Ukungavisisani Okuqhubekayo Phakathi Kokwanda Nokulunga

Ulwalamano phakathi konyuko lwezoqoqosho nokulingana luyenye yezona mpikiswano zingapheliyo nezineziphumo eziphambili kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, abenzi benkqubo baye baphikisana nombuzo obalulekileyo: Ingaba ibutho labantu lingakusukela unyuko olukhawulezileyo lwezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokuncama okusesikweni, okanye kufuneka ligqibele ngokufanelekileyo ngexabiso lokusebenza kakuhle? Olu xinezeleko alunalwazi nje kuphela. Lubumba imithetho yerhafu, imithetho yezentlalo, imithetho yezentlalo, kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo ezichaphazela amawaka ezigidi zabantu. Ukuqonda ukuhwebelana phakathi kolwando oluphakathi komgangatho nomgangatho ophezulu nokulinganayo kuyimfuneko kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabantu abafuna ukubandakanye nokusebenza ngendlela enentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye nabameli bemimiselo lwemithetho ebonakalisa imilinganiselo yabo.

Umba wayo ophambili, ingxubusho igxininisa kwimibono emibini ekhuphisanayo yebutho labantu elityebileyo. Enye imbono ithi ukwanda yiyo yokuqala yengeniso yabantu. Xa ukwanda kwezoqoqosho kudala imisebenzi, kunyusa ingeniso, kwaye kuvelisa ingeniso yerhafu enokuxhasa izinto zikawonke wonke. Enye imbono igxininisa ukuba iingenelo zolwando zisasazwa njani izinto kanye njengomlinganiselo ophezulu wolwando. Ibutho labantu elifumana ingeniso ephakamileyo kodwa elinobuhlwempu nokungabikho kobunyani lisenokungazinzi kwaye lingonwabi kakhulu kunebutho labantu elityebileyo apho oovimba bahlukeneyo balingana khona. Ucelomngeni lwabenzi benkqubo lukubheka phambili ezi zinto ziphambili ziphambili zihamba phambili kwihlabathi loovimba abalinganiselweyo kunye nolawulo lwezobupolitika.

Eli nqaku lihlola amanqanaba angundoqo okukhula, uphando lwemizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene, kwaye lixubusha iindlela ezinokunceda ukulungelelanisa ezinjongo. Likwabalaselisa indima ebalulekileyo efezwa yimfundo ekulungiseleleni isizukulwana esilandelayo ukuzamana nale miba intsonkothileyo.

Ukuqonda Ukwanda Kwezoqoqosho

Ukwanda kwezoqoqosho kuchazwa njengokwanda kwekhono loqoqosho lokuvelisa iimpahla neenkonzo. Owona mlinganiselo uqhelekileyo kukukhula kwemveliso yokwenene yeGrayscan Imveliso yasekhaya (GDP), elungisa ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali nenika umlinganiselo wemveliso yezoqoqosho. Ngoxa ukukhula kwe-GDP kungumlinganiselo ogqibeleleyo wokuhlala kakuhle, kubandakanya neempawu ezininzi zentlalo-ntle yabantu, kuquka umlinganiselo wobomi, imigangatho yemfundo, kunye nokufikelela kumanzi acocekileyo kunye nogutyulo.

Abaqhubi Bezoqoqosho Abanenkqubela

Iingcali zezoqoqosho zifumanise abaqhubi abaphambili abaninzi abaqhuba izoqoqosho ezixhaphakileyo ixesha elide:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqokelelwa komngeni wogcino-mali: kwikomkhulu lokwenyama elinjengoomatshini, imizi-mveliso, kunye nezibonelelo zoncedo zinyusa imveliso kunye nemveliso.
  • Imfundo noqeqesho luphucula ubuchule nolwazi lwabasebenzi, nto leyo eyenza imveliso ephucukileyo nolwakhiwo olutsha
  • Inkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa ivumela uqoqosho luvelise okuninzi ngegalelo elinye, ukuqhuba ukukhula okuxhathisiweyo.
  • Ubunjani bobuzwe: amalungelo omhlaba, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nemibutho eqinileyo yezobupolitika yenza imekobume encedayo ekutyaleni ingeniso nakurhwebo.
  • Ukuvula lula umlomo: urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe luvumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise ezona zinto avelisa kuzo ezingcono, afikelele kwiimarike ezinkulu, kwaye angenelwe ekusasazweni kweengcamango nobugcisa.

