Ukuqonda Ixesha Lolwazi

IXesha loLwazi, elikwasaziwa ngokuba yiDigital Age, aliqalanga ngokuyila enye kodwa kunoko laguquka ngokuhambelana kwecomputer, ii-combuter, kunye nobugcisa bokugcina ngamanani ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Izixhobo zokuqala ezincinane ezisebenzisa ubuchule bonxibelelwano, ukunyuka kweekhompyutha zobuqu kwiminyaka yoo-1980, kunye nokundululwa kwabantu nge-oyile ye-World Wide Web ekuqaleni konyaka ka1990 kwatshintsha indlela ulwazi oludalwe ngayo, lwasasazwa, lwaza lwagqitywa ngayo. Namhlanje, i-cell phone ithwele epokomeni ephethe amandla amaninzi okulungisa izinto kuneematshini ezikhokela ii-Apollops, kunye nogcino-data olubaleka ngesantya esibonakala singenakufikelele kwizizukulwana ezibini ezidlulileyo.

Eli xesha lichazwa ngophawu lwalo olucacileyo: indyebo. Apho izizukulwana zangaphambili zijongene nokunqongophala kolwazi — kupheleliselwe kwiqaqobana lamaphephandaba, izitishi zikanomathotholo, kunye neenkqubo zikamabonwakude — ngoku sibambana nobuninzi obungapheliyo bezinto ezivela kwizigidi zemithombo. Imijikelezo ye zindaba ixinzelelwe kude yonke imihla ukuya kwiyure enye. Imigangatho yezentlalo-ntle, icandelo le-algorithm-dvan, kunye nomxholo owenziwe ngomsebenzisi uthetha ukuba nabani na ononxibelelwano lwe-intanethi angasasaza umyalezo kubantu bomhlaba wonke.

Oku kunikezelwa kwelizwi kuneengenelo ezingaphikwa. Uluntu oluthe tye lungabelana ngamabali alo. Abacholacholi-ndaba bangaba bhala iziganeko ezithi iziphumo eziphambili zingazihoya. Abaququzeleli bayakwazi ukucwangcisa imigca enqamleze isiphelo. Kodwa kwale misebenzi inye eyenza ukuba ezi ziphumo zilungileyo zikwazi ukuvumela ukuba ezi ziphumo zihambe kakuhle zisasazeke ngesantya esikhwankqisayo. Ibali lobuxoki linokuba nexesha lokukhupha ulungiso. Izixhobo ezifihlakeleyo zifihla umgca phakathi kwenyaniso kunye nobuxoki. Umqulu wento equlukileyo uvumela ukuxazululaselwa kwethu ngesantya esiphezulu, ushiye kwanabafundi abakwaziyo ukuchana.

Kubafundi nabafundisi - ntsapho, ukuhamba ngale ndlela akufuni nje ukuthandabuza — kufuna ubuchule obuthile obunokufundiswa, busetyenziswe yaye buphuculwe.

Ubuchule Obuphambili Bokugxotha Iindaba Namaziko eendaba

Ukuphuhlisa ubuchule bokuhlola ngokunesidima iindaba namajelo eendaba kuquka ubuchule obuninzi obunxulumene nokukhuphisana. Obu buchule bulandelayo bubonwa ngokubanzi yimibutho yoondaba-ndaba yokufunda nokufundisa njengenxalenye engundoqo yesixhobo sokuhlola esinempumelelo:

  • Uvavanyo lomthombo: ukuchaza ukuthembeka kunye nenjongo yomvakalisi okanye umbhali.
  • Iziphumo- Iziphumo: Isebenzisa imithombo emininzi ezimeleyo ukuqinisekisa uthelekelelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqonda iBias: Ukwahlula iimbono zezobupolitika, ezorhwebo, okanye zeengcamango ezikubume bokunika ingxelo.
  • [[UMTHL:0] Isihlobo-sobunyani:[[FTL:1] Usebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye neendlela ukuqinisekisa uthelekelelo oluchaziweyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imediaslibring: Ukuqonda indlela eyahlukileyo ifomati yesixhobo sokusasaza, ubugcisa bokuvelisa, kunye neziqhagamshelanisi zokusasaza ezichaphazela utoliko lomyalezo.

Bubo bonke obu buchule bufuna ukuba ukhe ubuhlolisise, kuba bungeyondlela nje yokuhlola izinto kodwa buyisebenzise ngendlela efuna ubuchule bokuziqhelanisa.

