Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni isebenza kwimiba emibini eyahlukeneyo: amatyala oluntu nawezaphuli-mthetho. Ngoxa zombini zibandakanya iimbambano kunye neenkundla zenkundla, zisebenzisa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, zilandela imithetho eyahlukeneyo, zikhokelele kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Kubafundi bomthetho, abagwebi, okanye abemi boluntu, ukuqonda oku kuyimfuneko. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwamatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukuquka imigaqo, kunye nemigaqo engundoqo, kunye nemizekelo eluncedo yokucacisa ingcamango nganye.

Ityala labemi elikwinkcukacha

Amatyala amakhaya aphakama xa omnye ekholelwa ukuba omnye umntu uphule amalungelo akhe okanye akaphumeleli ukuzalisekisa imbopheleleko yakhe esemthethweni. La ngamanye amatyala phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, okanye amanye amaqumrhu. Iqela elizisa eli tyala lingu lichaza phandle [, kwaye iqela eliye lamangalelwayo liyi- i-dendendix [. Umbutho ufuna imbuyiselo yemali, umyalelo (umyalelo wenkundla wokumisa okanye ukufuna isenzo), okanye esinye isicombululo. Injongo ayikokubohlwaya ummangalelwa kodwa ukwenza i-transted trans, ngoko kunokwenzeka.

Iindidi Zomzekelo Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka ungxubevange oluninzi lwempikiswano. Ngoxa inqaku lokuqala lidwelisa iindidi ezifanayo, nanku umahluko ongeenkcukacha:

  • [[NTL:0] Iimpikiswano ezidityanisiweyo: Xa elinye iqela lisilela ukuhlangabezana nemigaqo yesivumelwano esibophelelekileyo ngokusemthethweni, njengerente, isivumelwano sokuthengisa, okanye isivumelwano somsebenzi. Umzekelo, ikontraka engawugqibi umsebenzi wokulungisa isenokugwetyelwa ukwaphula isivumelwano.
  • intetho yeTort: ezi zibandakanya iimpazamo zamakhaya ezibangela ingozi okanye ukulahlekelwa. Olona hlobo luqhelekileyo luyingozi yobuqu, njengemeko yengozi yemoto apho umngcungcu ekhangela ilahleko yetyala lezamayeza neentlungu nokubandezeleka. Ezinye ii-tort ziquka ukutyholwa, ukuqhatha, nokungakhathali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano eProfiki: Ingxabano malunga nesambuku, njengemigca yomda, imiba ebambekayo ye-lonke, okanye izixa-mali zokuba ngumnini emva kokufumana i-exeslour.
  • Amatyala omthetho woNtlango: uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, inkxaso, nokukhulisa umntwana zizinto zoburhulumente. La matyala asoloko ebandakanya ubunkimbini obusemthethweni nobungokweemvakalelo.
  • Impikiswano yexesha: eziquka ukuphelisa okuphosakeleyo, ucalucalulo, imibango kunye neeyure, kunye nokwaphulwa kwemithetho yemisebenzi.
  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lomthetho: Iqela labantu lidibene limangalela ummangalelwa ngengozi efanayo, njengemveliso enesiphene okanye ukurhwebelana.

Iinkalo Zomzekelo Wesipulse

Ukuphumelela kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa kufuneka amisele izinto ezingundoqo zentelekelelo yabo. Umzekelo, kwimeko yokungakhathali, ummangalelwa makabonise: (1) ummangalelwa obeke ityala lonyameko, (2) ummangalelwa waphule loo msebenzi, (3) uqhawulo-phu olubangele umonakalo, kunye (4) nomntu ochaphazelekayo wafumana umonakalo wokwenene. Lo mthwalo wobungqina uphantsi kunasezimigabeni zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iindlela Eziqhelekileyo Zokunyanga Iimeko Zamakhaya

Ukuba umchasi uyaphumelela, inkundla idla ngokuyalela ukuba kwenziwe umonakalo wemali. Ezi zinokuba:

  • Imali yokuhlawulela ilahleko ekhoyo njengeendleko zonyango, ingeniso elahlekileyo, kunye nokulungisa impahla.
  • Umonakalo ophakathi: Anikwa ngokweemeko zokungalungi kwesimilo ukubohlwaya ummangalelwa nokunqanda ukuziphatha okufanayo. Ezi zinqabile kumthetho wasekuhlaleni kodwa zinokwenzeka kwiimeko zobundlobongela ezibandakanya ukungakhathali okugqithisileyo okanye ukwenza okubi ngempazamo.
  • Iinjnacts: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze okanye liphephe ukwenza into, efana nokumisa ishishini ekusebenziseni uphawu.
  • [[NTLA:0] Isenzo esikhethekileyo: Kumatyala omnqophiso, inkundla ingayalela iqela lokwaphula ukuba liphumeze izivumelwano, ingakumbi xa umba ungaqhelekanga, njengeceba elinqabileyo lobugcisa.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho Aziinkcukacha

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya izenzo ezithathwa njengezisongelo ezinxamnye nebutho labantu ngokubanzi. Ngomtshutshisi, urhulumente, uzisa izityholo ngokutyholwa ngumntu othile okanye ummangalelwa (ummangalelwa) ngokuphula umthetho. Injongo kukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokubohlwaya abo baphula umthetho. Izibonda ziphezulu: abamangalelwa bajongene nokuphulukana nenkululeko, inhlawulo enzima, kunye nengxelo yezaphuli-mthetho.