Iingenelo Zokwanda

Iziphumo ezintle zokwanda kwezoqoqosho azibhalwanga kakuhle. Ngokwembali, amaxesha okukhula ngokukhawuleza aye adibana nenkqubela ephawulekayo kwimigangatho yokuphila. Kumashumi eminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iUnited States neNtshona Yurophu yafumana ulwando oluthe rhoqo olwanyusa izigidi zezigidi zendlala kwaye lwaxhasa ulwando lwemfundo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lwempilo, kunye nezibonelelo. Kutshanje, ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kweTshayina kunye nezinye izoqoqosho zaseMpuma Asia ziye zanyusa amakhulu ezigidi zabantu kubuhlwempu. IBhanki iqikelela ukuba umlinganiselo wobuhlwempu emhlabeni wonke wehla ukusuka ku-36% ku-1990% ukuya kunyuko lwama-2019%, ubukhulu bezoqoqosho kumazwe asaphulo.

Ulwando lukwanika oovimba bemali abafunekayo oorhulumente ukuze bacombulule iingxaki zentlalo. Xa uqoqosho lusanda, ingeniso yerhafu yanda ngaphandle kokwandisa intlawulo, inika abachaphazeli bemigaqo-nkqubo ithuba elingakumbi lokutyala ngeempahla zikawonke-wonke kunye nezorhwebo ezisasazwa kwabo basweleyo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho okanye ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho kusenokukhokelela ekuqingqeni imali eyingozi kubemi abasengozini.

I-GDP elinganiselwayo

Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwayo, i-GDP inemiqathango ebalulekileyo njengomlinganiselo wokusasazwa kwengeniso. Ayibangelwa kukuwohloka kwemekobume, ukuncitshiswa kobuncwane bendalo, okanye ixabiso lomsebenzi ongahlawulwayo ofana nokunyamekela abantwana kunye nokunyamekela abadala. Ngaphezu koko, i-GDP inokuhlala kunye nokungalingani okunyukayo ukuba iingenelo zokukhula ziqhubekeka ngokugqithisileyo kwabo bakwindawo yokusasaza ingeniso. Oku kuqhawula phakathi kolwando lwendalo kunye namava omntu ngamnye kuye kwakhokelela izazi zezoqoqosho ezininzi ukuba zixhase ezinye iindlela ezifana ne-Index yoPhuhliso loluntu (HDI), isibonisi seNguquko lokwenene (GI), kunye neOECD Engcono Ugcino-Malimo lwentlalo, eziquka imilinganiso entlalo.

Ukubaluleka Kokungalingani

I-Equoty ibhekisela kulwabelo olufanelekileyo lobuncwane, amathuba, kunye neziphumo kwibutho labantu. Yingcamango eqhelekileyo esekelwe kwimigaqo yokusesikweni nokusesikweni. Ngoxa kungekho nkcazelo inye echaza oko kukuthi kusasazwe ngokusesikweni, uninzi lweendlela zokubonisa ukulingana zigxininisa unciphiso olugqithisileyo lokwahluka okugqithisileyo kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuba bonke abantu banokufikelela kumgangatho osisiseko wokuphila.

Iintlobo Zodidi

Izazi ngezoqoqosho nezithandi zobulumko zahlula phakathi kweentlobo eziliqela zobulungisa:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ithe tye elithe tye ibambelele ekubeni abantu abakubume obufanayo baphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Umzekelo, abantu ababini abafumana ingeniso enye banokuhlawula umlinganiselo ofanayo kwirhafu.
  • [[UMTL:0] ngokuthe nkqo umi ngelithi abantu abakubume obahlukeneyo mabaphathwe ngokwahlukileyo. Lo mgaqo ugweba irhafu eqhubekayo, apho abo banengeniso ephezulu bahlawula ipesenti ephezulu yengeniso yabo kwirhafu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ukulingana kwamathuba kugxininisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuba bonke abantu banamathuba afanelekileyo okuphumelela, kungakhathaliseki iimeko zokuzalwa kwabo. Oku kungafuna utyalo-mali kwimfundo, unyango, kunye nezinye inkxaso kumgangatho webala lokudlala.
  • [[[FLT: 0] ukulingana kweziphumo kujolise ekunciphiseni umahluko kwingeniso, ubutyebi, kunye namanye amanyathelo entlalo-ntle. Le ndlela inemabango elingakumbi kwaye isoloko ifuna umnikelo obalulekileyo ngerhafu kunye nokugqithiselwa.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Ukulingana

Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo zokuba ukuthe ngqingqwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Okokuqala, umgangatho ophezulu wokungalingani unganciphisa ubudlelane kunye nozinzo lwezobupolitika. Xa iqela elikhulu labemi livakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ixhotyiswe kubo, ukuthemba amaqumrhu kuyawohloka, kwaye inkxaso yemigangatho yedemokhrasi ingabuthathaka. Uphando lwesazi ngezoqoqosho olunje Roy van der Weide[ kwaye i-Branç ibonise ukuba ukungalingani kweminye i-mikhosi kusenokuba ngumthombo wesiphithi-phithi-nxaxheba soluntu noknothiko lwezobupolitika.

Okwesibini, ukungalingani okungaphumelelanga ngokwezoqoqosho. Abantwana abazalwa bengamahlwempu badla ngokungafumani imfundo esemgangathweni, unyango, nokutya okunika intsebenziswano engakumbi yokuncedisa kwizoqoqosho. Oku kubonisa ukulahlwa kwekomkhulu loluntu ebekunokubangela ukuphuhliswa nokukhuliswa kwemveliso. I-International Monetary Fund (IMF) iye yapapasha uphando olubonisa ukuba ukungalingani okuphezulu kunxulumene nokukhula okusezantsi nokungaxhaswa kwezoqoqosho ngokweli xesha.

Okwesithathu, i-equition ngumbandela wobulungisa. Imigaqo emininzi yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ukususela kwimithetho esesikweni ukuya kubulungisa be-Rawlsis, iyayiqonda imfuneko yokuziphatha ekuphuculeni iimeko zamalungu angenangenelo lukhulu ebutho labantu. Kwihlabathi elinobuncwane obuninzi, ukuvumela ukubandezeleka okunokuthintelwa kuqhubeke kunzima ukukuthethelela.

Ukulinganisa Ukungalingani

Owona mlinganiselo uqhelekileyo wokungalingani yiGini conation, esusela ku 0 (ukulingana okugqibeleleyo) ukuya ku-1 (ukungalingani okugqibeleleyo). IGini ingasebenzi kakuhle kwingeniso eUnited States imalunga no-0.48, enye yezona ziphezulu kumazwe ahambele phambili. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe ase-Nordic afana neDenmark ne-Sweden aneGinibactics ezimalunga no-0.25, ezibonisa ukunyuswa kwerhafu kunye neenkqubo zokudlulisa. Ezinye imilinganiselo ziquka umlinganiselo wePalam, othelekisa ukwabelana kwengeniso ephezulu yeshumi ekhulwini kuleyo yemiphantsi yama-40 ekhulwini, kunye nesalathiso se-il, esichaphazeleyo kwienguqu ezingaphezulu zonikezelo.

Urhwebo Phakathi Kokwanda Nokulingana

Ingcamango yokuba kukho ukuthengwa okusisiseko phakathi kokukhula nokulingana kunxulumene kakhulu nomsebenzi wesazinzulu wezoqoqosho uArthur Okun, owathi ngodumo wachaza ukuxinezeleka njenge "emeleki" . Kwincwadi yakhe yonyaka ka1975 umgangatho kunye nokungalingani: IBig Tradentoff, iOkun yaphikisa ukuba ukubhenela izinto eziluncedo ezisuka kwabatyebileyo ukuya kumahlwempu kufana nokuthwala amanzi kwibhakethi ebhoni evuzayo: amanye amanzi alahlekile ngothutho. Umbuzo ukulungele ukuvuzwa kwebutho labantu ekulandeleni ukulinganisa okuninzi.

