Izigqibo ZeNkundla Ephakamileyo Eziguqule Umthetho Ongamkelekanga

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States iye yasebenza njengommeli opheleleyo womthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, ukukhupha izigqibo eziye zaguqula ngokusisiseko indlela amalungelo empahla anikwa ngayo, atolikwa, kwaye anyanzeliswa ngayo. Le mithetho yengqalelo ilungelelanise ulwakhiwo olutsha kuzo zonke iinkampani, ukusuka kumayeza kunye nenzululwazi yebhayoloji ukuya kukwenza i-software kunye nokuyila. Ukuqonda indaleko yomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni kwiNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ijurispruudeficance kubalulekile kubasunguli, amagqwetha, iinkokeli zezoshishino, kunye naye nawuphi nabani obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubela-mali.

Umthetho ongqongqo ukhona ekudibaneni kwegunya lomGaqo-siseko, ukutolika komthetho-siseko, kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNkqutyana amandla okukhuthaza inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa obuluncedo ngokukhusela amalungelo apheleleyo kubasunguli bendalo kangangezihlandlo ezilinganiselweyo. Lo mgaqo wesiseko uye wavavanywa, wahluzwa, wacaciswa, kwaye wacaciswa ngezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekwandiseni amalungelo abayili nxamnye nomdla woluntu kukhuphiswano lwakhululekile nolwazi.

Isiseko soMthetho ongafanelekanga

Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko bakuqonda ukubaluleka kokusungula utshintsho ngokunika abayili abafumana inkxaso-mali yexeshana kwindalo yabo. Icandelo Icandelo 8, uClause 8 lomGaqo-siseko unika iMbutho amandla okumisela umthetho osemthethweni. Lo mGaqo-siseko ukhokele indlela yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yokuzichaza ngokusemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asemthethweni aphumeza injongo yawo yokukhuthaza inkqubela-bugcisa ngelixa uthintela ukusetyenziswa kwesiseko somthetho nezenzo zendalo.

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yazama ukuchaza imida yemibandela esemthethweni, ukufumanisa oko kuyila into ekufanele ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni, nokuseka imilinganiselo yokusebenza okusemthethweni nokuchasa. Ezi zigqibo ziye zadala umthetho entsonkothileyo oqhubeka uguquka ngenkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa.

Izigqibo ZeNkundla Ephakamileyo Ezaguqula Umthetho Ongamkelekanga

Amatyala aliqela eNkundla Ephakamileyo abonakala enempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho wale mihla osemthethweni. Ezi zigqibo zixubushe imibuzo esisiseko ngoko kunokugunyaziswa, indlela ekufanele ukuhlolisiswa ngayo ukuze ifumaneke, kunye neengcaciso ezikhoyo xa imvume ichatshazelwa.

Graham v. John Deere Co. (1966): Ukuseka umgangatho wesiChokoso

Graham v. John Deere Co. sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo emisela umgangatho wokufumana uluvo phantsi kweCandelo 103 loMthetho wePatant yase-U.

Uvavanyo lweGraham lufuna iinkundla ziqwalasele oothunywashe abaliqela xa zivavanya ubuchule obucacileyo: ubungakanani kunye nomxholo wobugcisa bangaphambili, umahluko phakathi kobugcisa bangaphambili kunye nentelekelelo ekhoyo, umgangatho wobuchule obuqhelekileyo kubugcisa obufanelekileyo, kunye nokwokugqibela okunjengokuphumelela kwezorhwebo, iimfuno ezinde kodwa ezingalungiswanga, kunye nokungaphumeleli kwezinye. Olu hlalutyo lwemveliso eninzi luye lwaba sisesona siseko sokuzimisela okucacileyo kumthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni.

INkundla yagxininisa ukuba imvume ezigunyazisiweyo akufunekanga zinikwe zizinto ezidityaniswe nje izinto ezikhoyo ngeendlela ezithelekelelwayo okanye zenze inkqubela ecacileyo kubugcisa obaziwayo. Esi sigqibo sabonisa inkxalabo yeNkundla yokuba ukhuseleko olubanzi kakhulu lungathintela ubuchule kunokubukhuthaza. Isakhiwo seGraham siyaqhubeka sikhokela abavavanyi abasemthethweni kunye neenkundla xa sahlula phakathi kweminikelo yokwenza izinto zokwenyani kunye nenkqubela-nkqubo ekufuneka ihlale kummandla kawonke-wonke.

