Ukwazisa: Isakhiwo Soluntu Esingabonakaliyo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke phantse yonke imiqathango yobukho bale mihla, ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko yenqwelo-mafutha oqhubayo ukuya kwinzala yemali-mali ebolekiweyo kumfundi wakho. yinkqubo yokwakha engabonakaliyo yebutho labantu, ilungelelanisa amathuba ethu, iimbopheleleko, kunye nomngcipheko. Emoyeni wayo, inkqubo kawonke wonke imela izigqibo ezisesikweni kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente ozithathayo/okanye ngokubom urhulumente uphepha ukuthatha ukuthatha `$(ukuya kuphendula iingxaki zikawonke-wonke-wonke. Le sikhokelo sinika isiseko esibanzi sokuqonda inkqubo kawonke, amandla abumba, kunye neendima engundoqo yabemi abadlala kuyo.

Yintoni Umgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke?

Ukuchaza inkqubo kawonke-wonke linyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda ufikelelo lwayo. Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uThomas Dye wanika ingcaciso esesikweni, equka ingcaciso: inkqubo yePublic yiyo nayiphi na inkqubo oorhulumente abakhetha ukuyenza okanye abafuni ukuyenza. Le ndlela inamandla kuba iyavuma ukuba ukungathathi-nxaxheba lukhetho lwenkqubo. Xa urhulumente egqiba ukungalawuli ushishino oluthile okanye ukungangeneleli kwingxaki yezindlu, eso sigqibo sineziphumo ezinzulu kwibutho labantu.

Inkqubo kawonke wonke yahlulwe kwizigqibo zabucala ngegunya layo kunye nobungakanani. Ixhaswa ngamandla anxulumeneyo karhulumente kwaye isebenza kubemi abachaziweyo. Isoloko idityaniswe kwimithetho, imiyalelo yabalawuli, izicwangciso, nemimiselo, kunye nemithetho yomthetho yomthetho. Kukwaluncedo ukuqonda imigangatho yezi zixhobo: ikhotholi lizambulela ezibanzi zeenjongo nemigaqo; imithetho edluliselwe yimithetho esemthethweni elungiselelwe yimithetho esemthethweni eluncedo; kunye [[FLT]] ne imigaqo-mthetho ebhaliweyo yimithetho ebhaliweyo yimithetho elungiselelwe loo mithetho, ithwala imithetho eluncedo.

  • [[UMTHLWELO] Ukuzimisela:[[UMTL:1] Injongo yowiso-mthetho okanye yolawulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] ICebe: Ulungiselelo olukhethekileyo kunye nobuchule bomgaqo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uzalisekiso: Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo ngamasebe.
  • Isiphumo esibonakalayo kunye nesiphumo kubemi bexhoba.

Njengomthombo onegunya kulo mbandela, ungeno lwe-WPipedia kwimithetho kawonke-wonke lunika incam yemfundo eqinileyo yokuqala ukuqonda iinkcazelo zayo ezahlukeneyo nobungakanani.

Isizathu Sokuba Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke Ubaluleke

Ukuqonda inkqubo kawonke-wonke asiyonkqubo yemfundo. Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izinto eziphathekayo ezintle nomgangatho wobomi bedemokhrasi.

Ukufuduswa Kwezibonelelo Nobomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Uqingqo-mali ngalunye lukarhulumente luyingxelo yenkqubo. Isigqibo sokwabela imali ukhuseleko lomkhosi ngokuchasene nolwamaqumrhu oluntu lubonisa ukuba inkcitho yemali ibalulekile. ilawula imithetho elawula ukunyuka kwemali kunye nomsebenzi, echaphazela amandla okuthenga imali yemali nganye ebhanki. Ngolawulo lwe-fiscal (irhafu nemali) kunye nenkqubo yemali (ukulawula ukunikezelwa kwemali), urhulumente ulawula uqoqosho, ukwenza ulawulo lwe-macrobisho lwendawo yoluntu. Inkqubo ye-macrogen ye-okstiki ye-othengithi ye-mali, ichaphazela ukuthengwa kwemali ekhoyo ye-mali, i-octrobial elungele ukusasazwa kwemicimbini yemibutho yezoshishino yezo-o-othe.