Iintlobo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lubalwa ngobunzima:

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, ukuthwala isohlwayo sonyaka omnye okanye ngaphezulu entolongweni, okanye kwanezokufa kwezinye iindawo. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, ukurson, nokurhweba ngeziyobisi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imisdemers: Ityala elincinci elinzulu, elidla ngokusohlwaywa ngaphantsi konyaka entolongweni, ityala, okanye ityala. Imizekelo iquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, kunye ne-DUI (ityala lokuqala).
  • Izaphulo ezincinci ezikhokelela kwintlawulo ehlawulwayo engekhoyo kwintolongo. Imizekelo iquka amatikiti emoto, ukudumba, kunye nokuhamba. Amanye amaphondo azibiza ezi zinto njengezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zamakhaya kunokuba azenze.

Abadlali Abaphambili Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ngokungafaniyo namatyala asekuhlaleni, apho amaqela enziwe ngasese, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya urhulumente.

  • Umnqumli: Igqwetha likarhulumente elimele urhulumente okanye urhulumente. Bagqiba ukuba baza kufaka iityala kusini na nokuba baza kutyala na.
  • Igqwetha elinguMkhuseli: limela ummangalelwa. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukufikelela igqwetha, inkundla kufuneka imisele (umkhuseli wasekuhlaleni) omnye phantsi koMphetho-mda weSithandathu.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Devenation: Umntu otyholwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa uthathwa engenatyala de agwetywe enetyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umgwebi: ujonga phambili imicimbi, uqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uyalandelwa, kwaye unyanzelisa isigwebo ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetyelwe.

Ukugwetywa Nesohlwayo

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe enetyala, inkundla ibeka isigwebo. Uludwe luxhomekeke kubukhulu bolwaphulo-mthetho nemithetho esebenzayo. Izigwebo zingaquka:

  • Ukuvalelwa entolongweni (ngenxa yempazamo) okanye intolongo (yokungcinwa).
  • Iifama, ezinokusuka kwiindleko ezincinane ukusa kwizigidi zeerandi zolwaphulo - mthetho lweziko.
  • Ingxelo, apho ummangalelwa ejongelwa khona ekuhlaleni kunokuba asebenze ixesha.
  • Inkonzo yoluntu, ekufuneka yenziwe ngaphandle kwentlawulo.
  • Ukuziphatha kakubi, apho umenzi wobubi ahlawula khona ixhoba lakhe ngenxa yelahleko.
  • Kwezinye iimeko, isohlwayo sokufa (isohlwayo sokufa) sona lwaphulo-mthetho luqatha njengombulali wokuqala.

Iinkqubo zeNkundla kunye neMicimbi

I-Juriscion imisela ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya lokuva ityala. I-United States inenkqubo yenkundla ephindiweyo: urhulumente norhulumente. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo esingatha ityala kuxhomekeke kwindlela echaphazelekayo nemithetho ebandakanyekileyo.

Umthetho ochaseneyo noManyano lwaBantwana

Amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni aviwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ezinegunya eliphangaleleyo kwimicimbi ekhutshwa phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Noko ke, iinkundla zephondo zinokuva amatyala asekuhlaleni phantsi kweemeko ezimbini ezingundoqo:

  • ulawulo lobuzwe: Xa amaqela esuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo kwaye ixabiso lempikiswano lidlula ii-$75 000 (njengoko kumiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe). Injongo kukunikezela ngobundilele.
  • Imithetho yombuzo ekhoyo: Xa kuvela ityala phantsi komthetho wesizwe, njengokuthetha okubandakanya imimiselo karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko, okanye izivumelwano. Imizekelo iquka ukuchaswa komgunyathiswa, iisuti ezichasene nokholo, kunye nokuphulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu.