Impembelelo kaGraham idlulela ngaphaya koshishino lwezixhobo zokulima ezikuyo le meko. Yaseka imigaqo esebenza kuwo onke amacandelo obugcisa, ukusuka kwimisebenzi yobugcisa ukuya kwimichiza ukuya kulwakhiwo olutsha lwe-software. Isigqibo saqonda ukuba uphando olucacileyo kufuneka luthambe ngokwaneleyo ukuze luhlalise ushishino olwahlukileyo lo gama lugcina imilinganiselo engaguqukiyo yokuzimela.

KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. (2007): Ukubuyisela uhlalutyo lobuqhetseba

Iminyaka engamashumi amane emva kukaGraham, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaphinda yawuphinda yawuchaza kwakhona umthetho ocacileyo kwiKSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc., ityala elachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela iinkundla kunye nabahloli abagunyazisayo abavavanya ngayo ukuba izinto zicacile kusini na. ICSR yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeTeleflex yaphinda yatshintsha i-U.S. i-Orject i-ography ngokufaka endaweni ye-"imfundiso, icebiso, okanye intshukumisa" (TSM) uvavanyo oluthambileyo, oluqhelekileyo.

Phambi kwe KSR, iFederal Federal Federal Imvavanyo yeTSM, eyayifuna abaceli abasemthethweni ukubonakalisa ukuba imfundiso, icebiso, okanye intshukumisa zazikho kubugcisa bangaphambili ukudibanisa iimbekiselo ngendlela exelwa yimvume. Olu vavanyo luye lwaqina ngakumbi, lukwenza kube nzima ukuphelisa amandla asemthethweni kwanaxa izinto ezithiwa zivela njengezinto ezidityanisiweyo ezaziwayo.

Uluvo lwathi ukusetyenziswa kwebhatyi kumthetho osemthethweni ochaza umbandela ocacileyo "akufunekanga uvalelwe phakathi kovavanyo okanye ukwenziwa kwemithetho enyanzelekileyo ukuze kufezwe injongo yayo." Uluvo luzigxeka iinkqubo ezithintela ukusetyenziswa "kwengqiqo eqhelekileyo" kwiimeko ezininzi. INkundla yagxininisa ukuba umntu onobuchule obuqhelekileyo kulo bugcisa akangomntu ozihambelayo kodwa unendalo nengqiqo eqhelekileyo.

Umthetho wagxininisa ukuba "umbhali wobuchule obuqhelekileyo" kubugcisa unobuchule obuqhelekileyo kwaye ukudityaniswa kweziqalelo ezaziwayo akunakufumaneka ukuba zivelisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo. Lo mgaqo ubeneziphumo ezifikelelekayo zokufumana imvume yokumangalelwa nokucaciswa, ukwenza kube lula ukuvavanya ubuchule obuthi buziinguqu okanye intlanganisela yobugcisa obukhoyo.

Isigqibo seKSR sinegalelo ngokukhethekileyo kushishino apho uphuhliso lubandakanya ukudibanisa ubugcisa obukhoyo ngeendlela ezintsha. Kumsebenzi wezithuthi, wezombane, kunye noshishino lwe-software, isigqibo sakhokelela ekuhlolweni kolwandiso lweziqu ezidityanisiweyo kunye nebar ephezulu yokubonisa ukungaboni. Abacebisi ngoku kufuneka banike ubungqina obunamandla bokuba izinto abaziyilayo zimela iingcinga zokwenene zemimiselo eyaziwayo kunokuba zixelwe kwangaphambili.

