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Ukuqonda Isizathu Sokuba Yonke Imisebenzi Ibaluleke Kulawulo - melo Lwanamhlanje

Ukuncoma yenye yezona lungelo zisisiseko kunye neembopheleleko kuluntu lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini jikelele. Kumela ilizwi labantu kwaye kusebenza njengesiseko sorhulumente ongummeli. Kodwa abemi abaninzi abaqondi ngokupheleleyo indlela ivoti yabo eguqulela ngayo kwimifuziselo yezobupolitika, okanye isizathu sokuba ukuba nenxaxheba kwabo kubaluleke ngokwenene kwicebo elikhulu lonyulo. Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zonyulo ezisebenza ngayo kuyimfuneko kubo bonke abavoti abafuna ukwenza izigqibo abanolwazi baze baqonde impembelelo yokwenene yevoti yabo.

Inkqubo yokhetho ingaphezulu kuneprocedal system procebral system procrebral project. Isiseko solawulo esimisela indlela ezakuboniswa ngayo kwaye isetyenziswe ngayo. Nokuba ngaba uvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni okanye kukhuphiswano lwesizwe, inkqubo emileyo endaweni, indlela obala ngayo izinto ozikhethayo, indlela abameli abakhethwa ngayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni indlela imigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Olu khokelo lubanzi luza kukunceda uqonde ii-intribacractics zeenkqubo zokhetho, isizathu sokuba ivoti nganye ithwale ubunzima, nendlela eyahlukeneyo yokuvota enokuthi ivelise ngayo iziphumo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.

Isiseko Senkqubo Yee-elector

Inkqubo yokhetho yiseti yemithetho kunye nenkqubo elawula indlela ephoswa ngayo ivoti, ebaliweyo, kwaye iguqulelwe kwizihlalo kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho okanye kwiindawo zamandla aphezulu. Ezi nkqubo zahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuwo onke amazwe naphakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente kuhlanga olunye. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yonyulo kuchaphazela kakhulu ukumela kwezobupolitika, iinkqubo zeqela, ukuziphatha kovoti, kunye nokusebenza jikelele kwedemokhrasi.

Embindini wayo, yonke inkqubo yokhetho kufuneka iphendule imibuzo emininzi esisiseko: Abavoti bahlulwa njani? Nguwuphi umqobo ekumele umvoti okanye iqela lifikelele ukuphumelela umelo? Ichazwa njani isithili sonyulo okanye ii-contituence? Ingaba inkqubo ifanele imisele umelo lwasekuhlaleni okanye ucalucalulo lolungelelwaniso lwemiba ekhethwayo yesizwe? Iimpendulo kule mibuzo zibumba njani imbono yezobupolitika kwaye zigqiba ukuba amalizwi ahlukeneyo anokuviwa ngokuphumelelayo kangakanani kwibutho labantu.

Injongo Yenkqubo Yee-electoral

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zisebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi enzima kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Okokuqala, zinikezela ngendlela esemthethweni yokudlulisela amandla ngokusekelwe kukuthanda kwabantu. Oku kusesikweni kubalulekile ekuzinziseni kwezobupolitika nasekuthembeni uluntu kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba unyulo lulungile kwaye umbandela wabo wokuvota, basengozini yokwamkela iziphumo zokhetho kwanaxa abo bathandayo bengawi.

Ngapha koko kusemthethweni, iinkqubo zokhetho zijolise ekuguquleni izinto ezikhethwa nguwonke wonke ezahlukeneyo kwizakhiwo ezisebenzayo. Kufuneka zilungelelanise amaxabiso akhuphisanayo afana nokulungelelana, ukuphendula, ukuthoba, nokusebenza. Inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ikhuthaza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ebanzi, imele iimbono ezahlukeneyo, ivelise oorhulumente abakwaziyo ukuzalisekisa imigaqo-nkqubo, kwaye ibambe amagosa anyuliweyo ebekelwe ityala kwimibutho yawo.

Indaleko yeenkqubo zolwimi

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziye zaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali, zibonisa ukutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalo kunye neentanda-bulumko zobupolitika. Uvavanyo lwedemokhrasi lwangaphambili ludla ngokuwamisela imiqathango amalungelo okuvota kubantu abazalisa impahla, ngokuthe ngcembe eyandayo kwiinkulungwane ukuba baquke bonke abantu abadala kungakhathaliseki ubufana, uhlanga, okanye imeko yezoqoqosho. Olu lwando lwedemokhrasi luye lwaba yenye yeempumelelo ezibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi kwimbali yoluntu.

Iindlela zokuvota nazo ziye zatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zamandulo zasebenzisa inkqubo yolawulo-melo olungqalileyo apho abemi balapho bavotela ngokungqalileyo ngokomthetho, ngoxa amagosa angoorhulumente abatyunjwa abakhoyo bale mihla ekwenzela abasebenzi izigqibo. Abalawuli bedemokhrasi, ngoku abajongwa njengababalulekileyo kunyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, basetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20. Namhlanje, iinkqubo zokhetho ziyaqhubeka zibhenela kwinkqubela yezobugcisa, iingxoxo ngokuguqula unyulo, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokwenza ukuvota kulula nokukhuseleka.

Iintlobo Ezikhulu Zenkqubo Ezincinane Ehlabathini Lonke

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zingabekwa ngobubanzi kwiindidi eziliqela ezingundoqo, nganye eneempawu ezahlukeneyo, iingenelo, kunye nezithintelo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zohlukeneyo kunceda kukhankanye ukuba iziphumo zonyuso zingafani kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe anezithethe ezifanayo zezobupolitika kodwa iinkqubo zokuvota ezahlukeneyo.

Ukwahluka kunye neenkqubo zee-jonity

Iinkqubo zonyulo, ezikwabizwa ngokuba "ziqale ngokutsha-phambili" iinkqubo, ziphakathi kwendlela zokhetho ezilula nezisetyenziswa kakhulu. Kwezi nkqubo, umvotelwa ofumana iivoti ezininzi kwi-controlition uphumelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uphumeze uninzi olupheleleyo. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, iCanada, ne-Indiya kunyulo lwemithetho.

Eyona nzuzo iphambili yesixokelelwano sobuninzi kukulula nokucaca kwazo. Iyaziqonda ukuba zikhetha umvotelwa omnye, kwaye umntu onenkoliso yamavoti uyaphumelela. Le nkqubo idla ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abanamandla, abazinzileyo kuba isoloko iphumela ekufumaneni uninzi lwezihlalo ngaphandle kokuphumelela uninzi lwabavoti belizwe lonke. Ikwadala uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwabameli kunye nee-constituences zabo, ikhuthaza ukuthathelwa ityala kwengingqi.

Noko ke, iinkqubo zobuninzi zinezixanduva ezibalulekileyo. Zingavelisa iziphumo eziphezulu ezigqithisileyo apho izabelo zeqela leesihlalo zingahambelani nesabelo salo sovoti. Iivoti ezinokulahlekelwa zingundoqo "ziphosakele," ezinokuthi zidibanise abaxhasi bamaqela amancinane ekuvoteni. Le nkqubo ikhetha ukuxhasa inkqubo yecandelo lesibini kwaye iyakwazi ukucutha iimbono ezincinane. Kwicawa ezahlulweyo ze-constituencisies, umvo ungaphumelela ngokungaphantsi kakhulu kwenkxaso yoninzi, iphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nolawulo lwabo.