Uvavanyo lwemvelaphi

Ukucaphula imvelaphi kuqala ngemibuzo esisiseko: Ngubani owadala le nto iqulethwe ngumsebenzi? Buphi ubuchule babo? Ngaba banengxelo echanekileyo? Kodwa kwimeko-bume yezobugcisa, le mibuzo iyacaciswa. Iwebhsayithi efana nendlela yokuyila isaziso esisemthethweni sendaba ingakhohlisa ngabom. Ingxelo yezentlalo-ntle yabalandeli isenokuba yi-bot okanye i-application edityanisiweyo.

Practical steps for source evaluation include:

  • Khangela iphepha le website malunga necala lobunikazi, ukuxhasa ngemali, iinkqubo zomhleli, kunye neenkqubo zolungiso. Iindlela ezicacileyo zokukhupha zichaza ngokucacileyo ezinkcukacha; ezizizizizi zisoloko zifihlakala.
  • Jonga kwigama lommandla ngocoselelo. Imimandla engaqhelekanga yomgangatho ophezulu (njenge .com.co okanye .infotainment) okanye ipeyinti encinane yemipu eyaziwayo (njenge "cnn-streng.com") yiflegi ebomvu.
  • Phengulula igama lombhali ukuze ubone imvelaphi yabo yengcali kunye nenye incwadi epapashiweyo. Umbhali obhala kuphela ngomxholo omnye okanye onembali yokukhuthaza iingcamango zeqhinga kufuneka aqwalaselwe.
  • Sebenzisa iidatabase ezifana ne Media Bias/Fact Khangela ukubona indlela imvelaphi ethembekileyo nenekhethe ngayo. Ngelixesha kungekho nkqubo yokulinganisa egqibeleleyo, ezi zixhobo zinika indawo yokuqala yokuthelekisa.

Enye indlela enamandla efundiswa yiStanford History Education Group "sleading translatement" — ukushiya iphepha lokuqala ukuvula ii-tab ezintsha nokuphendla ulwazi malunga nomthombo kunye neemfuno zawo. Kunokuhlala kwinxuwa elinye kwaye uzame ukugweba ukuthembeka kwalo ngaphakathi, abafundi belandela ilandela inkqubo basebenzisa ulwembu olubanzi ukukhangela umongo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abakhangeli-lwazi benyaniso baxhomekeke kakhulu kule ndlela, loxa abafundi besoloko bevaleleke ngaphakathi kwiphepha lokuqala.

Isalathisi-sokunqamleza

Ukukhupha izithuba kuqheliselo lokuqinisekisa ulwazi ngokukhangela imithombo emininzi ezimeleyo. Ukuba ibali libonakala kuphela kwi-webhsayithi enye efihlakeleyo kwaye alifumaneki naphi na kwenye indawo, oko kuluphawu olomeleleyo lokungafezeki. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iziphumeli ezininzi ezidumileyo zinikela ingxelo yezibakala ezifanayo, ukuqiniseka kuyakhula.

Ukusetyenziswa kweminqamlezo esebenzayo kubandakanya okungaphezulu kunokuqinisekisa nje ukuba le ngxelo ikho kwenye indawo.

  • Xa imithombo eyahlukeneyo iphikisana, qhubeka uphanda.
  • Nikela ingqalelo kumgca wexesha. Inqaku elidala eliye lalungiswa alisebenzi okanye lingalahlekisi ukuba lichazwe njengelikhoyo. Sebenzisa izixhobo zokukhangela ukucoca ngexesha.
  • Khawuqwalasele imithombo eyahlukahlukeneyo. Ukuba zonke iingxelo zivela kwimimandla esekelwe kwizobupolitika ezifanayo okanye kwizinto ezizimeleyo, kusenokubakho indawo engabonakaliyo. Jonga kwimithombo yezizwe ngezizwe, iindaba zasekuhlaleni, nakwiindlela zokukhupha iingxelo ezineembono ezahlukeneyo.

Ukubola komnqamlezo kubaluleke kakhulu kwi virus edityaniswe kwi media. Umxholo obalulekileyo okanye umfanekiso owothusayo usoloko ukhutshwa kumongo wawo wokuqala. Ukukhangela intengo kumongo obanzi — usebenzisa amagama ayintloko, uphengululo, okanye ukhangelo lwenkcazelo egqwethekileyo — lungatyhila ngokukhawuleza ukuba oko kuqulethweyo kuchanekile okanye kusetyenziswe.