Idayimani . iChakrabarty (1980): Ukwandisa Isihloko Esingenakungaguquguquki

Kwesinye sezigqibo ezigunyazisayo ezisemthethweni zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha enoba izinto eziphilayo zinokwenziwa. Idayimani v. I-Chakrabarty yamisela ukuba ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lufumaneka kwimicroorganism eyakhiwe ngokuyila kunokuba yenzeke ngokwemvelo.

UGqr. Ananda Chakrabarty, isazi ngemicrobiology, wajijela intsholongwane ekwaziyo ukuqhekeza i-oyile ekrwada, impahla eluncedo ekunyangweni ukuchitheka kwe-oyile. I-ofisi yePatenty yasikhaba isicelo sakhe, iphikisa into yokuba izinto eziphilayo azinanto ibalulekileyo phantsi kwecandelo 101 loMthetho wePatenst. Eli tyala laphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nobungakanani bendalo nokuba ngaba iBhunga lizimisele ukunqanda ukuphila kwizinto ezizimeleyo ekukhuseleni.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa isigqibo ngokuxhasa iChakrabarty, ikholelwa ukuba isibakala sokuba iintsholongwane ziphila asinantsingiselo yasemthethweni kwiinjongo zomthetho ezisemthethweni. INkundla yachaza ukuba iBhunga lingumbandela ogunyazisiweyo "ukudibanisa nantoni na phantsi kwelanga elenziwe ngumntu" le nkcazelo ibanzi yento enokwenziwa ngumntu.

Isigqibo seChakrabarty sachaphazela kakhulu ushishino lwebhayoloji kunye nolwezamayeza. Sanika isiseko esisemthethweni sokwazi ukuma koonobangela beentsholongwane, izityalo nezilwanyana, kwakunye nemfuza neeproteni ezizodwa. Esi sigqibo sabangela ukuba kubekho ingxubusho neempikiswano, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelele imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nemigaqo enxulumene nokuyila intlobo zobomi.

Noko ke, iNkundla yayinobuchule bokwahlula phakathi kwezinto ezidaliweyo kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngabantu. Esi sigqibo sagxininisa ukuba imithetho yendalo, iziganeko zendalo, kunye neengcamango ezingeyonto azixhaswa. Lo mahluko wawuya kuba ngobalulekileyo kwiimeko ezilandelayo ukuchaza imida yomntu okwaziyo ukuzenzela ngokwakhe kwibhayoloji nezinye iindawo.

Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International (2014: Ukulinganisela i-Software neNdlela yeBhunga

Isigqibo sika-Alice simele esinye sezona zigqibo zibalulekileyo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ekufumaneni imvume esemthethweni kwixesha langoku, ingakumbi ukwenzela i-software kunye nendlela yoshishino. Ityala elibhekiswe kusini na ukuba oko kuthethwayo okujoliswe kwizixhobo zekhompyutha ezisetyenziswayo kusemthethweni okanye ziingcamango nje ezingaqhelekanga ezifumaneka kwisixhobo sekhompyutha esiqhelekileyo.

I-Alice Corporation yaba nemvume enxulumene nenkqubo yekhompyutha yokulungisa umngcipheko wokuhlaliswa kwemali kwintengiselwano yemali. IBhanki yeCLS yacela umngeni kwiimvume zemali, iphikisa ngelithi ayikhange ifumane nto ngaphandle kwengcinga engabonakaliyo ephunyezwe kwikhompyutha. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma, iseka isiseko senyathelo elibini lokuhlolisisa imvume esemthethweni phantsi kwecandelo 101.

Phantsi kovavanyo lwase-Alice, iinkundla kufuneka kuqala zifumanise ukuba intelekelelo ijoliswe kwingcamango esemthethweni efana nengcamango engaqhelekanga, umthetho wendalo, okanye indalo. Ukuba kunjalo, iinkundla kufuneka zihlole ukuba oko kuthethwayo kuqulethe "ingcamango ecacileyo" ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula ingcamango engabonakaliyo ibe ngumsebenzi osemthethweni. Inkundla yakholelwa ukuba ukuzalisekisa ingcamango ecacileyo kwikhompyutha efana nayo akwanelanga ukuzalisekisa le mfuneko.