Ucwangciso lwe-okun luye lwanempembelelo enkulu, kodwa uphando olulandelayo lutyhile umfanekiso ocacileyo. Ulwalamano phakathi kokukhula nokulingana luyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwenkqubo, umongo, kunye nexesha eliqwalaselweyo. Kwezinye iimeko, imigaqo enciphisa ukungalingani lunganyusa ulwando, ngexa kwezinye, ukuthelekisa kuyinto yokwenene kwaye kubalulekile.

Indlela Ulwando Olunokukwandisa Ngayo Ukungalingani

Ukwanda kwezoqoqosho akuzincedi nganto wonke umntu. Enyanisweni, amaxesha amaninzi okwanda ngokukhawuleza aye ahambisana nokunyuka kobuhlwempu. Ngexesha leNguquko Yezoshishino, ubutyebi obuninzi obuqokelelwe yizoshishino bahluke kakhulu kuhlwempuzeko lweqela labasebenzi. Kutshanje, ixesha lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye notshintsho lobugcisa oluye lwaqala ngo-1980 lunxulumene nokunyuka kwengeniso noqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi aphucukileyo.

Ulwando oluxhathisiweyo lungafak' isandla ekungalinganini ngeendlela ezininzi. Inkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa idla ngokuba nenceba abasebenzi abanobuchule ngaphezu kwabasebenzi abangenabuchule, into eyaziwa njengenguqu yobugcisa obuneengcali. Abasebenzi abanokuqhelanisa nobugcisa babo obutsha bawubone unyuko lwabo, ngelixesha abo banobuchule obuphelelwe lixesha benokushiywa ngasemva. Ngokufanayo, urhwebo lorhwebo lunganceda abasebenzi kushishino oluthe lwamazwe angaphandle ngelixa besenza okubi abasebenzi kumaqela angaphandle. Isazi sezoqoqosho uDani Rodrik siphikisa ukuba ukudilikana kubangele uhlahlolo lwemijongo oluthi oluthiyo lungaveliyo.

Ukungalingani kobutyebi kudla ngokugqithisa kakhulu kunobungani bengeniso kwaye kunotyekelo olunamandla lokudibanisa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngenxa yokuba ubutyebi buvelisa iimbuyiselo ezinokubuyiselwa, abo sele benezinto ezininzi babona ubutyebi babo bukhula ngokukhawuleza kunabo banezinto ezimbalwa abaqala ngazo. Le misebenzi, eyabhalwa ngusazinzulu ongumFrentshi uThomas Piketty kwincwadi yakhe ka 2013 i-Caparal kwi-Promp Century[, ikhokelele kwimeko apho ubutyebi obuzuzwe njengefayo bulawula khona imali efumanekileyo, inciphisa ukuhambelana nokuhamba kwentlalo nobunzima obuyinyukileyo.

Indlela Ukunikela Okunokukhula Ngayo Ngokucotha

Kwelinye icala lomphathi, iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukunciphisa ukungalingani zingabangela ukudilika okuthi kunciphise ukukhula kwezoqoqosho. Iirhafu eziphezulu kwingeniso nobutyebi zisenokudimaza umsebenzi, ukugcina, kunye nokutyalwa kwemali. Iinzuzo zentlalo-ntle ezibonelelwa ngesisa zinokunciphisa intshukumisa yokufuna umsebenzi okanye ubuchule bokunyusa ubuchule. Imithetho ekhusela abasebenzi inokunyusa iindleko zengqesho zenze ukuba izibonelelo zikwazi ukuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kweemeko zemarikethi.

Ubukhulu bezi ziphumo bungumbandela wengxoxo enzima. Olunye uphando lufumene iziphumo ezidibeneyo. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba imigangatho ephakathi yokudityaniswa kwerhafu ineziphumo ezincinci okanye ayinazo iziphumo ezingalunganga ekukhuleni, ingakumbi xa ingeniso isetyenziselwa ukunikezela ngemfundo, izibonelelo okanye ezinye izinto ezinika imveliso. Olunye uphando, ingakumbi ezo zibhekisa kwixabiso eliphezulu lerhafu okanye amazwe ahlala ephilileyo, zifumana iziphumo eziyingozi ezithe chatha. Umbuzo ongundoqo awukho nokuba ngaba ukuvuleka komkelo kunokwenzeka na, kodwa kunoko okokuba kunokwenzeka phantsi kwemeko, kwaye kungakanani na.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene

Imizekelo emininzi yenkqubo yekonkrithi ibonisa ukuthelekisa ukukhula nokulingana:

  • I-Tax yokwehla: Umthetho werhafu noMsebenzi ka-2017 eUnited States wanciphisa umlinganiselo werhafu yenkampani ukusuka kuma-35 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-21 ekhulwini kwaye wanciphisa irhafu yengeniso yabantu kwizibiyeli ezininzi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukugawula kuya kukhuthaza utyalo-mali kunye nonyuko lwezoqoqosho. Oku kuqheliswa, umthetho wakhokelela kwisongezo sokwexeshana e-GDP, kodwa inzuzo yasetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityebini. Ngokutsho kwe-Congregal Uhlalo ofisi yoHlamthiso, umthetho wanyusa ukuhliswa korhulumente malunga ne-R1,5,5,000, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuba utyalo lwexesha elizayo lungangeniseluvo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Intlawulo encinci yanda: ukunyusa umvuzo omncinci yindlela engqalileyo yokuphucula ingeniso kubasebenzi abangaphantsi, kodwa isenokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni yimisebenzi ukuba abaqeshi baphendula ngokunciphisa umsebenzi okanye imisebenzi ezenzekelayo. Ubungqina obudibeneyo ngeziphumo zomvuzo womsebenzi ophezulu budityanisiwe. Uhlolisiso lwesazi sezoqoqosho nguDavid Carbo noAlan Krueger lufumanise ukuba unyuko olusezantsi kwimivuzo encinane yemali ekwiNew Jersey alukhange lunciphise umsebenzi, kodwa uphando oluninzi lwakutshanje lufumene iziphumo ezimbi kwezinye iimeko, ingakumbi kwabasebenzi abancinane nabangabasebenzi abaqhamili.
  • Amazwe athe afaka imali eninzi kwiinkqubo zoluntu: atyekele kakhulu kwiinkqubo zoluntu atyekele ekunciphiseni ukungalingani kunye neziphumo ezingcono ngokwempilo, imfundo, nokuhamba kunye noluntu. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zifuna imigangatho ephezulu yerhafu, enokuthi inciphise unyuko ukuba ayilwa ngocoselelo. Amazwe ase-Ostredism aye akwazi ukudibanisa imigangatho ephezulu yokuthengwa kwemali kunye nokusebenza kwezoqoqosho okunamandla ngokuxhomekeka ekusebenziseni irhafuthezo ezibanzi kunye nolawulo lukawonke wonke. Amanye amazwe aye azama ukufikelela umlinganiselo ofanayo.
  • utshintsho lwelizwe: kumazwe asakhasayo, ukuba nendawo elinganayo kungumthombo ongundoqo wokungalingani nobuhlwempu. Iinkqubo zotshintsho lwelizwe ezisasaza umhlaba kubagcini-mali abancinane zinokunyusa imveliso yezolimo zinciphise ubuhlwempu, kodwa zingenza ukungaqiniseki ngamalungelo empahla adiza utyalo. Impumelelo yomhlaba yokulungisa ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela yenkqubo kunye nokusingqongileyo okubanzi.

Ubuchule Bokulungelelanisa Ulwando Nolungelelwano

Ngelixesha ukuthelekisa phakathi kokukhula nokulingana kuyinto yokwenene kwezinye iimeko, akunakugwetyelwa. Imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo ingakhuthaza ukulingana okukhulu nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezoqoqosho. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo ziboniswe zisebenza kuludwe lwemimiselo.