Iinkqubo ze-Major zifuna abaphumelele ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sovoti abaza kunyulwa. Eyona nkqubo iqhelekileyo yenzeke ngamacala amabini, esetyenziswa kumazwe afana neFransi kunyulo lomongameli. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa uphumeza uninzi kumjikelo wokuqala, umjikelo wesibini ubanjwe phakathi kwabaphumeleleyo abaphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umfumani wesiphelo unomxhasi obanzi, nangona kufuneka ivoti ibuyele kunyuso kwaye inokuba nexabiso elininzi ukunikezela.

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi

Iinkqubo zePropotionel (PR) zijolise ekwabeni izihlalo ngokulingana nevoti efunyanwa liqela ngalinye. Ukuba iqela liphumelele kuma-30% evoti, kufuneka lifumane malunga nama-30% kwizihlalo. Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, kuquka i-Netherlands, i-Sweden, iSpeyin, ne-Israel, kwakunye namazwe ase-Latin Merika anjenge-Brazil ne-Argentina.

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokumela ulungelelwaniso yinkqubo yoluhlu lweqela, apho abavoti bakhetha iqela kunokuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba. Izihlalo ezikhoyo zabelwa ngokwesabelo sovoti beqela. Ezinye iinkqubo zisebenzisa uluhlu oluvaliweyo apho iqela limisela umyalelo wabavoti, ngoxa uluhlu luvulekile luvumela ukuba abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela labo abanyuliweyo baphenjelwe.

Umelo lweprojekthi lunika iinzuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Luvelisa amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho abonisa ngokusondeleyo iinketho zobupolitika zokhetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo zimelwe. Amaqela amancinane namaqela amancinane anamathuba angcono okuphumelela, akhuthaza ubuninzi bezobupolitika. Iivoti ezimbalwa "zifakelwe" ekubeni kwanamaqela axhaswa ngokukumgangatho ophantsi enokufumana izihlalo, nto leyo enokuthi inyuse umvoti kwaye yaneliseke kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Imingeni yokumela ulwahlulo lwezopolitiko iquka ukukwazi ukwahlukana, ngamanye amaxesha kunamaqela amancinane akwenza kube nzima ukwenza iminqophiso yolawulo oluzinzileyo. Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwabameli kunye nolwalathano lwengingqi ethile yelizwe lusenokuba buthathaka, lunganciphisa ukuphendula kwemeko-luvo. Urhulumente woburhulumente boburhulumente, ngoxa emela amacandelo amaninzi ebutho labantu, maxa wambi anokuba nokungaqiniseki okanye akhokelele ekulalaniseni kwenkqubo enganeliseki mntu ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zePR zinokuba ntsokothe ngakumbi kubavoti ukuze ziqonde iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zobungani.

Iinkqubo Ezixutyiweyo Nezencindi

Eqonda ukuba zombini izininzi kunye nesixokelelwano sokulungelelana zinamandla nobuthathaka, amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa amalungu azo zombini ezi ndlela. Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo yinkqubo edityanisiweyo (MMP) esetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi.

Kwinkqubo ye-MMP eqhelekileyo, abavoti bakhupha iibhola ezimbini: enye kubameli bobukhomfama basekuhlaleni (begwetyelwe ngobuninzi) nenye kuluhlu lweqela (ngokulungelelanisiweyo). Izihlalo zokulungelelanisa ziyasasazwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba umelo lweqela ngalinye lulingana nesabelo salo sovotelo lweqela ngokusondeleyo. Le nkqubo izimisele ukugcina iingenelo zomelo lwasekuhlaleni ngeli lixa lifumana ulungelelwaniso lweqela lonke kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Ezinye iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ziquka iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa intlalo-ntle kunye neziqalelo ezilungelelanisiweyo zisebenza ngokwazo ngaphandle kobuchule bokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo esetyenziswa kwiigumbi ezahlukeneyo zendlu yowiso-mthetho efuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-bimeral. Ezi ndlela zidityanisiweyo zizama ukulinganisa amaxabiso edemokhrasi akhuphisanayo kwaye zinokuxolelwa kwimpucuko yelizwe yezopolitiko neemfuno zelizwe.

Iindlela Ezizezinye Zokurhweba

Ngaphandle kweendidi ezingundoqo, ezinye iindlela zokuvota ziye zacetyiswa okanye zasetyenziswa ukuphendula imibandela ethile enxulumene nokungakhethi bubulungisa kunye nomelo. Uvota oluvotiweyo (olubizwa ngokuba luvotelwa ngokukhawuleza okanye ukuvota okuthandwayo) luvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abalawuli ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti uzuza uninzi lwabavoti bokuqala, umvoti onezona zininzi zikhethiweyo uyasuswa kwaye amavoti abo arhoxisiwe ngokokhetho lwesibini. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de umntu afikelele isininzi.

Uvotelo olunendawo ephambili lusetyenziswa e-Australia ukwenzela unyulo lomthetho kwaye luye lwamkelwa zizixeko ezininzi eUnited States ukwenzela unyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Lunganciphisa ukuxhathisa okudibanisayo ekubeni abathathi-nxaxheba benesibongozo sokubhena kwabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwivoti yesibini. Kwakhona luphelisa "isiphumo se-spoler" apho abavoti abafanayo bahlula uvoti, bavumela abavoti ukuba baxhase ukhetho lwabo lokwenene ngaphandle kokoyika ukunceda abanyuli bokhetho oluncinane.

Ezinye iindlela ziquka ukuvota okuvunywayo, apho abavoti bangavota abaza kuthabatha njengoko bevuma, kunye nokuvota, apho abavoti ngamnye kumlinganiselo wamanani. Ngoxa ezi nkqubo zinezi nzuzo zengcamango ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi, zihlala zinqabile ngokunxulumene nokuqhelisela kwaye zinokuba ntsonkothile ngakumbi ukuba abavoti baqonde yaye amagosa onyulo angaziphatha.

Isizathu Sokuba Umculo Owodwa Ubaluleke Ngokwenene

Phezu kwako nje ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yonyulo kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu wale mihla wonyulo, umntu ngamnye uvota ngokwenyaniso ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ukubaluleka kwevoti yakho kungashukumisela ukuba nenxaxheba kwaye komeleze ukunyathelana kwedemokhrasi.

Izibalo Zokhetho Olukufuphi

Imbali izaliswe yimizekelo yonyulo olugqitywe luzinzo lwemida yemida apho uvoti nganye ingqineke ibalulekile. Kunyulo lomongameli wase-U.S., isiphumo sixhomekeke kwiziphumo zeFlorida, ezagqitywa yi 537 kuphela yamavoti aphantse abe zizigidi ezithandathu ajulwayo kurhulumente. Lo mda ka 0.09% wagqiba ukuba i-United States i-Province kwaye wabumba imodeli yehlabathi lonke kwiminyaka ezayo.

Unyulo lwengingqi lusoloko lusondelelene. Imijaho yebhunga lesiXeko, unyulo lwequmrhu lesikolo, kunye nokhuphiswano lwemithetho yesizwe zisoloko zigqitywa ngamavoti ambalwa. Ngo-2017, iHouse of Bavents system iphele ngeqhina elithe ngqo, ekugqibeleni igqitywe ngokuzoba igama kwisitya. Le ndawo inye yayimisela ukuba liliphi iqela elalilawula igumbi. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ingcamango yokuvota okungachaphazekanga nto yizibalo ixokile.