Ukutshintsha Imeko Yabantu

Imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke ichaza unxulumano phakathi komntu ngamnye kunye norhulumente. Ukhuseleko lobunyani kunye imele iMedicare imela isithembiso esidityanisiweyo sokuxhasa abemi abalupheleyo nabagulayo. [[FLT:]] Amalungelo eSivumelwano [[[FLT]] Amalungelo anyanzelisa ubophelelo kulingana nolungaguquguquki. izicwangciso zezibonelelo zeziko zolwazi ubeka uxanduva olwahlukeneyo lomoya ococekileyo namanzi. Ngokuseka amalungelo, imisebenzi, kunye nenkqubo yokhuseleko, inkqubo yoonobunyaniso yoluntu inika ifomu kwisivumelwano soluntu. [[FLT.6]

Ukukhuthaza Okusesikweni Nokusesikweni

Inkqubo inokuba yi-injini enamandla yokulungisa ukungalungi okungokwembali. Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa izenzo zovota, kunye nemithetho yokufikelela kwisiphene zenzelwe ukulinganisela imimandla yokudlala. Ngokuchaseneyo, imigaqo engenziwanga kakuhle okanye enobugqwetha ingabangela ukungalingani okungalungelelaniyo, njengokuba kubonakala kwizenzo eziphinda izithethe okanye izakhiwo zerhafu eziphindiweyo. Ukuqonda inkqubo kukuqonda izixhobo ezikhoyo zokwakha ibutho labantu elinobulungisa.

Iintlobo zomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke: I-Lowi's Taxioneom

Inzululwazi yezobupolitika uTheodore Lowi yanikela ubuchule obusetyenziswa kakhulu ekuchazeni iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwimpembelelo yazo nakwimpembelelo yezobupolitika eziyivelisayo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba ezinye imigaqo-nkqubo ingquzulwane kakhulu kunezinye.

Amagosa aphambili

Iinkqubo zokusasaza zinika iingenelo kumaqela athile okanye abantu ngabanye ngaphandle kwexabiso elicacileyo elibekwe kwelinye iqela. Ezi zisoloko zibhekiswa kuzo njenge "iprojekthi ye-pork-barrel" okanye inkxaso-mali. Imizekelo iquka farm farmation [, [] uphando lwe-NUNITH lunika inkxaso[, kunye [FLT]] ityala lomnini-ndlu [. Izobupolitika zenkqubo yokususa iprojekthi zithanda ukuba zilo lolog- , apho izibonelelo zemithetho zixhasa iprojekthi nganye, ikhokelela kwimibutho yamaqela ahlukeneyo.

Amagosa alawulayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo imisela imiqathango kwindlela yokuziphatha yomntu ngamnye okanye yeqela ukwenzela uluntu olulungileyo. Ikhankanya okona kunokwenziwa nokungenakukwenziwa. Olu didi lungaphulwa luye lwenziwe lube ulawulo lwezoqoqosho[[FLT: 1] (umz., imithetho echasene nomthetho wengingqi, izithintelo zezentelekelelo) kunye nomthetho wobugcisa womthetho wobuntlalo-ntle [umz., imilinganiselo yemeko yemeko yemeko yezentlalo, ukhuseleko lomsebenzi, ukhuseleko lothelekelelo). Imizekelo iquka i-Ceoooooo Air Act kunye ne OSH. Le migaqo idla ngokudala umlo omkhulu phakathi kwezilangazeleloshishino nezintu zoluntu, njengoko ingenisa iindleko ezithile kuncedo oluthe lwandileyo.