Ukuqonda IBhaas

Iindaba azinanti intiyo ngokwemvelo; zisoloko zibangelwa lukhetho lomntu, izinto eziza kuqala kubekwa kwindawo yomhleli, nezinto ezilindelwe ngabaphulaphuli. Noko ke, ukuvuma ikhethe kubalulekile ekutolikeni inkcazelo ngokuchanekileyo.

  • ucalucalulo lokhetho: Ziziphi iingxelo ezikhethelwe ukukhutshelwa kwaye ezingahoywayo. Zonke iziphumelelo zeendaba zenza ezi zigqibo, kwaye ukhetho lubonakalisa amaxabiso omhleli bazo.
  • I- ucalucalulo oluchazayo: Indlela eliveziweyo ngayo ibali — ulwimi olusetyenziswayo, imithombo ecatshulweyo, imifanekiso ekhethiweyo, kunye nomongo onikiweyo. Umzekelo, ukuchaza ukuqhankqalaza "njengo" ngokuphikisana no-"demonst" iqulatha iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo.
  • I-parisan i- ujikelezo: Ulungelelwaniso olungaphaya neqela lezobupolitika okanye iingcamango. Izahlulo ezisoloko zidumisa elinye iqela kwaye zicutha elinye i-errose.
  • Impembelelo yababhengezi, abaxhasi, okanye abanikazi benkampani ekumxholo. Amabali anokuqumbisa ababhengezi asenokungakhathalelwa okanye aphetshwe.

Ukuze uhlole imbono ethile, zibuze: Injani indlela elithetha ngayo eli nqaku? Intetho ethetha izinto ezibangela umsindo, uloyiko okanye umsindo ithetha ukuba kukho imbono egqwethekileyo. Ngaba kukho iimbono ezininzi ezimele zisetyenziswe, okanye ngaba eli nqaku licaphula kuphela imithombo evumelana nembono ethile? Ngaba eli nqaku lichaza ngokucacileyo iimbono, inqaku labahleli, kunye nohlalutyo lweendaba lwahlukile kwiingxelo ezichanileyo?

Izixhobo ezifana ne AllSides sprash ye-mediasture replaced zinganceda abafundi bafake iindlela zokukhupha ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya embindini. Noko ke, akukho tshati iqinisekileyo. Eyona ndlela ithembekileyo kukugqiba iindaba kwimithombo emininzi kwiintlobo zobupolitika kwaye baqonde iimbono zakho — uqhelaniso olusenza sifumane ulwazi oluvumelana neenkolelo zethu ezikhoyo ngaphambili.

Imeko- eyingozi

Inyaniso yokukhangela iye yaba yingqeqesho yobuchule, enemibutho enjenge Snopets, FactCC.org, kwaye Plact[[FLT]P] Politact[ enikezelwe ukuphengulula iinkcazo ezichaziweyo. La manxulumani anika uhlaziyo oluquka imithombo, iilayini zexesha, kunye nezigqibo (Inyani, Inyaniso, Inyaniso, njalo njalo.). Kubafundisi kunye nabafundi, ukwazi ukuba basebenzisa njani ezi zinto bubuchule bububububukhali.

Ngaphandle kokuthembela kwiingcali zokukhangela, abantu ngabanye bangasebenzisa indlela yeSIFT eyaveliswa nguMike Caulfield weYunivesithi yephondo laseWashington.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Yima: Phambi kokwabelana okanye ukusebenza kwinkcukacha, nqumama ukuvavanya ukuba unako na umongo owaneleyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] sebenzisa ukufunda okulandelayo ukufunda ngomvakalisi nombhali.
  • Fuma isambatho esingcono: Jonga ingxelo ethembekileyo ngomxholo omnye kunokuhlalutya intengo yasekuqaleni xa usodwa.
  • izibhengezo ze Trace, iingcaphulo, kunye ne media zibuyela kumongo wokuqala: Ucaphulo okanye umfanekiso usenokuba uthatyathwe ngaphandle komongo; fumana ulwimi lokuqala, udliwano-ndlebe, okanye isiganeko sokuqonda oko kuthethwe okanye kuboniswe ngokwenene.

Indlela yeSIFT yenzelwe ukuba ikhawulezise — ithatha umzuzu nje omncinci — kwaye ihambelana nendlela abakhangeli benyaniso abasebenza ngayo. Ukufundisa abafundi la manyathelo kungaphucula ngokuphawulekayo ubuchule babo bokusebenzisa ulwazi oluphosakeleyo.