Kwanakunyulo olungagqitywanga ngemida emincinane, uvotelo lwakho lufak' isandla kugunyaziso olupheleleyo kunye nokusemthethweni kophumeleleyo. Umntu ophumeleleyo ngokukhutshwa kwengqushu yomhlaba unekomkhulu elikhulu kwezobupolitika ukuzalisekisa ucwangciso lwakhe kunomntu ongakwaziyo ukuphumelela.

Impembelelo equlunqweyo Nempembelelo Entlalweni

Ngelixesha kuyinyaniso ukuba enye ivoti iyodwa inqabile ukuguqula iziphumo zonyulo, ukuvota kusisenzo esidityanisiweyo. Xa uvota, awusebenzi ngokuzikhethela.

Isigqibo sakho sokuvota siphembelela abanye kwinethwekhi yakho yokunxibelelana. Uphando lubonisa ukuba isimilo sokuvota siyanwenwa. Xa abantu besazi abahlobo babo, amalungu entsapho nabamelwane babo bevota, basengozini yokuvota ngokwabo. Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba, awumele ucebise ibhola enye kuphela. /--u-ekho ukhuthaza abanye ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokufanayo, ukwandisa impembelelo yakho kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Lo mqathango wovotelo udlulela ngaphaya kwesangqa esikhawulezileyo. Umvoti omkhulu uthumela umyalezo malunga nokuganana kwezentlalo kunye nempilo yedemokhrasi. Kubonisa ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo anike ingqalelo kwaye abeke ityala kuwo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukurhoxa okuphantsi kusenokubonisa ukungathobeli kukawonke-wonke kwaye kusenokukhuthaza amagosa ukuba angazikhathaleli iimbambano ezithile okanye imibandela ethile.

Iziphumo zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Impembelelo engqalileyo yemigaqo ephunyezweyo nendlela oovimba bakarhulumente abasetyenziswa ngayo. Amagosa ajoliswe ekukhetheni enza izigqibo kwimibandela echaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla: ukuxhaswa kwemfundo, inkqubo yezonyango, ukuveliswa kwemali, imiqathango yezenkcitho, imiqathango yerhafu, irhafu, ulwaphulo-mthetho, neminye imicimbi emininzi. Ngokuvota, umele uthethe kwizigqibo uze uncede ugqibe indlela yomgaqo kawonke-wonke wonke.

Ipolitiko inikela ingqalelo kubaphi na abavoti. Amaqela akwizinga eliphezulu afumana ingqalelo engakumbi kubavumi namagosa anyuliweyo ngenxa yokuba amela iqela lovoto elithembekileyo. Xa abantu abaselula bevota ngokwexabiso eliphantsi kunabemi abadala, umzekelo, imigaqo ithambekela ekuthandeni izilangazelelo zabavoti abadala. Ngokuvota rhoqo, uyaqinisekisa ukuba inkxalabo yakho yamanani amanani athathwa nzulu ngabo basemagunyeni.

Impembelelo yenkqubo yokuvota idlulela ngaphaya konyulo lomntu ngamnye. Ukunika imigaqo-nkqubo kwixesha elithile kubumba ubume belizwe lezobupolitika kunye nempembelelo efumaneka kwiimbambano. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokungaguquguquki kunyulo kuwo onke amanqanaba “‘ lodwa, lombuso, nolohlanga, kunye nolwakhelo-luqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwiimfuno nakukhetho lwabemi.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Nezikhundla Zedemokhrasi

Ukungxolisa akubhekiseli nje ekukhetheni abathathi-nxaxheba okanye kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha − kukuqhelisela nokukhusela amalungelo edemokhrasi asisiseko. Kuyo yonke imbali, abantu abaninzi baye balwa, bancama, kwanabafa ngenxa yelungelo lokuvota. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuqhatha jikelele kuyinto ephunyelelweyo yakutshanje, efunyenwe kumashumi eminyaka aphunyezwe yimizabalazo yamabhinqa, abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu, kunye nabaguquleli bedemokhrasi.

Xa uvota, uyalihlonela eli lifa kwaye unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo edemokhrasi alondolozwa kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Amaziko edemokhrasi omelezwa ngokusetyenziswa. Ukuba nenxaxheba rhoqo, okunamandla kunyulo kubonisa ukuba abemi bayawaxabisa amalungelo abo edemokhrasi kwaye bakulungele ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Oku kunceda ekukhuseleni utyekelo lobuzwilakhe kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala ephendula kubantu.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa abemi beyekelela ekuvotelweni, amaziko edemokhrasi anokudodobala. Ukuhamba phantsi kungadala amathuba okuba neminqweno ekhethekileyo yokusebenzisa impembelelo engathethekiyo, ukunciphisa ukufaneleka korhulumente, kwaye kukwenze kube lula ngemikhosi yedemokhrasi ukuzuza igunya. ivoti yakho luhlobo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi olunceda ukulondoloza impilo nobukhalipha bokuzilawula.

Indlela Iinkqubo Zorhwebo Eziyimpembelelo Ngayo Kwimiphumo Yezobupolitika

Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yokhetho kunegalelo elikhulu kumelo lwezobupolitika, iinkqubo zeqela, ukuziphatha, kunye nolawulo. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo kunceda abavoti baqonde indlela imithetho yeziphumo zemidlalo ebumba ngayo iziphumo zezobupolitika nesizathu sokuba utshintsho lokhetho lusoloko luyimbambano ephikisanayo.

Impembelelo kwiinkqubo zeqela

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziphembelela ngokuphawulekayo inani nohlobo lwamaqela ezobupolitika kwilizwe. Olu lwalamano luchazwa nguMthetho kaDuverger, umgaqo wenzululwazi wezopolitiko ophawula ukuba iinkqubo zokukhetha ubuninzi zithanda iinkqubo eziziicandelo ezimbini, ngeli lixa umelo lolwahlulo lukhuthaza iinkqubo ezininzi.

Kwindlela yokukhetha ubuninzi, abavoti badla ngokungena kuvotelo oluqulethweyo, bengaxhasi okona kukhetha kwabo bathandwayo kodwa kunoko baxhasa "ongasindisi bezinto ezimbi ezimbini" phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abanamathuba acacileyo okuphumelela. Le ntshukumo yenza kube nzima kumaqela amathathu ukufumana itrakiti, njengabavoti "ukuvota" kwabo abafuna ukuphumelela. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kuzenza inkqubo yokuzifunela ngokwawo amaqela amabini apho amaqela amancinane azama ukukhuphisana.

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi, ngokwahlukileyo, zivumela amaqela amancinane aphumelele umelo kwanangesabelo esiphantsi sevoti. Oku kukhuthaza ukwenziwa kweqela kunye nokusinda, kukhokelela kwiinkqubo ezininzi apho oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo baxhathisa khona. Abashicileli baziva bekhululekile ukuxhasa izinto abazithandayo zokwenyaniso ukususela kwanamaqela akwindawo yokuvota enokuba ne 5-10% enokuba nempembelelo kwinkqubo yokufumana izihlalo nokuphembelela inkqubo ngengxuba enxulumene nemvisi.

Inani lamaqela kwinkqubo lichaphazela intetho yezopolitiko, iinketho zenkqubo, kunye nolawulo. Iinkqubo ezimbini zinganika ukhetho olucacileyo noorhulumente abazinzileyo kodwa zisenokungameli intabalala yeembono zobupolitika. Iinkqubo ezininzi zinika umelo olwahlukeneyo kodwa zinokukhokelela kwiingxoxo ezintsonkothileyo zombutho kunye noorhulumente abanokungaguquguquki.

