye ne-Zoning: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina iindlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, izibane, izitrato, iinkqubo zokuchitha ukungcola, kunye neepaki zikawonke-wonke. Bakwanyanzelisa imithetho elawula indawo enokumiswa apho/ukukhiwa kweendawo apho, ezorhwebo, ezoshishino, ezoshishino zixhobo zenza ukuba kubekho ulwando.
  • Uphuhliso loluntu nophuhliso loluntu:[ amasebe ocwangciso lwengingqi ajonge amanyathelo anokufikeleleka endlu, ikhowudi yokwakha, uhlolo lokuqesha, kunye nemvume yokuphuhlisa. Izigqibo ezimalunga noxinano, imiqathango yobude, kunye nokulondolozwa kwembali zonke ziqala kwiholo yesixeko.
  • I- I-Public Unibility kunye nobungcwele: unikezelo lwamanzi, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, iinkqubo zokuphinda kulungiswe, kunye nolawulo lwamanzi oqhwithela luqheleke luneembopheleleko zasekuhlaleni, zichaphazela impilo kawonke-wonke nobunjani bemekobume.

Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni esondelelene nabantu, izenzo zakhe zidla ngokuvelisa eyona mpendulo ikhawulezileyo ```Imingxuma yempahla)) ingachazwa, iintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, abahlali baqhutyelwa imbambano. Ukuganana kwabemi kulo mkhamo kungavelisa iinguqu ezikhawulezileyo.

URhulumente WeRhulumente: Ilabhu yoLawulo - melo

Oorhulumente banegunya eliphangaleleyo kwimibandela emininzi enganikwanga ngokukhethekileyo ngurhulumente wesizwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, indlu yowiso-mthetho, irhuluneli, kunye nenkqubo yenkundla. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zingahluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente omnye ukuya komnye, zidala umsebenzi wemithetho neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwiirhafu ukuya kumalungelo okuzala.

Imisebenzi emikhulu karhulumente iquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Ukunyamekela iintsapho kunye neeNkonzo zeNtlalo-ntle: Amazwe anika iMedicaid (ngokufuthi ngokunxulumene norhulumente wezwe), iinkqubo ze-inshorensi yempilo yabantwana (CHIP), uncedo lokutya (SNAP), kunye ne-I-I-I-IP yexeshana ye-Islavensstoralim (TTANF). Zikwalawula iimarikente ze-inshorensi zempilo kunye nesebe loluntu elilawula iziphumo ze-RGP.
  • Isakhiwo sonikezelo: amasebe ezothutho egcina iindlela zaseburhulumenteni, umendo wesitrato, iibhulorho, iinqwelo-moya, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke. Zimisela isantya, zikhupha imvume yokuqhuba, kwaye zinyanzelisa ukubhaliswa kwezithuthi kunye nohlolo lokhuseleko.
  • IJaji ePhakamileyo kunye noKhuseleko loLuntu: Amazwe adala imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ubusela, ukuhlasela, amatyala karhulumente eziyobisi), ukulawula imikhosi yamapolisa karhulumente, ukulawula iintolongo kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha isigwebo, kunye nabatshutshisi bengxowa kunye nabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo zezeejaji kumgangatho karhulumente zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala enkundla, ukusuka kwimpatho-mvume ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • K-12 kunye nemfundo ePhakamileyo: Ngelixesha izikolo zasekuhlaleni zizalisekisa imfundo, oorhulumente bamisela imigangatho yemfundo, bafuna uvavanyo olusezantsi, ukuqokelela inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqingqo-mali lwesikolo, kunye nokuqhuba iiyunivesithi zephondo kunye neekholeji zoluntu.
  • Uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nommiselo: Amazwe atsala amashishini ngentshukumisa yerhafu nangenkqubo yokuqeqesha abasebenzi. Alawula amalayisensi obugcisa (oogqirha, amagqwetha, amavilanisi), amisela imithetho yemivuzo encinane (ngokufuthi iphezulu kunomlinganiselo wengingqi kazwelonke), kwaye ajonge ukugcinwa kokusingqongileyo kwimida yawo.
  • Unyulo kunye nokuvota: Amazwe amisela iinkqubo zokuvota, kuquka iindlela zobhaliso lovoti, iiyure zokuvota, iiyure zokuvota, imithetho yokufaka iposi kwibhatathisi, kunye neenkqubo zokuphinda ilungiswe. Ingqibelelo kunye nokufumaneka konyulo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwizigqibo zomgangatho karhulumente.