Isigqibo sika-Alice saba nempembelelo ekhawulezileyo nephawulekayo kwii-software ezisemthethweni. Iimvume ezininzi ezigquma iindlela zekhompyutha ezisetyenziswayo, iinkqubo zemali, kunye neenkqubo ze-software zaphelelwa phantsi kwesakhiwo sika-Alice. Isigqibo sakhokelela ekungaqiniseki okungakumbi kushishino lwe-software malunga neentlobo zezixhobo ezihlala zikho kwaye zaqalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo zokuba ngaba iNkundla ibetha umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kokukhuthaza ukusungula nokunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-odoma.

Abahlalutyi besigqibo sika-Alice bathi kukwenze kwaba nzima kakhulu ukufumana ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olunentsingiselo ukwenzela ukuphuhliswa kwee-software, okunokuba kubangela ukuba utyalo-mali luncitshiswe kuphuhliso lwe-software. Abaxhasi bathi isigqibo ngokufanelekileyo simisela imigaqo esemthethweni kwizinto ezisisiseko ezimele zihlale zikho kubo bonke. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka njengeenkundla kunye nomsebenzi we-ofisi ye-Patant ukusebenzisa inkqubo ye-Alice ngokuqhubekayo kunqamleza ubugcisa obahlukeneyo.

Bilski v. Kappos (2010): Idilesi yendlela yeshishini

KwiBilski v. Kappos, iNkundla yathi indlela yokufaka umngcipheko kwizinto zokurhweba ingumbono ongaqhelekanga kwaye ayigunyaziswanga phantsi kwecandelo 101. Uvavanyo lomatshini okanye lobutransformation asilololodwa uvavanyo lokufumanisa ukuba inkqubo isemthethweni kusini na.

Ityala likaBilski lavela kwinkqubo esemthethweni ethi isebenzise indlela yokufaka umngcipheko kwimveliso. IFederal ivile ukuba uvavanyo lomatshini okanye lotshintsho lwaluluvavanyo olupheleleyo lokufumanisa ukuba inkqubela-nkqubo isemthethweni kusini na. Phantsi kwalo vavanyo, inkqubo ifumaneka ngokusemthethweni kuphela ukuba ibotshelelwe kumatshini othile okanye kwisixhobo esithile, okanye ukuba iguqula inqaku elithile libe yimeko eyahlukileyo okanye into.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yala umgaqo oqinileyo weNkundla yoMasipala, ibambe ukuba xa uvavanyo lomatshini okanye lobulungiseleli buluncedo nolubalulekileyo ekufumaneni imvume, asilulo kuphela uvavanyo. INkundla yagxininisa ukuba icandelo 101 libanzi kwaye ubugcisa obutsha bungafuna iindlela ezithambileyo zokufumana ukuba semthethweni.

Ngoko, ekugqibeleni iNkundla yathi iZilski azigunyaziswanga kuba zazijoliswe kwingcamango engekho ngqiqweni yokubeka engozini. Isigqibo sacacisa ukuba iindlela zeshishini azikhutshwanga ngokupheleleyo ekukhuseleni okusemthethweni, kodwa kufuneka zanelise iimfuno ezifanayo njengezinye izinto ezisunguliweyo kwaye azinakusuka nje zifune iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye iindlela ezisisiseko zezoqoqosho.

Isigqibo sikaBilski samisela iqonga lomthetho wamva ka-Alice kwaye safak' isandla ekuqhubekeni ukungaqiniseki malunga nemida yemiba esemthethweni yemiba yesihloko esemthethweni kwiindlela zoshishino kunye neeprojekthi ze-software. Kwabonakalisa imigudu yeNkundla yokugcina ububhetyebhetye kumthetho onegunya lobuqu ngeli lixa ithintela imvume kwimiqathango esisiseko ekufuneka ihlale kummandla kawonke-wonke.

Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. (2002): Ukunciphisa iDiso ye Equiences

Isigqibo seFesto sabhekisa kwenye yeemfundiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuleni umthetho osemthethweni: imfundiso yabalingani. Le mfundiso ivumela abanikeli abasemthethweni ukuba bawandise amalungelo abo ngaphaya komqathango wokoqobo wemvume yabo yokugquma imveliso okanye iinkqubo ezilingana kakhulu noko kuthethwayo, nokuba abachaphazeli ngokoqobo.