Amagosa Afanelekileyo

Iinkqubo zokwabelana ngokucacileyo zigqithiselwa ubuncwane ukusuka kwelinye iqela ukuya kwelinye. Ezi zezona zidla ngokubekwa ityala leengcamango. Imizekelo iquka irhafu yengeniso eqhubekekayo [, iinkqubo ze-welfere (ATANF)[FF], kunye ne-[FLT] ISALITION [[[[FLT:]]] Ukhuseleko lwengeniso oluphambili [. Izobupolitika zokwahlula iprojekthi ziphawulwa yimiba esekelwe kwiklasi nempikiswano esisiseko malunga nokungalinganiyo, nendima efanelekileyo yemeko yemeko yezoqoqosho.

Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Echaseneyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo ephambili imisela imithetho yomdlalo worhulumente ngokwayo. Badala amasebe amatsha karhulumente, bachaze amagunya, kwaye bamisele imithetho yesithethe. Imizekelo iquka iProjectedurection Act, elawula indlela abameli abamisela ngayo imimiselo, kunye nokhuthazo lweSebe loKhuselo lwaMakhaya. Le migaqo ibumba ummandla wezomthetho wokwenza ezinye iinkqubo kwaye isoloko ityeshelwa phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwazo.

Umjikelo womgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke: Umsebenzi wesakhelo sohlalutyo

Inkqubo inzima kwaye iyadina, kodwa imodeli ye- yeqonga elibukhali [ inika imaphu eluncedo yomgaqo wendlela yokuqonda indlela iingxaki eziba ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo nendlela iqhubekeka ngayo ngexesha elithile.

Isicwangciso se-Agenda

Ingxaki ithatha njani ulawulo? [ ucwangciso olunamandla yinkqubo echazwa ngayo njengeengxaki zikawonke wonke ezifuna ungenelelo lukarhulumente. UJohn Kingdon's Imastigles Frames [' inikeza ingcaciso enamandla. Icebisa ukuba imibhobhobho ezimeleyo yemibhobhobho ekhoyo, inkqubo, kunye nezobupolitika zidityaniswa nento ekhoyo ukuze kufikelelwe imixholo yemibatho. Isiganeko esiphambili (njenge ntlekele yendalo okanye impompompo edubula) ingavula i "poli yefestile." Kukho umahluko phakathi kwe [FFLT:] indlela ekhoyo yezobupolitika][5] [FT]

Umgaqo-nkqubo wesi-2

Xa umba ukwimeko ecwangcisiweyo, izisombululo ziyaphuhliswa. Eli qonga libandakanya iitanki zokucinga , iikomiti zombutho, amaqela enzala, kunye namasebe aphetheyo amisela izicelo ezithile zenkqubo. Ideas iyaxutyushwa, kuqhutywa uhlalutyo lwexabiso lwemali, kwaye kubhalwe umthetho wezolawulo. Abaphathi-mthetho basebenza ngenkuthalo ukukhuthaza izisombululo zabo ezithandwayo, ngokufuthi bazidibanisa kwizithuthi zomthetho-omthetho-onkene.

Umlinganiselo 3:

Le yinqanaba elisesikweni lokwenza izigqibo. Ibandakanya ukukhusela inkxaso eyaneleyo ukudlulisa umthetho. Kwinkqubo ye-U.S., oku kuthetha ukuqhuba icandelo elintsokothileyo lekomiti zemithetho yowiso-mthetho, amavoti omgangatho kuzo zombini iigumbi zeBhunga, kunye nosayino lomongameli okanye iveto. Bhargain, ingxubusho, kunye nolwakhiwo-mbutho lusembindini. Ubomi bemibal "veto amanqaku" kwinkqubo (umz., i-filistster kwiNgwebo) yenza ulwamvo olunzima lotshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo.