Njengoko iJaji yamva uLouis Brandeis yaphawula, isebenza “njengoomatshini bolawulo-mpukane,” ukuvavanya iinkqubo ezintsha ezinokumkelwa kamva njengesizwe. Umzekelo, amazwana aye avelisa ii-inshorensi zempilo, inkqubo yokuvota yekharbon, kunye nobhaliso oluzenzekelayo.

Urhulumente woManyano: ISicwangciso

Urhulumente wesizwe, owenziwe ngabalawuli (uMphathi-mikhosi nabameli), wezowiso-mthetho (iNkundla yaseSizwe), kunye namasebe agwebayo (iNkundla yaseNkundleni ePhantsi kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi), usingatha imicimbi yobungakanani belizwe lonke. Amandla awo adweliswa kumGaqo-siseko kwaye aquka ukudityaniswa kwemali, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle, kunye nokuqhuba ulwalamano lwamazwe angaphandle.

Iimbopheleleko zomanyano ezibuchaphazela ngokunzulu ubomi bakho ziquka ezi:

  • Ukhuselo lohlanga kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wobuzwe: ISebe lokhuselo ligcina umkhosi, iSebe loRhulumente lilawula ii-efas kunye nezivumelwano, kwaye uluntu olunobulumko lukhusela kwiingozi. Izigqibo ezimalunga nongenelelo lomkhosi, izivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zibumba ukhuseleko nolwalamano lwezoqoqosho lwesizwe.
  • I-inshorensi yokhuseleko loluntu kunye nemibandela ye-inshorensi: Ukhuseleko loluntu lunika ingeniso yomhlala-phantsi; iMedicare inikela inkxalabo yempilo kubantu abadala nabakhubazekileyo; i-Afford Care Care Act (ACA) ilawula iimarike ze-inshorensi yezempilo kwaye ibonelela ngenkxaso-mali. Ezi nkqubo zingurhulumente yaye zichaphazela amashumi ezigidi zamaMelika ngokuthe ngqo.
  • Inkqubo yezezoqoqosho: imisela imigangatho yerhafu kunye nemali echithwayo, ngelixa iFederal Reserve ilawula inkqubo yemali (owona mlinganiselo ukhoyo, unikezelo lwemali). Uqingqo-mali lomanyano lunikezela ngemali yokukhusela, yesiseko, yezemfundo, yenzululwazi, kunye neminye imiqathango yerhafu echaphazela ishekele yomvuzo kunye neembuyiselo zotyalo.
  • I-Entrial neKhuselo loMngeni: I-Ecology Protection Agency (EPA) inyanzela ukuba umoya ococekileyo kunye nemigangatho yamanzi inyanzeliswe. I-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) iqinisekisa ukutya nokhuseleko lweziyobisi. IConsumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) ilawula iingozi zemveliso. La maqumrhu akhusela impilo nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
  • ICivil Rights kunye neJadiary: umthetho woMasipala uyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ukukhubazeka, nezinye iindidi. Inkqubo yenkundla yengingqi ichaza umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho, kuquka izigqibo eziphawula ukulingana komtshato, ukuqhomfa, kunye namalungelo okuvota.
  • Ukwehlulwa kunye nobumi: amasebe aMasebe aManyeneyo anyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka, iinkqubo zokufumana iimvume zokufumana indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokumisela ubume bokhuseleko kunye neembacu. Uluntu kunye nokwenziwa kwendalo yimicimbi yorhulumente kuphela.

Ulawulo lukarhulumente lufikelela phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi ngeemeko zemali, imigaqo yolawulo, kunye nemithetho ekhululayo. Ngokomzekelo, izimali zoorhulumente zifuna ukuba kumiselwe amatyala okumisela iminyaka encinane yokusela eneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, kunye nemali yemfundo karhulumente enxulumene namanyathelo afanelekileyo okuphendula amatyala afana novavanyo oluqhelekileyo.

IWeb edityanisiweyo: Indlela Ipolicies Ehamba Ngayo Ngaphaya Kwamanqanaba

Akukho mgangatho karhulumente osebenza ngokuzimela. Endaweni yoko, babumba inkqubo esebenzayo yolawulo olwabelweneyo. Izibonelelo, izigunyaziso, kunye nemithetho ebumbeneyo yemeko kunye nezinto eziza kuqala zommandla. Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente okanye amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ukuzalisekisa kommandla kunakho ukuqhubela phambili okanye ukuthintela iinjongo zolawulo kunye nolawulo. Ukuqonda olu nxulumano kubalulekile ekuxele kwangaphambili indlela iinguqu zenkqubo eziya kukuchaphazela ngayo.