Umelo lweMiba emincinane neQela eliNqamlezayo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezahlukeneyo zahluka ngokuphawulekayo kwindlela ezimele ngayo iqela elincinane, amabhinqa, kunye nezinye izibonelelo zabemi ezingaphantsi kwezo zikhoyo. Iinkqubo zomelo ngokuqhelekileyo zinika amaqela ahlukeneyo umelo olungcono kuba amaqela anokubandakanyeka kubantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo kuluhlu lwawo, kunye namaqela amancinane amele abantu abathile angaphumelela kwizihlalo.

Kwindlela ezininzi, umelo oluncinane luxhomekeke kakhulu ekuxinaniseni kwengingqi. Ukuba iqela elincinane ligxininise kwisithili esithile, bangakhetha abameli. Noko ke, ukuba bathe basasazeka kwisithili ezininzi, basenokungabi nammeli naphantsi kwamanani abalulekileyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwingxoxo ngokuzoba isithili kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ukuze bakhethe amaqela athile okanye amaqela.

Amanye amazwe aye enza amanyathelo akhethekileyo okunyusa ukumelelwa kwamaqela angaphantsi. La manyathelo aquka izihlalo ezigcinelwe amabhinqa okanye amancinane, umlinganiselo wenani labantu abaza kutshata noobhishophu abafuna ipesenti encinane yamabhinqa, kunye nemimandla ekhethekileyo ekhethelwe abantu bomthonyama.

Ukuzinza nobuchule bukarhulumente

Isixokelelwano somkhosi siphembelela ukuzinza nokusebenza koorhulumente ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo. Iinkqubo zokwemvelo zidla ngokuvelisa icandelo elinye loorhulumente abaninzi abanokuphumeza amacebiso abo ngaphandle kokuthetha kakhulu. Oku kungakhokelela ekulawuleni okuzinzileyo nokucacisa ukuphendula ngoxanduva.

Noko ke, oorhulumente abanobudlelane abanyulwa phantsi kwemigangatho emininzi basenokungabi nankxaso ebanzi ethandwayo. Iqela lingaphumelela uninzi olulungileyo lwezihlalo ezinama-35-40% kuphela kwevoti ukuba inkcaso yahlulahlulwa phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokugunyazisa kwedemokhrasi oorhulumente abangameleliyo izinto ezikhethwa ngabavoti abaninzi.

Iinkqubo zomelo ezisetyenziswayo zivelisa oorhulumente abamele amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo ebutho labantu. Ezi ntlobo zidibene kufuneka zidibane kwaye zilalanise, ezinokubeka imilinganiselo ephakamileyo zize zivelise iinkqubo ezizinzileyo ngenkxaso ebanzi. Noko ke, uthethathethwano oludibeneyo lunokuba lude, kwaye oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo bangaba bazinzile ukuba amaqabane abo abaphikisanayo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, amazwe anenkqubo zamaqela ahlukeneyo kakhulu anokufumana iinguqu ezithelekelele zezopolitiki.

Igalelo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zichaphazela umvoti nokhuphiswano ngeendlela ezininzi. Uphando lucebisa ukuba iinkqubo zolwamkelo ziqhele ukuba nomvoti ophezulu kunendlela yokuvota. Oku kungenxa yokuba abavoti bavakalelwa kukuba abavoti babo abafane bavotelwe "babiwe" kwindlela yePR, nangenxa yokuba ubukho bamaqela amaninzi bunika ukhetho oluninzi oluvumelana nezikhethelo zabavoti.

Ukhuphiswano lonyulo lukwaphembelela ukujika. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zonyulo, iziphakamiso ezininzi zi-"zizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo" apho iqela elinye lisoloko liphumelela ngemida emikhulu. Kule mimandla ingakumbi ingaziva imicimbi yabo ingenamsebenzi, esenokuba nengxinano. Ngokuchaseneyo, imimandla ekhuphisanayo apho unyulo luthambeke ngokuba nonyulo oluphezulu njengevoti baqaphela impembelelo yabo.

Ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yesixhobo sombane kungachaphazela nokuba nenxaxheba. Iinkqubo ezilula zingaba lula kubavoti ukuba baqonde, bathabathe inxaxheba. Noko ke, iinkqubo ezininzi ezintsokothileyo ezithi zifumane ukhetho lomvoti zisenokunyusa ulwaneliseko ngedemokhrasi kunye nokuzibophelela ixesha elide, nokuba zifuna imfundo eninzi yabavoti ekuqaleni.

IElectoral College: Inkqubo Ekhethekileyo YaseMerika

I-United States isebenzisa inkqubo eyahlukileyo yonyulo lomongameli eyahluke ngokuphawulekayo kwivoti ethandwayo kunye neenkqubo zepalamente eziqhelekileyo. IElectoral College ibingumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo kwaye ifanele ukuhlolisiswa ngokweenkcukacha njengomzekelo wendlela iinkqubo zonyulo ezinokuvelisa ngayo iziphumo ezingalindelekilenga.

Indlela Ikholeji Ye - Electoral Esebenza Ngayo

Kunokuba anyule umongameli ngqo ngevoti yesizwe ethandwayo, amaMelika avota abavoti abathi ngoko bavotele umongameli. Urhulumente ngamnye ufumana inani labanyuli abalingana nomelo lwawo olupheleleyo (Amalungu endlu kunye nabaququzeleli ababini). Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa inkqubo yokuphumelela efumana ukhuphiso lwezininzi lwevoti kulo rhulumente afumana zonke iivoti zayo zabavoti abavoti bayo.

Ukuphumelela umongameli, umvotelwa kufuneka afumane uninzi lwevoti zonyulo (ngoku ezingama-70 ukusuka kuma-538). Le nkqubo ithetha ukuba amaphulo kamongameli agxininise kakhulu "kumazwe okutsala" apho isiphumo singaqinisekanga, ngexa ingakumbi ingahoyi imibandela yokuba ivoti ethembekileyo yeqela elinye. Ikwathetha ukuba umvoti ungayiphumelela i-desidentia ngexa ephulukana nevoti ethandwayo yesizwe, njengoko kwenzeka ngo- 2000 no-2016.

I-Electoral College yasungulwa njengokulungelelanisa ebudeni beNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko, ibonakalisa inkxalabo malunga nedemokhrasi engqalileyo, ubunzima obusebenzisekayo bonyulo lwesizwe ngenkulungwane ye-18, nomnqweno wokulungelelanisa amandla phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane. Ngelixesha inkqubo yokuqala itshintshwa ngokungakumbi ngokuLandlwa kweSinyuso se-12 kunye nokwanda kwamalungelo okuvota.

Iimpikiswano Zezemali Nezokuchaswa Kwekoleji YeElectoral

Abaxhasi beElectoral College baphikisa ngelithi igcina uburhulumente ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abaza kuba balawuli kufuneka bakhe imiqolo engqukuva eninzi kunokuba batsale nje kwimimandla yedolophana yabemi abaphezulu. Baphikisa ngelithi ikhusela izilangazelelo zamazwe amancinane kunye nemimandla yasemaphandleni enokuthi ngenye indlela ingahoywa kwinkqubo yokuvota ecacileyo. IElectoral College ivelisa abaphumelele abacacileyo, ithintela imfuneko yokuba kubekho unyulo lwelizwe lonke kunyulo olusondeleyo.