ICandelo 4: UHlahlo-nkqubo

Ukusebenzisa umthetho akusosiphelo senkqubo. Ukufakelwa kusoloko kubizwa ngokuba yi-"Rockber idibana neqonga lendlela". Abameli borhulumente kufuneka bachaze umthetho, babhale imimiselo ekhethekileyo, baze bawanyanzelise. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya ubuchule obubalulekileyo. UMichael Lipsky uluvo lwezicwangciso [" iziko lolawulo lomgangatho" [ libalaselisa indlela abasebenzi basemgangathweni (abafundisi, amagosa amapolisa, amagosa amapolisa oluntu, abaphathi-butho abasebenzi abasebenza ngentlalo zwe) abasebenzisa ubuchule obukhulu kwintsebenzi bemihla ngemihla yabo kunye nabemi. Izigqibo zisebenza ngokunempumelelo kwimigaqo yokwenene yenjongo yokuqala yomthetho. [[FLT]

Isiseko 5: Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho isoloko ivavanywa, ngokusesikweni nangokungacwangciswanga. Abameli borhulumente abafana ne-ofisi yobuNika-tyala (GAO) iqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nohlolo. Amaqela anomdla, izifundiswa, kunye neziphumezo zezixhobo zekhompyutha zeziphumo zenkqubo. Olu vavanyo lunokufumana kwakhona kwisigaba sokumisela icandelo, xa kusenziwa inkqubo exhaphakileyo ye- i-licy rectiocy rect [[[ enokuthi ikhokelele ekugcinweni kwenkqubo, i-antemption, okanye ukupheliswa. Inkqubo ethathwa njengengaphumelelangaphumeleliyo isenokususwa kwimimiselo, ngoxa inkqubo ethandwayo isenza inkqubo yayo exhasayo.

Imikhosi emikhulu ephazamisa umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke

Inkqubo ayenzeki kwi-athom. Iphenjelelwa yimekobume etshintshatshintshayo yabadlali.

Iimbono Zabantu, Amajelo Ezindaba Namaqela Anomdla

Amagosa aqwalaselweyo athe amkeleke ngokusesikweni kwizinto ezikhethwayo. Noko ke, indlela yokusebenza ayifezekanga. Indlela engundoqo yiyo ikwisixhobo sonxibelelwano kunye namalungu ezobupolitika aphembelela ngamandla uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Abaphathi banokufakwa njenge "Intelekelelo" okanye "intengo eqingqiweyo" ulwalamano lukawonke-wonke. [[FLT: 2] amaqela akwindawo ebanzi [ anikezela ngemithombo, ulwazi, kunye nenkxaso ekhethekileyo ekutshintshisaneni. [FT] [FT] [5]

Imbono Yezobupolitika Neemeko Zezoqoqosho

Ingcamango ephambili yezobupolitika yexesha eliphakathi ``iKeynesianism', igosa lezoqoqosho, okanye ubuGcisa bokuzimela,'inika ubuchule bokuyila/ukuvelisa ubuchule bobuchule bokulungisa inkqubo.' Iimeko ze-athom [ ezinje ngododobala, ukunyuka kwexabiso, ukunyuka kwexabiso lemali, nokungaqeshwa komsebenzi kusebenzisa uxinzelelo olunamandla kubenzi benkqubo. Ingxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho ingavula iwindow yenkqubo yokutshintsha utshintsho (umz. umz., i-New Develoment kwi1930, iibhankiout kunye nokukhuthaza ngo-2009).

Izakhiwo zeziko

Izintlu zolawulo zibumba inkqubo. IFLT] Fateralism ichitha amandla ngaphaya kwesizwe, kwesizwe, kwesizwe, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, idala iindawo ezininzi ukwenzela inkqubo kunye nongquzulwano (umz., urhulumente ucinezele ukunyanzeliswa kokwenza umba womthetho). ucalulo lwamandla [ kunye novavanyo kunye nolungelelwaniso lwenza ukuba kubekho iinkcazo ezininzi zeveto, yenza kube nzima ukwenza inkqubo engundoqo ngaphandle kokuba kukho ukuvumelana okubanzi okanye ukulawulwa kweqela lorhulumente ngokumanyeneyo. Oku kungumcimbiswano kumsebenzi wezenzo ziimpawu zenkqubo ye-U.S.