Ityala elibandakanya imbali yokumangalelwa, umgaqo osemthethweni olinganisela imfundiso yokulingana xa imvume esemthethweni ixinene xa ityala ithetha into efunwayo ngexesha lokumangalelana ukuze yoyise imicimbi yangaphambili okanye yanelise ezinye iimfuno ezisemthethweni. IFederal Students ibambelele ekubeni nasiphi na isindululo esenziwe ngenxa yezizathu ezinxulumene nokuzimela sidala umqobo opheleleyo wokuqinisekisa oko kuchaza ukuba yinto efuna ukusetyenziswa.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yalwa le ndlela ingqongqo, ibambe ukuba ukutshutshisa imbali yokuyeka ukuqhuba ityala asingomqobo kwimfundiso elinganayo. Endaweni yoko, iNkundla yaseka isindululo sokuzilungisa ukuba utshintsho olwenzelwe ukwanelisa iimfuno ezisemthethweni lunikezela umhlaba phakathi kwentengo yantlandlolo kunye nengxelo eguquliweyo. Abaphathi bangawoyisa lo mgaqo ngokubonisa ukuba icebo eliphantsi kwe-mentementment alinanto ifana nanto ekhoyo.

Isigqibo seFesto safuna ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo zabagcini-mpahla abasemthethweni kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Saqonda ukuba abanikeli abasemthethweni abamele bakwazi ukuphinda bafumane imfundiso yoko bakunikelayo ngexesha lokutshutshiswa, lo gama sivuma ukuba ibar epheleleyo inokuba ngqongqo kakhulu kwaye inokuba buthathaka amalungelo asemthethweni. Esi sigqibo sineempembelelo eziphawulekayo zobuchule bokuchophela ityala kunye nokuphazamisa ukuchasa.

EBay Inc. v. Merc Exchange, L.L.C. (2006): Utshintsho lwe Paent Injctions

Isigqibo se-eBay saguqula ngokusisiseko isimo solwazi olusemthethweni ngokunika imiyalelo esisigxina xa iinkundla zinika imiyalelo esemthethweni ekuchaseni amatyala asemthethweni. Phambi kwe-eBay, iinkundla zisoloko zinika imiyalelo esisigxina ephumele kwimithetho esemthethweni phantsi komthetho jikelele ogunyazisayo ukuphazamisa okungalungisekiyo okuyingozi kumgcini-tyala.

IMerc Expante yaphumelela kwisigqibo sokuchophela ityala ngokuchasene ne-Bay ukuphanza okusemthethweni kodwa yakhatywa umyalelo osisigxina wenkundla yesithili. IFederal Phela lajika, lisebenzisa umthetho walo jikelele wokuba imimiselo esisigxina ifanele iphose imbambano engaqhelekanga. INkundla Ephakamileyo yalwamkela olu cwangciso, ibambe loo migaqo yesithethe esemthethweni esebenzayo kwizigqibo ezigunyazisiweyo.

INkundla yaseka uvavanyo lwezinga-mandla ezine lwemiyalelo esisigxina kumatyala asemthethweni. Umngcwabi kufuneka abonise: (1) ukuba uye wafumana intlungu engalungisekiyo; (2) ukuba amayeza akhoyo kumthetho awanele ukuhlawula loo monakalo; (3) ukuba ulwahlulo lobunzima phakathi kommangalelwa nommangalelwa, unyango olugunyazisiweyo; (4) nokuba umdla kawonke-wonke awuzukukhuselwa ngomyalelo osisigxina.

Isigqibo se-eBay sasinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwizinto ezingezozakwenziwa (ezisoloko zibizwa ngokuba "zii-trolls") ezingavelisi mveliso kodwa endaweni yoko zikhuphe imvume okanye zifake imvume yazo. Ngaphandle kwelungelo elizenzekelayo kwimiyalelo, ezi ziqumrhu kufuneka zixhomekeke kakhulu kumonakalo wemali, onokuba lula kubamangalelwa ukuba balawule kunemiyalelo enokuvala amashishini abo okanye imikhosi yokufuna ukuphinda intengiso exabiso.