Abahlalutyi bathi iElectoral College ayinademocratic ngokusisiseko kuba ingavelisa iziphumo eziphikisana nevoti ethandwayo. Babonisa ukuba inika impembelelo engathethekiyo kwivoti ekujikeni amazwe ngexa yenza amavoti kumazwe angaqhubekiyo angenantsingiselo. Le nkqubo ikwanika impembelelo encinane kumazwe kumntu ngamnye, echasene nomgaqo womntu omnye, ukuvota okukodwa. Ngokubhekele phaya koko, ukugxininisa kumanqaku afuna umongameli kuthetha ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwimicimbi yokuvota abangenantsingiselo.

Ingxoxo emalunga ne-Electoral College ibonisa uxinezeleko olunzulu kwingcamango yedemokhrasi phakathi kolawulo loninzi kunye namanye amaxabiso afana nolawulo lorhulumente, ukuma komhlaba, kunye nokhuseleko lwezilangazelelo ezincinane. Ikwabonisa indlela iinkqubo zonyulo ezinokuba neziphumo ezinzulu ngayo kwiqhinga lezobupolitika, isimilo sephulo, yaye ekugqibeleni kowazuza unyulo nolawula.

Izithintelo Zokwabelana Nemigudu Yokwandisa Isabelo

Ngoxa ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imicimbi yakho yokuvota ibalulekile, ukuqhelisela ilungelo elifuna ukunqoba imiqobo eyahlukeneyo enokuthintela okanye idimaze ukuba nenxaxheba. Ukuqonda le miqobo kunye nemigudu yokuyilungisa kubalulekile ukomeleza idemokhrasi.

Izakhiwo Nezithintelo Zolawulo

Imiqobo emininzi ekuvotelweni yisakhiwo okanye ulawulo. Iimfuno zokubhalisa zevoter zingantsonkotha kwaye zidideke, kunye neziganeko ezidlulayo ngaphambi kosuku lonyulo. Amanye amagunya aneemfuno ezingqongqo zokufanisa abantu abathile ekunokuba nzima ukuhlangabezana nabo, ingakumbi abemi abakhulileyo, abantu abafumana imali ephantsi, nabantu abaselula abasenokungabi nazo iimvume zokuqhuba okanye ezinye iintlobo ezamkelekileyo ze-ID.

Ixesha kunye nendawo yonyulo lungadala imiqobo. Ukubamba unyulo phakathi kweveki xa abantu besebenza kwenza kube nzima kubasebenzi abangakwaziyo ukuthatha ixesha elininzi. Imigca emide kwiindawo zokuvota, ingakumbi kwiindawo eziphantsi kwemiqathango, ingakuthintela ukuba nenxaxheba. Ukuvota kwangethuba okanye ukhetho lokuvota olungekhoyo luthintela abavoti ngocwangciso olunyanzelekileyo okanye imingeni yokuhamba.

Kubemi abakhubazekileyo, ukufumaneka ngokoqobo kwendawo yokuvota kusenokuba ngumqobo obalulekileyo. Imiqobo yeelwimi engezizo inokuthintela abathethi abangeyosiNgesi ukuba bangabi nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yokukhetha. Ngaphambili abantu ababevalelwe ezintoni bajongana nemiqathango yokuvota kwiindawo ezininzi, nasemva kokugqiba izigwebo zabo. Ngamnye kule miqobo uchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa inani labantu abathile, ibangela inkxalabo ngokufikelela kwifranchise.

Izithintelo Zengqondo Nezentlalo

Ngaphandle kwemiqobo, iimeko zengqondo nezentlalo zingakudimaza ukuvota. Ukwahlukana kwezobupolitika nokungagxeki kuvakalelwa kukuba ezopolitiko zonakele okanye zonke ezopolitiko zifana, zinokukhokelela abantu ekususweni kwinkqubo yokunyulwa. Ukuntsonkotha kwemibandela kunye nobuninzi benkcazelo (nenkcazelo engachananga) kusenokuba namandla amakhulu, nto leyo ebangela abanye abavoti bazive bengafaneleki ukwenza izigqibo ngolwazi.

Ukuthotywa kwemigaqo-siseko yentlalo nezoqoqosho kungenza kubekho ingqiqo yokuba inkqubo yezobupolitika ayimelani okanye ayikhathaleli ingingqi ezithile. Xa abantu bevakalelwa kukuba inkxalabo yabo isoloko ingahoywa ngamagosa anyuliweyo, basenokugqiba kwelokuba ukuvota akunantsingiselo. Oku kudala umjikelo onzima: ukuphambuka okusezantsi phakathi kwamaqela aphantsi kukhokelela abezobupolitika ukuba bajolise ingqalelo kubavoti abathembekileyo, abathi ngokubhekele phaya abangengobantu abanochuku, baze baqinise isigqibo sabo sokungathabathi nxaxheba.

Ukungafumani mfundo yasekuhlaleni kungumqobo obalulekileyo. Abemi abaninzi abayiqondi ngokupheleleyo indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente, oko iiofisi ezahlukeneyo zikwenzayo, okanye indlela yokuvavanya amanyathelo abo bafanele babhaliswe kunye namanyathelo okuvota. Ngaphandle kolwazi olu, ithemba lokuvota linokuba leloyikekayo kunokuba linike amandla. Izikolo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimfundo yoluntu, kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi zemfundo zinikela imfundo elinganiselweyo ngokuthabatha inxaxheba esebenzisekayo kwezobupolitika.

Utshintsho Oluza Kubangela Ukuba Kubekho Inxaxheba Engakumbi

Ukuqonda le miqobo, ulawulo oluninzi luye lwasebenzisa utshintsho olujoliswe ekunyuseni inxaxheba kumavoti. Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, apho abemi abafanelekileyo babhaliswa ukuba bavote xa besebenzisana namaqumrhu karhulumente njenge-DMV, luboniswe kumlinganiselo ophawulekayo wobhaliso. Ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, ukuvumela abantu ukuba babhalise kwaye bavote ngomhla wonyulo, kususa umqobo wokuceba nokuphoswa kwemiqathango.

Ukwandisa ukhetho lovota ngamaxesha okuvota angaphambili, akukho nkqubo yokuvota engekhoyo, kunye nee-imeyili zinika abavoti ububhetyebhetye obungakumbi ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kwimimiselo yabo. Amanye amagunya aye enza unyulo lube yiholide okanye ashukumisela unyulo kwiimpelaveki ukunciphisa ukungqubana nemithetho yokuvota. Iinkqubo zobhaliso lwe-Online zenza inkqubo yobeko ibe yeyona ilungele ngakumbi nefikelelekayo, ingakumbi kwabatsha abatsha abaphumi abaphucukileyo ngemigangatho yamanani.

Imigudu yokuphucula imfundo yezentlalo iquka inkxaso-mali yemfundo ephuculiweyo kwizikolo, amaphulo emfundo, kunye neencwadi zokuvota ezingenabulungu ezinika inkcazelo efikelelekayo ngabachongi nemibandela. Iintlangano zoluntu zinendima ebalulekileyo kwihlomelo lokuvota, ukulungiselela izinto zokuhamba ukuya kuvota, nokunceda abemi basekuhlaleni baqhubele phambili inkqubo yokuvota. Le migudu yengca ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kuluntu oluye lwajongene nemiqobo ukuze lubandakanye.