Iqumrhu loMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe kwiMatyala olwaphulo-mthetho

Iinkundla zephondo zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, afana nokubulala, ukuphanga nobusela. Iinkundla zoManyano zisingatha amatyala achasene nemithetho karhulumente, abandakanya impahla karhulumente, okanye ayenzeka kwiingingqi zelizwe. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi ezimanyeneyo (kunqamleza ilizwe okanye imida yesizwe).
  • Ukuphangwa ebhankini (ukuphangwa kwebhanki ebhaliswe ngurhulumente).
  • Ityala elibandakanya izibonelelo zorhulumente.
  • Ulwaphulo - mthetho olusenziwa kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente, ezinjengeepaki zesizwe okanye izakhiwo zomkhosi.
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe olufana nokungagcinwa kwetyala, ukubhatala irhafu kunye nokuthuthwa kwemali.

Ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo - mthetho zinokubekwa ityala kwinkundla yelizwana okanye yelizwana, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kuthethwe amatyala aphindwe kabini (nangona oku kunqabile yaye kuphakamisa imibuzo eyingozi ephindwe kabini).

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Kwamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Nangona zombini iindidi zamatyala zibandakanya iinkundla, umahluko ungowona ubalulekileyo. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lubalaselisa iiyantlukwano ezingundoqo:

  • IPurpose: Amatyala abemi ajolise ekucombululeni iingxabano nokunika unyango kwiqela elinzakeleyo. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ajolise ekohlwayeni nokukhusela ibutho labantu kwihambo embi.
  • Iipartyule ezibandakanyekileyo: Kwimeko zamakhaya, amaqela ngabantu okanye amaqumrhu (amaphepha-ndaba azimeleyo. athenjiwe). Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) uzisa ityala kummangalelwa.
  • Ibherin yobungqina: Iimeko zabemi zisebenzisa umgangatho osezantsi(ii-preander zobungqina (ngaphezu kwama-50% enyani). Iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zifuna umgangatho ophezulu kakhulu. Ngapha koko amathandabuzo asengqiqweni (ngokungaqiniseki ngokupheleleyo). Oku kubonisa iziphumo ezimandundu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Ilungelo kwigqwetha: Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unelungelo lomgaqo-siseko kwigqwetha, nokuba akanamali yelinye. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, eli lungelo alikho, nangona eminye imicimbi yasekuhlaleni (njengeyokuphelisa amalungelo abazali) isenokuxhobisa ilungelo elifanayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iimali ezifunyenweyo: Amatyala abemi adla ngokuphumela kumonakalo wemali okanye umyalelo. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angaphumela ekuvalweni entolongweni, kwintengo, ekuhlolweni, okanye kwezinye izigwebo ezijoliswe ekohlwayeni.
  • Izaphuli-mthetho: zombini ezintlobo zingasebenzisa amajukubhele, kodwa kwiimeko zabemi, izigwebo zidla ngokuba ngabantu abathandathu, kwaye izigqibo azifuneki zidibane (zixhomekeke kumthetho karhulumente). Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, iijaji zidla ngokuba namalungu ali-12, kwaye izigwebo kufuneka zihlangane ukuze kuqinisekiswe kwiimeko ezinzima.
  • Appals:[ omabini amacala angabhenela kwisigqibo soluntu. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala alikwazi ukubhenela kwisigqibo esingesosimangalo ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphindwe kabini, nangona ummangalelwa enokuthi abhenele kwisiqinisekiso.

IiNkundla eziBandakanyekileyo

Inkqubo yokuthetha ityala idla ngokuba mide kwaye isenokudilizwa ibe ngamanqanaba aliqela. Iimeko ezininzi zihlala phambi kokuvavanywa, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda amanyathelo acwangcisiweyo.

  • I-Plattings: I-Placttiff ifakela isikhalazo, ichaza isiseko esisemthethweni sesuti nesothulo esifunwayo. Ummangalelwa uyiphendula ityala ngalinye. Ummangalelwa angaphinda afake ifayile yethala eliphikisana ne-Placttiff.
  • Icebo: Eli lisigaba sokuqokelela ubungqina. Omabini amaqela atshintshisanayo amaxwebhu (acela imveliso), athatha ubungqina obungaqinisekiyo (okwala), anikezele imibuzo ebhaliweyo (iimvume), kwaye angacela ukuvunywa kwenyaniso. Uhlolo lungathatha iinyanga kwaye lusoloko luyinxenye exabisa kakhulu yemeko yoluntu.
  • Intshukumo zomthetho: Izahlulo zingayifaka ifayile yentshukumo ukukhupha ityala (ukukhupha mvume esemthethweni ekhoyo) okanye ugwebo lwesishwankathelo (ukushwankathela iimpikiswano zenyani zifuna ukuvavanywa). Ukuba ezi zinto aziphumelelanga, ityala liqhubekela ekuvavanyweni.
  • : Kwityala lebheri, ijaji igqiba izibakala nomthetho. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli-tyala bagqiba iimbambano ezizinyani. Zombini ezi zindinyana zinikela iintetho zokuvula, ubungqina, kunye nengqina, zilandelwa ziimpikiswano zokuqukumbela. Ijaji ifundisa abachopheli-mvo kumthetho, kunye nabagwebi ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo.
  • Isivumelwano kunye nezibheno: Inkundla ingena umgwebo osekelwe kwisigqibo okanye kwisigqibo sejaji. Iqumrhu lingabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo, liphikisa iimpazamo zomthetho ngethuba lokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni aphela, apho amaqela avumelanayo ngesigqibo ngaphambi okanye ebudeni betyala.