Ulwazi lwamajelo

Ulwazi oluquka ulwazi lwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo (indawo ephakathi, unomathotholo, ushicilelo, iindaba zengingqi, amajelo onxibelelwano) ukwenziwa kolwazi olukwindawo efihlakeleyo ngokwahlukileyo; indlela amanani okuzondla nokuyila amasuntswana akhuselweyo; indlela izibhengezo nezibonelelo ezixhaswayo ezinophawu (okanye hayi); nendlela ukuqwalasela ubunikazi bezixhobo zonxibelelwano okunokulinganisela ngayo iinguqu zelizwi.

Uvavanyo lwe-CRAAP oluluncedo kuvavanyo lwe- C umpempe, R elevince, [[[FLT:]]] A[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [5] uvavanyo, [[FLTLT:6]] u-A[FLT], [[FLT] P [FLT] P . Ivezwe yi- lisogo eStivezwe lase-liforlinity University, Chico, iCRA inikeza uvavanyo lwemibuzo yesikhokelo. Umzekelo:

  • Imali: Yapapashwa nini inkcazelo okanye yagqibela kuhlaziywa?
  • Ukuziphakamisa: Ngaba inkcazelo inxulumene nentswelo yakho?
  • Igunya: Ngubani umbhali/incwadi ebhaliweyo?
  • Inyani: Ngaba inkcazelo ixhaswa bubungqina? Ngaba inokuqinisekiswa?
  • Injongo: Kutheni le nkcazelo ikho — ukwazisa, ukweyisela, ukuhlekisa okanye ukuthengisa?

Kwakhona ukufunda eendaba kubandakanya ukwenza amajelo eendaba ngendlela ethembekileyo. Abafundi abayiqondayo indlela imifanekiso eqingqiweyo enokuthi isetyenziswe ngayo okanye ihlelwe ngayo, indlela iziphumo ezivakalayo ezinokuyiguqula ngayo imvakalelo nendlela imixholo ephambili enokubugqwetha ngayo imixholo ekwazi ngayo ukubuqonda ubuchule obukhoyo xa busetyenziswa ngabanye.

Iintambo zokunika ingqwalaselo kunye nempembelelo yazo

Nangobuchule obunamandla bokuhlola imvelaphi kunye nokulungisa inyani, intlukwano yomntu ibangele ikhethe elinokusiphazamisa kwimigudu yethu elungileyo. Ukuqonda olu khethe kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufunda ijelo-ndaba.

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa ucalucalulo [[FLT: 1] lutyekelo lokufuna nokuxhasa ulwazi oluqinisekisa iinkolelo zethu ezikhoyo ngeli lixa ungabuhoyi ubungqina obuphikisanayo. Kwixesha lolwazi, ukuqinisekisa ukucalucalula kunyuswe ngecandelo lokulinganisa-drive elisifunxayo sinokuba sivumelana nalo. Isiphumo sigumbi lesandi apho iimbono ezichasanayo zingena rhoqo.

[[FLT: 0] Ukufumaneka [ kusikhokelela ekubeni siqiqe kakhulu kwiziganeko ezicacileyo, ezitsha, okanye ezichukumiswileyo. Uthotho oluthe rhoqo lwemixholo yentloko echukumisayo ethetha ngolwaphulo-mthetho, izifo ezinqabileyo, okanye amahlazo ezobupolitika lungagqwetha indlela esibujonga ngayo umngcipheko kunye nento yokwenene.

[[UMTL: 0] Isiphumo sokutshintsha-tshintsha ichaza indlela abantu abanolwazi olulinganiselweyo kumxholo ngokufuthi abanobungangamsha obugqithisileyo, ngexa iingcali zisazi ngakumbi imiqathango yazo. Oku kungakhokelela ekunyanisekeni ngentembelo kuba ababuqondi ubuntsonkotha benkupho.

[[FLT: 0] Isiphumo senyaniso ithetha ukuba ukuchanabeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuxoki kuyenza ibonakale inyani. Oku kungenxa yokuba imposiso kunye namaphulo okuguqula izinto kuxhomekeke ekuziphindaphindani rhoqo kumgangatho omninzi. Nokuba intengo ikhutshiwe, ukuqhelana nje komyalezo wokuqala kungahlala engqondweni.