Ubugcisa bunika amathuba neengxaki zokwandisa inxaxheba. Ukubhaliswa kwevoti kunye neencwadi zokuvota zekhompyutha kungayivala inkqubo yokuvota. Noko ke, ukuxhalabisa ngokungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha nokuthembeka kwenkqubo yokuvota ye-elektroniki kufuna ingqalelo enonophelisiweyo. Ukulungelelanisa ufikelelo nokhuseleko kusengucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kubaphathi bonyulo.

Ukwenza Umthambo Wakho Ube Nexabiso: Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okufunda Ukuba Nenxaxheba

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imicimbi yakho yokuvota isebenze nendlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zokhetho linyathelo lokuqala. Ukuze uphucule impembelelo yokuthabatha kwakho inxaxheba, kufuneka ujonge ukuvota njengommi ochaziweyo, othenjiweyo. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzisekayo zokubala ivoti yakho.

Ukubhalisa nokuhlala ebhaliswe

Imfuneko yokuqala yokuvota iyabhaliswa. Khangela ukuba ubhaliso lwakho lubhalwe njani phambi kosuku lonyulo, njengoko iirola zihlanjululwa ngamaxesha athile kwaye iimpazamo zinokwenzeka. Ukuba uthuthile, ulitshintsha igama lakho, okanye awubotanga kwiminyaka emininzi, qinisekisa ukuba ubhaliso lwakho lungolululo. Amazwe amaninzi anika ubume bobhaliso lwe-intanethi ngokuvavanya ngonobhala we-stative okanye ngeewebsite zebhodi yonyulo.

Yazi imiqathango yobhaliso nomthetho wakho. Amanye amazwe avumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, ngelinye ixesha ezinye zifuna ubhaliso phambi kosuku lonyulo. Yazi ukuba luluphi ulwahlulelo okanye uxwebhu oluza kulufuna zombini ukubhalisa nokuvota. Lugcine ulwazi lwakho lokubhalisa luhlaziyiwe nanini uhamba okanye utshintsha ulwazi lwakho lobuqu.

Uphando Neengxaki

Uvotelo olunolwazi lufuna uphando. Qala ngokuchonga ukuba ziziphi ii-ofisi kunye ne-collet oza kuvota kuyo. Ngelixesha iintlanga zomongameli kunye ne-gubernerator zifumana eyona ngqwalasela iphambili, unyulo lwezikolo, amabhunga esixeko, nee-ofisi zamaphondo zisoloko zinempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.

Funa imithombo ethembekileyo, engeyoya aparti yenkcazelo emalunga nabathathi-nxaxheba kunye neenkupho. Iintlangano ezifana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMasipala zinika abavoti izikhokelo ezinenkcazelo yomntu oza kuvotayo kunye neengcaciso zomndilili. Amaphephandaba asekuhlaleni adla ngokupapasha ii-intshi zemibuzo kunye neemvume ezinconywayo. Ii-website ze-Candidete kunye namajelo eendaba ezentlalo anganikela inkcazelo ngokuthe ngqo esuka kumaphulo, nangona ezi mithombo ngokucacileyo ibekelw

Jonga ngaphaya kwezibhengezo zephulo nezibhengezo zokuhlasela ukuze uqonde iindawo neerekhodi zokwenene zabachongi. Kubantu abaza kufumana inkxaso-mali, hlolisisa iirekhodi zabo kunye nezinto ezifezwe eofisini. Kubantu abacela ucelomngeni, jonga amava abo kunye nezicelo ezikhethekileyo zemigaqo. Yiba namathandabuzo kwizibhengezo ezibonakala zilungile ukuba zinyaniseke okanye ezixhomekeke kakhulu kwizibheno ezingokweemvakalelo kunokuba zixhomekeke kwiingxoxo nje ezingeyo.

Kumlinganiselo webhola kunye nee-collendum, qonda iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo kunye neziphumo zexesha elide. Funda okubhaliweyo okuzizo kwamanyathelo xa kunokwenzeka, hayi nje isishwankathelo. Jonga uhlalutyo olusuka kwiimbono ezininzi, kuquka abaxhasi kunye nabachasi. Qwalasela ukuba ngubani oxhasa amaphulo emali kunye nawachaseneyo, njengokuba oku kunokubonisa ukuba ziintoni ezinomdla ezisengozini.

Ukuqonda Ibhola Yakho

Phambi kosuku lonyulo, ziqhelanise nevoliti yakho. Amaziko amaninzi anika amavoloti akwi-intanethi abonisa kanye oko uzakubona xa uvota. Hlola ibhola encinane uze wenze amanqaku ngokhetho lwakho. Oku kulungiselela konga ixesha kwindawo yokuvota kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba awuzihoyi naziphi na iinqanaba okanye amanyathelo.

Yazi indlela yokuvota oza kuyisebenzisa. Ingaba uza kuba uphawula ibhola yokuvota yephepha, usebenzisa umatshini wekhusi lokuchukumisa, okanye uzalisa amaqampu aza kuvavanywa? Yazi indlela yokubonisa ukhetho lwakho ngokuchanekileyo nendlela yokulungisa iimpazamo ukuba wenza zona. Ukuba ukhetha ngeposi, landela ngenyameko yonke imiyalelo yokugqiba nokubuyisela ibhola yakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibali.

Ukulungiselela Icebo Lokusebenzisa Imali

Khetha ukuba uza kuvota nini kwaye njani. Ukuba urhulumente wakho unika uvoti kwangoko, cinga ukuba usebenzise luncedo ukuze uphephe iintambo okanye iingxaki ezinokwenzeka ngomhla wonyulo. Ukuba uyavota ngomhla wonyulo, cwangcisa ixesha oza kuya ngalo nendlela oza kufika ngayo apho. Yazi indawo yakho yokuvota kunye neeyure. Ukuba ufuna uthutho, yilungise kusengaphambili.

Zisa naluphi na uqwalaselo olufunekayo okanye uxwebhu. Nokuba imeko yakho ayinazo iimfuno ze-ID ezingqongqo, inophawu olunokwenza inkqubela ithambe. Ukuba uvota ngeposi, ngenisa ibhola yakho phambi koluvotelo lwexesha lokusebenza kumaxesha onyaka osenokubakho kwiposi. Ezinye izithuba zikuvumela ukuba ulandele ibhasoti yakho yeposi ukuqinisekisa ukuba yamkelekile kwaye yabaliwe.

Ukuba udibana neengxaki zokuvota − nokuba ngaba udibana neengxaki zokubhalisa, imigca emide, izixhobo ezingasebenzi kakuhle, okanye ezoyikisayo − yazi amalungelo akho nendlela yokufumana uncedo. Iilayini ezishushu zokhetho kunye neemboni zokuvota zinganceda kwiingxaki. Musa ukuyishiya indawo yokuvota ukuba uxelelwe ukuba awunakuvota ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuba kutheni ukhetha izinto ozikhethayo, eziquka ukudibanisa ukuvota.

Ukugqabaza Kukhetho Lonke

Yandisa impembelelo yakho ngokuvota kukhuphiswano ngalunye, hayi kuphela kukhuphiswano lomongameli ophezulu. Unyulo lwasekuhlaleni, unyulo oluphambili, unyulo olukhethekileyo, nonyulo olukhethekileyo, kunye nolokungaluthabathi nyaka ngamnye lusoloko luphantsi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukhetho lwakho luthwele ubunzima obulinganayo. Olu nyulo ludla ngokugqiba imibandela echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ibutho lakho, ukusuka kwimali yesikolo ukuya kwinkqubela phambili yenkqubo yomthetho yasekuhlaleni ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho.