Iinkundla Ezimatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho ilawulwa ngokungqongqo ngokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, kuquka iSiHlanziso seSine, sesihlanu neseSithandathu. Le nkqubo idla ngokulandela la manyathelo:

  • Ukunyanzelisa nokubhala: umthetho uthatha umkroti ebanjwani, iincwadi (zichaza inkcazelo yobuqu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholweyo), kwaye zisenokuwagcina ukuze afumane ibheyile.
  • Isigqibo sokulungisa: Umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina kwaye agqibe ukuba ziziphi izityholo zefayile. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokudlula kwisikhalazo esisemthethweni, ukumangalelwa ngabachopheli-tyala abakhulu (kumanye amazwe), okanye ukuva kokuqala apho umgwebi agqiba ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kutheni.
  • Umthetho: Ummangalelwa uvela enkundleni, ucetyiswe ngokusemthethweni ngezityholo, kwaye ungena isibongozo: umvandedwa, ungenatyala, okanye ungenamdla. I-Bail idla ngokucwangciswa, imisa iimeko zokukhululwa.
  • Intshukumo zovavanyo: Ukhuselo lungathatha intshukumo zefayile ukucinezela ubungqina (umz., ukuba ufunyenwe ngokukhangela okungekho mthethweni), ukukhupha izityholo, okanye ukutshintsha indawo. Ingxwabangxwaba isenokuthatha iifayile ukunyanzela ubungqina.
  • Ukuthelekisa: Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (angaphezu kwama-90%) lugqityelwe ngezicelo ezicetyiweyo. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane okanye isigwebo esincitshisiweyo ukwenzela ukunikezela ngetyala, ukuphepha ukuvavanywa kwetyala.
  • : Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelwayo, ityala liya kwityala. Ingtshutshiso inikela ubungqina kuqala, kwandule ke ingqiniso. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuhlala athule yaye akuyomfuneko ukuba anikele ubungqina. Abagwebi (okanye abagwebi kwityala lebheri) bayaququzelela baze bafikelele kwisigqibo. Ukuqinisekisa, abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bavume ngamacala onke ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Ipesenti: Ukuba ifumene ityala, ijaji ibeka isigwebo kwisigwebo esahlukileyo. Iimeko ziquka uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, kunye neengxelo zeziphumo zexhoba. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhenela kwityala okanye kwisigwebo.

Ukubhenela Kumatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nawamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Emva komgwebo okanye ukugwetywa, inkundla ephakamileyo isenokubhenela kwityala elingelotyala; igxininisa enoba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni zichaphazele imiphumo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Isibheno seCivil:[ Iqela lingafaka isibheno kumgwebo wokugqibela. Inkundla ethatha inxaxheba ihlola ingxelo yetyala ukwenzela iimpazamo ekusebenziseni umthetho. Ingaqinisekisa, ukubuyela emva, okanye ukubuyisela (emva) ityala loqhubekeko. Izibheno zingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka.
  • Isibheno somthetho: Ummangalelwa angabhenela kwisiqinisekiso, kodwa umtshutshisi akanakubhena ngesigqibo sokungangeni mvumo (ingozi ephindwe kabini). Izibheno zingavavanya imithetho ecacileyo, imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala, okanye ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Kwezinye iimeko, abamangalelwa bangafaka isiqinisekiso se-habeas corpus enkundleni yesizwe, bacel ’ umngeni umthetho wokuvalelwa kwabo.

Isiphelo

Amatyala amakhaya nawamatyala angoomthetho angoovimba ababini benkqubo yaseMelika, nganye eneenjongo ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo, kunye nokhuseleko. Umthetho wamakhaya usombulula iimbambano zabucala kwaye unika amaqela awonzakeleyo iimpendulo, ngelixa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho umangalela amatyala abantu kwaye unika abenzi bobubi ityala. Ukuqonda igunya (/ukuba lityala lenkundla yesizwe okanye yesizwe (iiiinkundla yenkundla yezomthetho) egxeka ukukhutshelwa kwezi nkqubo. Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uvavanyo lwezixhobo ezisuka kumgangatho wobulungisa [[FLT:] 0]] [FLT]] [iiiiiiiiiindawo yolwazi olusemthethweni [iii-PT], i-Prognorcelkthe, i-omati noothelela ukwahlulela komthetho.