Ukuxhomekeka kweNdlela yokuSebenza

Isabelo esikhulu soqingqo-mali lukarhulumente nolulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luvela kuthutho lwezwe. Umanyano lunika inkxaso yenkxaso (iindlela eziphezulu, iibhulorho, ibhanti ebanzi), imfundo (isihloko I, i-IDEA), ubuchule bempilo (iMedicaid media), kunye nentlalo-ntle yentlekele. Ngokulandelayo, amazwe kufuneka avumelane nemigangatho karhulumente . Ngokomzekelo, achaza ukuba ukwamkela inkxaso-mali yemali ye-Medicaid kufuneka igubungele abemi abathile abakwimiqathango neenkonzo. Ngokufanayo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke ekunikezeni irhafuthelo yerhafu nerhafu ebekwe yimithetho-rhulumente.

Xa urhulumente wezwe elingurhulumente enciphisa indleko, urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko bejongene neemali ezincinane ezikhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwenkonzo okanye ekunyusweni kwerhafu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukhuthazo lukarhulumente lungatsiba uqoqosho lwasekuhlaleni.

ICascades Yomgaqo-nkqubo: Imizekelo yemidlalo edityanisiweyo

  • Ummiselo woMthendeleko woMthombo womoya ococekileyo umisela imigangatho yomgangatho womgangatho womoya wesizwe. Amazwe kufuneka anikeze iinjongo zokuzalisekisa ezibonisa indlela aza kufikelela ngayo loo migangatho. Oorhulumente bongingqi ngoko banyanzelisa imiqathango yokukhutshwa kwegesi kwimizi-zimboni, uhlolo lwezithuthi, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokusebenzisa umhlaba echaphazela ungcoliseko. Umqulu wemigangatho kazwelonke uyawonakalisa urhulumente kunye nomthetho wobulali.
  • I-Public Health Crisris: Ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19, urhulumente worhulumente wanika inkxaso kunye nokhokelo, kodwa iimeko zagqiba ngokutshixa, izigunyazo, kunye nokugoma. Iisebe lempilo zobulali zife uvavanyo kunye nokuqhagamshelana. Ukuphumelela kwempendulo kwaxhomekeke kumanyano lwawo onke amanqanaba.
  • [[FLT: 0]] INgxowa-mali yoKhuthazo: iinkqubo zoManyano ezifana neSiHloko I (kubafundi abafumana imali ephantsi) zihamba ngamasebe emfundo karhulumente ukuya kwisithili sengingqi sommandla. Ama-United States amisela imigangatho yohlelo nohlolo. Iibhodi zesikolo zobulali zinikezela ngemali kwizikolo kwaye ziqeshe abafundisi- ntsapho. Utshintsho lwenkqubo lungaguqula ubuncwane phakathi kwamazwe nesithili.
  • Iiprojekthi zoTshulatho: Imali yerhafu yerhafu yerhafu yezwelonke iRandi yeNdlela eKhulu, esasaza imali kwiiprojekthi zohambo lwendlela nezothutho. Ama-United States abeka iprojekthi zokulungelelanisa kunye nemali yesizwe. Ngoko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayalawula ulwakhiwo, ukuhlanganisa, kunye nokubotshwa koluntu.

Oku kudibana kuthetha ukuba utshintsho lwenkqubo kumgangatho omnye lunokuba neziphumo ezibangela ukunyanzelisa. Umzekelo, umthetho karhulumente ogunyazisa umya womjukujelwa ubungaphelisa imiqathango karhulumente, kodwa amatyala ayakulawula ukuthengiswa kwentengiso nerhafu. Ngokuchasene noko, utshintsho lomthetho wecandelo lorhulumente lunganciphisa utshintsho lwabemi basentolongweni ngotshintsho kwisigwebo.

Indawo Onokunikela Ngayo Ubuchule Bakho

Ukwazi ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elijongene nemeko ethile kukunceda ujolise kwimigudu yakho. Ukuba uxhalabele imingxuma, qhagamshelana nebhunga lesixeko sakho. Ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha iindlela zemali yesikolo, yiya kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Ukuba ukhathalela utshintsho lwesizwe, yiba neBhunga kunye noMongameli. Abahlali abaphumezekileyo bafunda ukuqhuba inkqubo yomgangatho omninzi kwaye baqonde ukuba utshintsho oluhlala lusoloko lufuna ukuthatha inyathelo ngokwemigangatho emininzi.