Uphando lwetyala olubonisa imizekelo

Isakhiwo sojikelezo siba nentsingiselo xa sisetyenziswa kwimizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkxaso

IACA ngumzekelo obalulekileyo kuphando lokuzichaza kwinkqubo yokuziphindelela kunye nolawulo. Ibekwe kucwangciso lwengxaki yokunyuka kwexabiso lonyango kunye nezigidi ezingama-47 zamaMelika angakhange afumaneke, yayilwa kwaye yasetyenziswa kwimigca enzulu. Inkqubo "isihlalo esintlu-ntathu esixhotyisiweyo" ``````i-community''', igosa ngalinye, kwaye i-ACP(irvenux() ibonise umgudu woqobo wokucombulula ingxaki enzima yokukhetha kwiimarikentengiso. [[FLT: 0]] iprojecteds [FLT:] inguququzelo lomthetho we- ekuqaleni yayiyingxolo eninzi kodwa ekugqibeleni yanweba ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20. [AFFFF] kunye nenkqubo yotshintsho lobuGenesombuluko]

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: UMthetho woMoya ococekileyo

ICeac Air Act (1970, ilungiswe ngo1970, umgaqo wokuseka umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo. Yaseka imigangatho yomgangatho womoya wesizwe yaza yagunyazisa i-EPA ukunyanzelisa. Uhlaziyo lonyaka ka1990 lwasungula ubuvulindlela obusekelwe kwisigqumathelo se-cap- kunye nenkqubo yokulawula inkqubo ye-[ ukulwa ne-asidi ye-asidi ye-acid ukusuka kwi-sulfur dioxide. Le ndlela yokwenziwa yangqinela ukuthomalathiswa kwe-a e-asemoyeni, ukunciphisa ukhuthuko oluphezulu kunye nexabiso eliphantsi kwexabiso lomyalelo nomthetho wesithethe. Umzekelo ubonisa indlela inkqubo yokurhwebela-trainfo-dmist enokuthi ngayo inkqubo yobugcisa. [[FLD:2]PA]

IBhunga loLuntu noKwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko

Ungquzulwano olwandileyo phakathi kokwenziwa ngokomthetho komgangatho karhulumente womjelo kunye nokubekwa kwawo ngokuqhubekayo njengeShedyuli I yeMithetho phantsi komthetho karhulumente lufundisiso olunamandla kumgaqo-nkqubo obalulekileyo nolawulayo. Ibalaselisa indlela uvavanyo lwenkqubo yomgangatho karhulumente olungayivavanya ngayo inkqubo yesizwe kunye nokunyanzelisa amaqumrhu asemthethweni ukuba asebenzise iqhinga lomtshutshisi. Le nkqubo iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngamalungelo, izinto eziphambili kumthetho, kunye nempembelelo yokutshintsha kwenkqubo yesizwe kwinkqubo yorhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Olunzima Ekwenzeni Umgaqo - siseko Namhlanje

Umjikelo womgaqo ofanelekileyo ngokufuthi ungqubana neengxaki ezibuhlungu.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika kunye ne-Gridlock yeziko

Ukubekwa kwecandelo lokwamkelwa koluntu oluphezulu kuye kwenza iqonga lokwamkelwa komqeshwa lolwamkelo lolwamkelo lwengqiqo noluchaphazelekayo luye lwakhokelela kwiqhina lowiso-mthetho. Oku kuye kwaphumela ekuguqukeni kokubekwa kwamandla enkqubo kwisebe elilawulayo (ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye nokwenziwa kolawulo lombutho) kunye nejaji (ecelwa ukucombulula iimbambano ezinzulu zezobupolitika). Le ngxaki ingenza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nozinzo lwenkqubo yexesha elide.