Unyulo lokuqala lubaluleke kakhulu kuba lugqiba ukuba ngoobani abathathi-nxaxheba abavela kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Kwimimandla emininzi, ingakumbi leyo ilawulwa liqela elinye, ephambili imisela ngokunempumelelo uphumelele. Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiprimilt, unentetho ebhaliweyo ngokukhetha abatshatisi kwaye uyakwazi ukuphembelela indlela yamaqela ezobupolitika.

Ngaphaya Koluvo: Ezinye Iindlela Zokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Ngeli xesha ukuvota kubalulekile, asiyondlela yodwa yokuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Qwalasela ukuphumeza ukhetho lwakho ngezinye iintlobo zokuganana. Xelela abameli bakho abanyuliweyo malunga nemibandela oyikhathaleleyo ngokubhekisele ku-(zikhwelo, ii-imeyili, kunye neeleta ezivela kwimibutho yengingqi ziphembelela izigqibo zomthetho-mthetho. Yiya kwiiholo zedolophu kunye neentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ukwenza ilizwi lakho liviwe ngqo.

Ngokuzithandela kumaphulo okanye okukuxhasa. Amatsha - ntliziyo awenza iminxeba, ankqonkqoza ezindlwini, abavoti ababhalisayo, kwaye anceda ekufumaneni ivoti(imisebenzi enokuchaphazela iziphumo eziphawulekayo zonyulo. Dibanisa imibutho yonyulo esebenza kwimibandela oyikhathaleleyo. Ukunikela kwabathathi-nxaxheba okanye ukubangela ukuba uyakwazi, njengoko imali idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezobupolitika zale mihla.

Hlala wazi ngenkqubela yezopolitiko phakathi konyulo. Landela imithombo yeendaba ethembekileyo, isibakala sithi udibana nayo, uze ube nengxubusho yezopolitiko nentlonelo nabantu abaneembono ezahlukeneyo. Yabelana ngolwazi oluchanileyo ngokuvota nokhetho kunye nenkqubo yakho yokhetho. Khuthaza abahlobo nentsapho yakho ukuba babhalise baze bavote.

Qwalasela ukubaleka uwedwa kwisikhundla, ingakumbi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Iibhodi zesikolo, amabhunga esixeko, nezinye ii-ofisi zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zifumaneka kubemi abaqhelekileyo kwaye zinika amathuba okuzilungisa ngqo izithethe kwingingqi yakho. Nokuba ngaba awugidi, ungaxhasa uze ukhuthaze abo bafanelekayo abavela kumaqela angaphantsi kwangoko.

Ikamva Lenkqubo Zee-electoral Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo ze-electoral ziyaqhubeka ziguquka zize ziphendule utshintsho lobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu nokuqhubeka kweengxoxo ngokuma komelo lwedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda izinto ezivelayo nezinzima kunceda ekulungiseni iingxoxo ezikhoyo ngoku kuze kulungiselele abemi ukuhambela phambili kwixesha elizayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka nokhuseleko lokhetho

Ubugcisa bunika amandla amakhulu okwenza ukuvota kube lula, kodwa kukwabangela iingxaki ezintsha zokhuseleko. ukuvota ngekhompyutha kusoloko kuthandabuzeka ngenxa yokuxhalabela ukuqhekeza, uqinisekiso, nokugcina imfihlo. Ngoxa amanye amazwe evumela ukuvota nge-intanethi kumajoni aphesheya okanye kwezinye iimeko ezikhethekileyo, inkoliso yeengcali zonyulo ithandabuza ukunwenwa kobugcisa banamhlanje.

Ukhuseleko lokhetho luye lwaba yinto exhalabisa kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngobungqina bemigudu yokuphazamisa yamanye amazwe kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo ngokhuseleko lomatshini wokuvota. Amazwe amaninzi abuyela emva kwizixhobo zokuvota okanye imikhondo yamaphepha enokuphicothwa, eqonda ukuba iinkqubo ze-elektroniki zisengozini yokuqhekeza kwaye kunzima ukuziqinisekisa. Umlinganiselo wobungozi kunye nezinye iindlela zokuqinisekisa ziyasetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yonyulo.

I-Misformation kunye nenkcazelo engachananga zizisa izisongelo ezikhulayo kwingqibelelo yonyulo. Izibhengezo zobuxoki malunga neenkqubo zonyulo, ukuvota, kunye neziphumo zingabangela ukungathembana kwabantu kwidemokhrasi. Ii-prograti ezinxulumene noluntu ziye zaba zizinto ezibangela ukusasaza ulwazi olulahlekisayo, ezifuna iindlela ezintsha zokufumana ulwazi olucacileyo kumajelo-ndaba noqinisekiso. Ukulungelelanisa inkululeko yokuthetha nemfuneko yokulwa nenkcazelo eyingozi kuhlala kulucelomngeni olukhulu.

Iintsebenziswano Zokuguqula

Ulawulo oluninzi lucinga okanye lusebenzisa utshintsho olujolise ekuphuculeni umelo nokuthabatha inxaxheba. Uvotelo olunechokotho lufumene imvume kwizixeko ezininzi neendawo ezininzi zase-U.S. ngokuphikisana nalo kunciphisa iphulo elingalunganga kwaye kuphelisa ulwahlulo lwevoti. Iikhomishini zokuvota ezizimeleyo zisekwa ukunciphisa igerrydering zenze imimandla entle ekhethayo.

Iphulo lezemali liseyimbambano eqhubekayo, eneengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngendima yemali kwezobupolitika nendlela yokulungelelanisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye neenkxalabo ezingezozityebi nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo ezinempembelelo engalinganiyo. Amanye amagunya aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zenkxaso kawonke-wonke okanye iinkqubo ezincinane ezihambelana nokwandisa amazwi abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Imigudu yokwandisa amalungelo okuvota iyaqhubeka, kuquka imibutho yokubuyisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu ababevalelwe entolongweni, ithoba ixesha lokuvota, ize ikwenze umhla wonyulo ube yiholide yesizwe. Kwangaxeshanye, amanye amagunya aye amisela imithetho yokuvota engqongqo ngakumbi, nto leyo eye yabangela amadabi aqhubekayo angomthetho nakwezobupolitika okufumana imvume yokuvota.

Iinguqulelo Zembali Nemifanekiso Yezobupolitika

Utshintsho lobomi benqanawa lulungisa kwakhona imicimbi yezobupolitika kumazwe amaninzi. Ukunyuka kotshintsho, iinguqu zesizukulwana, kunye nokuhlaliswa kwedolophu kuguqula iminqongo yezopolitiko nezinto eziphambili. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abatshintshayo bakwimeko entle lo gama ukulondoloza uzinzo nokufaneleka.

Ukufuziselwa kwamabhinqa neqela elincinane kwisikhundla esinyuliweyo kuphucukile kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kodwa kuhlala kungaphantsi kwesabelo salo sabemi kumazwe amaninzi. Imigudu eqhubekayo yokwandisa intlukwano kwiinkokeli zezobupolitika iquka ukuqeshwa nokuqeqeshwa, inkxaso yamaphulo kwabathathi-nxaxheba, yaye kwezinye iimeko, iidiponti okanye izihlalo ezigciniweyo.