Isizathu Sokuba Oku Kuqondwe Kubalulekile Ukuba Ummi Ozifundileyo

Ukuqonda indima kunye nokusebenzisana komgangatho karhulumente asilolwazi nje oluthethwayo, kodwa kuneziphumo eziluncedo kumandla akho okuphembelela ihlabathi elikungqongileyo. Nazi izizathu ezininzi ezibangela ukuba le ngcamango ibaluleke:

Yenza Izigqibo Zokwazi Izinto Ozenzayo

Xa uqonda ukuba yeliphi umgangatho olawulayo karhulumente, ungaqwalasela abatshatisiweyo kunye nomlinganiselo wokuvota kwimibandela engombandela okuyo. Ummeli webhunga lesixeko usenokuba nempembelelo kwimithetho yokuhlalisana kwamapolisa; umlandeli werhuluneli ulolonga ulawulo lwempilo nemfundo; ilungu leKhomishini elivota kwiirhafu nakukhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni. Uvotelo lwakho luba nentsingiselo engakumbi xa wazi ukuba iofisi nganye inokuthini na ngokwenene iphumeze ntoni.

2. Abaxhasi

Nokuba uya kwintlanganiso yebhodi yesikolo, bhalela ummeli wesizwe sakho, okanye joyina iphulo lesizwe, ukwazi ixhoba elifanelekileyo lokufumana inkxaso-mali yesebe lengingqi eliselunxwemeni liza kugatywa. Isicelo semali yepaki yongingqi yengingqi ethunyelwa kumbutho karhulumente, kodwa inikezelwa kwisebe lepaki yesixeko sisenokuthatha inyathelo elikhawulezileyo. Ukuqonda itsheyina lembopheleleko kukunceda ukuba ucande iincam zasekunene zoxinzelelo.

3. Baphe Amagosa Aphendule

Izakhono eziqonda le nkqubo ziyakwazi ukuchaza ityala okanye ukubeka ityala kumntu ohlala kwindawo ethile. Ukuba indlela ayilungiswanga, ngaba lityala lesebe likawonke-wonke, umbutho wezothutho wesixeko olawula inkxaso yemali, okanye urhulumente wezoshishino ezicwangcisiweyo? Ukwazi ukuba ngubani obeke ityala kuwe ukukuvumela ukuba uphendule kwiqela elifanelekileyo, kwibhokisi yebhasoti okanye kugqalwa ngokubanzi.

4. Uthathela Inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo zoluntu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usoloko enikela eyona ndawo ilula yokungena ukuze abe nenxaxheba kwiqumrhu loluntu. Iindlebe, iintlanganiso zesikolo, iintlanganiso zocwangciso, neentlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko zidla ngokuvulelwa nguwonke-wonke. Xa uqonda indlela izigqibo zasekuhlaleni ezichaphazela ngayo indawo ohlala kuyo(iindawo ohlala kuyo), imigangatho yezithuthi, izikolo, nokukhuseleka kwe-"uyakwazi ukuya, ukuthetha, kunye neziphumo zobume."

5. Ukuqonda Ucelomngeni Oluninzi Lomgaqo - siseko

Xa ubona iindaba ezimalunga notshintsho lwenkqubo karhulumente, -- njengomthetho omtsha wemozulu okanye umthetho wokufuduka — ungacinga ngeziphumo zayo kumgangatho worhulumente kunye nowasekuhlaleni. Ingaba iza kufuna umthetho karhulumente? Ingaba iza kuphelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni? Ingaba iza kuzisa inkxaso yemali yesizwe? Lo mbono wemacro-to-micro ukunceda ukuba uvelise iimbono ezichaziweyo uze ube nenxaxheba kwingxoxo yesidlangalala.

Isiphelo: Ukubandakanyeka Kuwo onke Amanqanaba Kwakha Ulawulo-melo Olunamandla

Impembelelo yomgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente kubomi bakho idla ngokubonakala de kuvele ingxaki. Oorhulumente bendawo babumba imekobume yakho yemihla ngemihla .

Kubemi, ukuqonda le nkqubo igqunyweyo kusisiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Kukunika amandla okuvota ngolwazi, ukuxhasa ngokuchanekileyo, ukuba amagosa afanelekileyo aphendule, nokubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Idemokhrasi asiyomidlalo yokubukela."Ifuna inxaxheba ekhutheleyo, efundileyo kulo lonke umgangatho. Ngokufunda indlela urhulumente achaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho, uzixhobisa ukuba ulungise loo mpembelelo ukuze uphucule.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente kunye nokubotshwa kommi, tyelela .gov isikhokelo sokuya kurhulumente, hlola i- U.S. Censure Bureau ye-data yemali ye-Roomagement[, uze ubone i- White House Office of Management kunye nemali yoqingqobhanki yemali [ ngenxa yokusebenzisa ubulumko besizwe. Ukuqonda inkqubo ye-Ecureareaution yinyathelo lokuqala lokuyenza isebenzela wena.