Abafundisi bafanele bafundise abafundi ngokucacileyo ngezi ngcamango zobuqhetseba baze bakhuthaze ukucinga — ukucinga ngendlela ocinga ngayo. Uqheliselo lokucamngca, olufana nokubuza oku "Ndikukholelwa ngantoni?" okanye "Bubuphi ubungqina obuya kuyiguqula ingqondo yam?" lunganceda ekulweni nocalucalulo.

Iingcamango Ezisebenzisekayo Zabafundisi

Ukufundisa ukulesa nokubhala akuthethi ukunikela intetho enye; kubandakanya ukucingela ukucingela ngokungqongqo ekuqheliseleni imihla ngemihla. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzisekayo abaqeqeshi abanokuzisebenzisa:

  • Sebenzisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene: Hlola iinkcazelo zentsholongwane abafundi abadibene nazo. Xoxa ngendlela ezisasaza ngayo kwaye zeziphi iindlela eziyenza ibe yeyokuyikopa.
  • Ifundisa ukufunda okuthe ngqo: Xa isifundo sivuliwe abafundi abavula iitab ezininzi ukukhangela imvelaphi, kunokuba bavavanye iphepha elinye. Liphe imibuzo ekhokelwayo yetab nganye.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imithambo yokukhangela inyani: nikeza abafundi impikiswano kwaye ubacele ukuba basebenzise iSnopes, iFactCer.Check.org, okanye iPritifact ukuqinisekisa oko. Mabanike iziphumo zabo kudidi.
  • Ihlola ulwakhiwo lwezibhengezo zomsebenzi wokufunda: uvavanyo lwezibonelelo kwi Iprojekthi yokubhala nokubhala Iindaba , enika izinto zegumbi lokufundela ezikhululekileyo, kuquka iqonga lokufunda kwi Internet elibizwa ngokuba yi-checkology.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izibhengezo zeAnalyze kunye nento exhasweyo: Bonisa abafundi imizekelo yezibhengezo zomthonyama (iintengiso ezixelisa umxholo womhleli) kwaye bacele ukuba baqonde umahluko phakathi kweendaba nonyuselo.
  • yenza udidi "inkcazelo yomba" fayile ye sect:[[FT:1] Ngaphezu kwe semester, qokelela imizekelo yamabali obuxoki okanye olahlekisayo kwaye uhlalutya oko kuyenze yathembeka okanye ingakholeleki. Gqibezela lefayile xa kuvela iimeko ezintsha.

Uhlolo lungaquka ukuba abafundi bavelise i-portfolio yovavanyo lwe-apps, apho basebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-CRAAP okanye indlela yeSIFT kuludwe lwamanqaku eendaba baze bachaze indlela abaqiqa ngayo. Okanye, abafundi bangenza isaziso senkonzo kawonke-wonke malunga nokufundwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha kwingingqi yesikolo sabo.

Isiphelo

I-Information Age ibeke umthwalo ongaqhelekanga kumntu ngamnye wethu: ukusebenza njengabahleli bethu, abakhangeli benyaniso, nabahlalutyi bobuzwe. Ukuwa kwabagcini-sango besithethe — abahleli, abalayishi bencwadi, intatheli ezingoonolwazi — kuthetha ukuba abantu kufuneka bathathe ityala lomgangatho wenkcazelo abayisebenzisayo kwaye bayibelane ngayo. Lo asingomsebenzi abantu abaninzi abaye baqeqeshelwa wona, kodwa ngulowo onokufundwa.

Ngokufunda ubuchule obufana nokuhlola imvelaphi, ukuthelekisa, ukuqonda ikhethe, ukukhangela inyaniso, nokufunda imithombo yezindaba, abafundi kunye nabafundisi-mfundo bangasebenzisa indalo yolwazi ngentembelo. Obu buchule abunamfundo nje; bubalulekile ekwenzeni izigqibo zolwazi ngempilo, ezopolitiko, ezemali, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Kwixesha apho ubuxoki bunokulonakalisa idemokhrasi ngokwayo, ukufunda okuphuma kumaziko eendaba akuyonto elulayo — buyimfuneko.

Lonke uqheliselo oluncinane — ukukhangela umthombo ngaphambi kokuba wabelane, ukufuna iingxelo ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba ukholelwe umxholo ophambili, ukuthandabuza injongo ekwijelo leendaba — lubangela ukuba kubekho inkcazelo engakumbi.