Iintlobo-ntlobo ezingafaniyo kwinxaxheba yezopolitiko nezokhetho zibalulekile. Abavoti abaselula badla ngokuxhasa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kuneendlela zokuvota abadala yaye bathanda iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzibophelela kwezobupolitika. Iinkqubo namaphulo angokwephulo alungelelanisa ukufikelela abavoti abaselula ngoncedo lwezibonelelo zezentlalo nangezikhundla zezeefomati, nangona bexhalabele ukurhoxa kolutsha.

Imbono Yazwenibanzi Ngedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral kunye nezenzo zedemokhrasi zahluka kakhulu ehlabathini lonke, kwaye amazwe angafunda kumava omnye. Uhlolo lonyulo lwezizwe ngezizwe lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lukhululekileyo kwaye lulungile kwaye lunika amathuba okwabelana ngolona hlobo. Iintlangano ezifana neInternational Institute for Democracy kunye ne-Electoral helpation (IDEA) zinceda ulwazi olulula ukwabelana nokuxhasa inkqubela yedemokhrasi emhlabeni wonke.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi lujamelene neengxaki kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, amanye amazwe ajongene nokuguquka kwedemokhrasi yaye amanye atsala nzima ukwandisa impumelelo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda ezi meko zikhoyo ehlabathini kubangela ukuba kubekho impikiswano zasekhaya kwaye kusikhumbuza ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna ukuhlala iphaphile nokuba nenxaxheba ngenkuthalo ukuze ihlale injalo.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 esinyanzelisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kulawulo lwezinyuso, olunemithetho emininzi eyandisiweyo yokuvota nokuvota kwasekuqaleni ukuvumela ukuthabatha inxaxheba okukhuselekileyo. La manyathelo kaxakeka abangele ingxubusho yokuba olo tshintsho lungasingisa kusini na kwiinkqubo zokukhetha. Le ngxaki ibonise ukuphumelela kwamaziko edemokhrasi nokubaluleka kokuzinzisa ukuba kuqhubekeke ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngexesha lamanqam.

Isiphelo: Ubuchule Bakho Njengolawulo - melo

Uvoti yakho ingaphezulu kakhulu kunesenzo esilula sokuphawula ibhola yokukhetha − kukusetyenziswa kwamandla edemokhrasi, ukuzalisekiswa koxanduva lwesizwe, kunye negalelo kwiqela lobuchule bokwenza ngokwalo. Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zokhetho ezisebenza ngayo kukhanyisa isizathu sokuba imicimbi yakho yokuthabatha inxaxheba nendlela umntu ngamnye avotela ngayo kwi-politiki kunye neziphumo zenkqubo.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zibumba ummandla wezopolitiko ngeendlela ezinzulu, ziphembelela ukuba amaqela aphi na akhuphisanayo, indlela ameleke ngayo amaqela ahlukeneyo, oko kunokwenziwa, nendlela urhulumente asabela ngayo kwiimfuno zabemi kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo. Akukho nkqubo yokhetho igqibeleleyo; nganye ibandakanya ukupheliswa phakathi kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo afana nokulungelelana, ukuzinza, ukuthobeka, nokusetyenziswa kwamaqela asekuhlaleni. Ukuphawula la maqela ahlukeneyo kunceda abemi ukuba babandakanye ngokucaphukisayo kwiingxoxo ezinxulumene notshintsho lokhetho lweziko ezahlukeneyo.

Ukubaluleka kwevoti yakho nganye kudlulela ngaphaya kwendlela enokwenzeka yezibalo yokufaka isigqibo sonyulo kunyulo olusondeleyo. Uvotelo lwakho lufak' isandla kugunyazo kunye nokusemthethweni kwabaphumeleleyo, impembelelo ezithi zifune ingqwalasela yezopolitiko, zibonise ukubotshwa kwebutho labantu okukhuthaza abanye ukuba babe nenxaxheba, kwaye zincede zikhusele imigangatho yedemokhrasi ngokusebenza ngokukhutheleyo. Xa uvota, awukhethi nje kuphela abathathi beza kumgangatho wedemokhrasi kwaye uthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi yokuzilawula ngokwawo.

Izithintelo zokuvota zisabalulekile kubemi abaninzi, ukususela kwimiqobo yolawulo ukusa ekudimazekeni kwengqondo okanye ekucinezeleni ngeqhinga. Ukuphelisa le miqobo kufuneka umntu ngamnye athathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo kunye nezenzo ezimanyeneyo zokuguqula iinkqubo kunye nokufikelela. Wonke ummi okwaziyo ukusebenzisa le miqobo aze afake idemokhrasi eqengqelekayo uqinisa ulawulo-melo kwaye yenza kube lula kwabanye ukuba balandele.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngolwazi kufuna umgudu .ukuphengulula kunye nemiba, ukuqonda amanyathelo okuvota, ukuhlala phakathi konyulo, nokuncedisa ukuvota nezinye iintlobo zombutho woluntu. Lo mgudu lixabiso lokuzilawula kunye noxanduva oluza ngamalungelo olawulo-melo. Oku kungasetyenziswa ````ukungakhathaleli nokungabi nalulwa,' kwaye kwenza amaziko edemokhrasi akhusela inkululeko nezilangazelelo zethu.

Njengokuba iinkqubo zonyulo ziqhubeka ziguquka zisabela kutshintsho lobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, nokuqhubeka kwengxoxo ngomelo, ukuba nenxaxheba kommi osebenzayo kubaluleka kakhulu. Ikamva ledemokhrasi lixhomekeke kubemi abathe baqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zabo zezobupolitika, abasoloko bethabatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke imigangatho, bagcine amagosa anyuliweyo ephendulile, basebenzele ukwandisa nokuphucula imbonakalo yawo onke amalungu ebutho labantu.

Imibandela yakho yevoti ngenxa yemicimbi yedemokhrasi. Ibalulekile kuba izigqibo ezenziwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo zichaphazela ubomi bakho, ibutho lakho, nekamva lakho. Kungenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi balwela ilungelo lokuvota nangenxa yokuba elo lungelo lihlala liphikiswa kwaye lisongelwa kwiindawo ezininzi. Kubalulekile kuba inyathelo elidibeneyo liqala ngokuba nenxaxheba komntu ngamnye, nangenxa yokuba idemokhrasi imelezwana ngalinye xa ummi esebenzisa ilungelo lakhe lokuvota.

Musa ukuvumela nabani na akweyisele ukuba ukhetho lwakho alunanto yakwenza okanye ipolitiki ayikuchaphazeli. Lunye unyulo lunika ithuba lokubumba uluntu lwakho nelizwe. Lonke ivoti lisenzo sokuthatha inxaxheba kwisebe ledemokhrasi esinegalelo kuvavanyo oluqhubekayo lokuzilawula. Livise ilizwi lakho. Sebenzisa amalungelo akho. Bamba imicimbi yakho kunyulo ngalunye kunokuba ucinga.

Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nobhaliso lwevoti kunye nemihla yonyulo kwindawo yakho, tyelela iVote. org okanye iwebsite yakho yonyulo. Ukufunda okuninzi ngenkqubo zonyulo jikelele ehlabathini, uphande izinto ezisuka ku Iziko le-International Institute for Democratic kunye ne-Elctoral Translation.