Ukukhokeliswa Kwerhafu Ngokusebenzisa Imali Ngobuchule

Irhafu eqhubekekayo, apho abantu abafumana imali eninzi behlawula indima enkulu yengeniso yabo kwirhafu, inganyusa ingeniso yotyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke ngeli xesha inciphisa ukungalingani kwemiba yerhafu. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwemiba yerhafu ephezulu kakhulu kungayiqhuba ishishini phesheya, ngoxa irhafu yekomkhulu ingakuthintela ukulondolozwa nokugcinwa kwemali. Irhafu exhobisa inkqubo yerhafu ephakamileyo enamanani aphantsi kakhulu kunye nenteleko ezimbalwa, idityaniswe nerhafuthelo eliqinileyo kwilifa nengeniso yamakomkhulu. Ingeniso yerhafu ingasetyenziswa ukuxhasa ingeniso, ukunyamekela impilo, ukuxhasa, ukuxhasa, ukuveliswa, kunye nongezelelwa kwezinye izinto ezinyusa ukukhula okude.

Ukuveliswa Kwekomkhulu Loluntu

Imfundo kunye noqeqesho ziphakathi kwezixhobo ezinamandla zokulungelelanisa ukukhula nokulingana. Ngokuphucula ubuchule nolwazi lwabenzi, imfundo inyusa imveliso kunye nokufumana amathuba, okunyusa nokunciphisa ukungalingani ngexesha elinye. Imfundo yabantwana bangaphambili iyasebenza kakhulu ngenxa yokuba inika imbuyekezo ephezulu kubomi bomntu ophilayo kwaye inceda ukulungiselela amathuba alinganayo kubantwana abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezilusizi. Heckman Equation[, eveliswe nguMoniciotatory James Heckman, ebonisa ukuba ungeniso kwiminyaka yangaphambili yabantwana abasweleyo ivelisa uqoqosho oluphezulu lubuyela kwimpilo engcono, imfundo, kunye nengeniso.

Ukuxhasa Uhlomelo Oluncinci Noluphakathi

Amashishini amancinane naphakathi angowona mthombo uphambili wemisebenzi nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, asoloko ejongene nemiqobo yokufumana iimali zokuthenga, iimarike, kunye nobugcisa. Imithetho exhasa ukuphuhliswa kweSME, njengeenkqubo zokonga ezijoliswe kumatyala, iinkonzo zophuhliso loshishino, kunye nemigaqo elungelelanisiweyo, ingakhuthaza ukudalwa komsebenzi kunye nokwanda okuqulethwe yimiqathango. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, amaziko amaziko anokusetyenziswa kwemichiza encinane aye anceda abaxhasi abaqala nokunweba bandisa amashishini, ekwanenza ukunciphisa uqoqosho kunye nokwandisa i-dynam.

Ukuqinisa iinethi zokhuseleko

Iminatha yokhuseleko lwentlalo enjenge-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, uncedo lokutya, kunye neenkqubo zokuthunyelelwa imali zikhusela abantu abasengozini ekusothukeni kwezoqoqosho kunye noncedo lokulondoloza ukuzinza kwentlalo. Iminatha yokhuseleko ecwangcisiweyo iyakwazi ukuxhasa ukukhula kweminye imisebenzi ngokunceda abasebenzi ukuba basebenzise iingozi, banikele imfundo, batshintshele kwiindawo ezinezindululo ezingcono. Iinkqubo zokudlulisela imali zemali, ezifana ne-Mexico's Progresa/Orportidades kunye ne-Brazil Bolsa Família, zibonise ukuba zinciphisa ubuhlwempuzelo kunye neziphumo zempilo nemfundo ngaphandle kokwenza iiprojekthi ezingundoqo emsebenzini. [[FLT: 0] IBranchin

Utshintsho lobugcisa

Njengendlela yokuzisebenzela nokusebenzisa ubuchule bokuyila ingeniso, abaququzeli benkqubo kufuneka bafumane iindlela zokusasaza iinzuzo zenkqubela yobugcisa ngokubanzi. Oku kuquka ukuveliswa kwemali kuqeqesho lwabasebenzi nokufundiswa ubomi bonke, ukuhlaziya imfundo ephuma emva kwemfundo ukugxininisa ubuchule obudibanisa ubugcisa, nokuqwalasela iimpendulo zemigaqo efana nemali ehlawulwayo okanye ingeniso esisiseko yehlabathi. Amanye amazwe aye azama iirhafu zerobhothi okanye inzuzo yogcino-lwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba impumelelo ekusebenzeni kwezithuthi iyabelana nabasebenzi nabemi.