Iingxaki Ezingendawo Nemiphumo Engalindelwanga

Uninzi lwezona ngxaki zicinezelayo ``ingxaki enzima''' ngokungafaniyo nengxaki (njengokwakha ibhulorho), iingxaki ezingendawo, utshintsho lobuhlwempu, nobugrogrisi, yindawo ekuthiywa ngayo i-Horst Rittel kunye neMelvin Webhber [ii-FLT:0]' yengxaki embi". Ngokungafaniyo "ingxaki (njengesakhiwo sebrorho enzima), iingxaki ezingendawo azinakwenziwa zimo-luvo oluqinisekileyo. Ulwazi olufunekayo ekuqondeni ingxaki, ibangela ingxaki ebanzi, isoloko ingavelisiziphumo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukulungiselela iingxaki ezingendawo kumele kuvavanywe, kuqhubekeke, kujoliswe kwimfundo kunokuyicombululo lokugqibela.

Impatho yoLawulo nokhuthuzo

Ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo esebenzayo kufuna ulawulo olufanelekileyo, olunobuchule. Noko ke, amasebe karhulumente asoloko ejamelana nezithintelo zezibonelelo, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi, kunye nohlaselo lwezopolitiko oluphelisa ubuchule bawo. Ukulahleka kolwazi lobuququzeleli kunye nobuchule bobugcisa kusenokuphazamisa ngamandla ukukwazi ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Ukubanjwa kwabaphathi-ofisi ngamaziko abawalawulayo kukwalucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Abemi Njengabasebenzi Bemithetho: Indima Yakho Kwinkqubo

Kwidemokhrasi, inkqubo yenkqubo ekugqibeleni imele iphendulwe ngabantu. Ukuba ngummi okhutheleyo kubandakanya okungaphezulu kunokuvota nje kunyulo lomongameli. Ukukwazi ukufunda nokubhala kungumlinganiselo wokuqonda imigaqo-nkqubo, inkqubo ekwenziwa ngayo, kunye namaqhinga okuphembelela abantu. Abantu banokubandakanyeka kuko:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukunika amagqabaza kawonke-wonke kwimimiselo karhulumente ecetyiweyo kwi Imithetho.gov, indlela engqalileyo yokuphembelela ukwenziwa kolawulo.
  • Ukuvota kuzo zonke izinyuko, ingakumbi ukhuphiswano lwasekuhlaleni nolombuso apho iinkqubo ezininzi zichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla (iibhodi zesikolo, iikomishini zokuhlahlela) zigqitywe.
  • Amaqela adibanisiweyo okanye inxaxheba kumaphulo engca ezingca ezijoliswe kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuqhuba iofisi okanye ukusebenza kwiibhodi kunye nogunyaziso lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Ukuhlala uthe qwa ngokuqwalasela ulwazi olusuka kumatanki, kumathemati, kumajelo eendaba, nakwimithombo karhulumente, ukwamkela ukusetyenziswa kwamagama kunye nezilangazelelo zento nganye.

Ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yenkqubo akuyiyo nje into elungileyo; yimfuneko yedemokhrasi esebenza. Ngokuqonda iintloko-ndaba eziphambili, abemi banokuzibeka iinkokeli zabo ekubaphenduleni baze balungise ikamva loluntu lwabo.

Isiphumo: Ukungahambelani nomgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke yeyokwenza ukhetho olumanyeneyo ngendlela esiphila ngayo kunye. Ayiyondawo ekude, engabonakaliyo egcinelwe iingcali kunye nabezobupolitika. Yiziphumo eziphilileyo zengxoxo yedemokhrasi kwaye izama. Ukuqonda iingcamango ezingundoqo `````ingcaciso yenkqubo'', iintlobo zemigaqo-nkqubo, umjikelo, iindima zabadlali abahlukeneyo/izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze baqhubele phambili ngokunentsingiselo. Ngokuyenza inkqubo ecacileyo nokuqonda izibonda ezibandakanyekileyo, abemi bangasuka ekubeni ngabathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba kwindalo yayo kunye nendaleko. Impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekugqityeleni naku.