Indima Yemfundo Kwimilinganiselo Yezoqoqosho

Imfundo asisosixhobo nje sokuphucula iziphumo zezoqoqosho, kodwa ikwasisiseko sokuba ngummi onolwazi. Kwidemokhrasi, abavoti kufuneka baqonde ukurhoxisa okubandakanyekileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ukuze benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Oothisha banembopheleleko yokulungiselela abafundi ukuba babandakanye ngokungqongqo nangendlela eyakhayo kule miba.

Ukufundisa Ngeengcamango Zezoqoqosho

Imfundo emandla yezoqoqosho iqala ngeengcamango ezisisiseko: ukunikezelwa nokufunwa kwemali, amathuba, umahluko, kunye nendima yezihlomelo. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde indlela esebenza ngayo iimarike, xa bengaphumeleli, nendlela ungenelelo lukarhulumente olunokuphucula ngayo iziphumo. Bafanele baqonde imida yemizekelo yezoqoqosho nokubaluleka kwemilinganiselo yokulungisa iinkqubo. IBhunga lezemfundo yezemali linika izibonelelo zokufundisa ezi ngcamango kumgangatho weK-12.

Ukuhlalutya Iziphumo Zenkqubo

Ngaphandle kweengcamango ezisisiseko, abafundi kufuneka bafunde ukuqwalasela iziphumo zokusasazwa kwemigaqo ethile. Ngubani ongenelwayo ekusikweni irhafu? Ngubani obethwa yingxaki yokwanda komvuzo omncinci? Ziziphi iintengiso phakathi kokusebenzisa imali yokuzikhusela nokusebenzisa imfundo? Ngokuhlola uphando lwetyala lokwenene nokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukuvavanya iingxelo, abafundi bavelisa ubuchule bokuhlola imigaqo-nkqubo abafuna ukuvavanya nokugweba ngolwazi.

Ubandakanyeko Olukhuthazayo Lwemibimbi

Ekugqibeleni, imfundo kufuneka ikhuthaze ingqiqo yokuba nembopheleleko yoluntu yaye ikhuthaze abafundi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yenkqubo. Oku kunokuquka iingxoxo zaseklasini, iimfaniso zokuva iindlebe zowiso-mthetho, kunye neeprojekthi ezibandakanya ukuphanda nokukhuthaza umbandela wenkqubo. Xa abafundi bezigqala njengabathathi-nxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, banokubandakanyeka ngakumbi kwimiba enzima baze basebenzele kwizicombululo ezibonisa ubuchule bezoqoqosho nobulungisa bentlalo.

Isiphelo

Ukurhweba phakathi konyuko lwezoqoqosho norhwebo alulula, kwaye azivumi iimpendulo ezilula. Ulwalamano phakathi kwezi njongo lubunjwe yimbali, amaziko, kunye nendlela ethile yokuyila iinkqubo. Kwezinye iimeko, ulwando nokulingana kunganeenzana, nemigaqo emiselwe kakuhle ekhuthaza zombini. Kwezinye iimeko, urhwebo lokwenene lukhona, kwaye abenzi bemithetho kufuneka benze ukhetho olunzima olubonakalisa amaxabiso ebutho labo.

Okucacileyo kukuba ukungahoyi ukulingana ekuphunyezweni kolwando kusemngciphekweni. Umgangatho ophezulu wokungalingani unganciphisa ukuhambelana kwentlalo, ukunciphisa ukuhambelana kwezoqoqosho, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuphelise ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho ngokwako. Ngokuchasene noko, ukusukela ukungalungelelani ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ukukhula kusenokukhokelela ekungalinganini, ekuqingqweni kwemali, nasekulahlekelweni kwemiqathango yokukhuphiswano. Ubuchule benkqubo yezoqoqosho buxhomekeke ekufumaneni ulungelelwaniso olusebenza ngexesha elithile nendawo ethile.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ingxoxo yokwanda ngokulinganayo inika ithuba elininzi lokubandakanyeka kwimibuzo esisiseko ngokusesikweni, ukuphumelela, nenjongo yomsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Ngokuqonda intengiso nobungqina, isizukulwana esilandelayo singafak' isandla kwizigqibo ezithe thacane ngakumbi nezinempumelelo.