Esi sigqibo sachaphazela nezixhobo ezisebenzayo, ingakumbi kushishino olufana namayeza kunye nobugcisa bebhayoloji apho imiyalelo ibisoloko ibalulekile khona ngokwesithethe. Noko ke, iinkundla ziye zaqhubeka zinika imiyalelo kwizinto ezikhuphisanayo ngokungqalileyo nabachasi, ngoxa zithandabuza ngakumbi izicelo ezicelweyo ezivela kwizinto ezingezozabuchule.

IMayo Colonative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories (202): Ukuthintela ukudityaniswa kwe-Drugstiki

Isigqibo seMayo sathetha ngokusemthethweni kweendlela zonyango zokuxilonga kwaye samisela imiqathango ebalulekileyo kwiimvume ezichaza imithetho yendalo nendalo. Iiprometheus Laboratories zafumana imvume kwiindlela zokulungisa amayeza e-thiopurine asetyenziswayo ukunyanga izifo ze-autoimmune. Ezi ziko zazibanga iinkqubo zokulinganisa amanqanaba e-metabolite egazini lezigulana nokuthelekisa loo migangatho ngokwemigaqo ekumiselwe kwangaphambili ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba kufuneka na utshintsho lwemichiza ye-autoimmune.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yathi amagunya ayengasebenzi kuba ayebiza imithetho yendalo ngokuphumelelayo. INkundla yachaza ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kwe-metabolite ne-application luyinto yendalo, kwaye imvume yokugunyazisa abenzi nto ngaphandle kokuba bayalele oogqirha ukusebenzisa lo mthetho wendalo. Amanyathelo awongezelelekileyo kwizityholo `ukulungiselela iziyobisi nokulinganisela amanqanaba e-metabolite" yayiyinkqubo eqhelekileyo, imisebenzi eqhelekileyo engawuguquleli umthetho wendalo ukuba ube ngumsebenzi osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Isigqibo seMayo saseka isiseko sokuhlalutya ukufaneleka okusemthethweni okuye kwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngaphaya kovavanyo lwezamayeza. Inkundla yathi izibhengezo ezijoliswe kwimithetho yendalo kufuneka ziqulathe izinto ezongezelelekileyo okanye intlanganisela yeziqalelo ezilingana ngokuphawulekayo nomthetho wendalo. I-Routine, imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ayanelanga ukwanelisa le mfuneko.

Esi sigqibo sinegalelo elinzulu kushishino lokuxilonga kwezamayeza nakumayeza angomntu. Iindlela ezininzi zokuxilonga ziye zaphelelwa amandla phantsi kolwakhiwo lweMayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkxalabo yokuba ukuncitshiswa kokhuseleko olusemthethweni kusenokungakukhuthazi ukuveliswa kotyalo-mali olusemthethweni ekufumaneni uphando. Esi sigqibo sikwachaphazela nezinye izinto, kuquka ibhayoloji kunye ne-software, apho imveliso ibandakanya ukusebenzisa imithetho yendalo okanye iingcamango ezingento.

Ingxoxo ye-Gene Paten

Ityala le-Myriad Genes laphendula omnye wemibuzo ethandabuzekayo engomthetho osemthethweni: nokuba imfuza yomntu inokwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kusini na. Imfuza yemfuza yemfuza igcinwe njengemvume ekwi-DNA elandelelanayo ehambelana nemfuza yeBRCA1 ne BRCA2, ukuguquka kwemizila enxulumene nomngcipheko othe kratya womhlaza webele nowesibeleko. Inkampani yasebenzisa ezi nkcukacha ukugcina imvume ekuphela kovavanyo lwemizila yemfuza yemfuza yeBRCA.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi iinxalenye zeDNA ezingokwemvelo zivela ngendalo yaye azikho semthethweni osemthethweni ngenxa yokuba zahlulwe kwimizila yemfuza engqongileyo. INkundla yathi iMyriad ayizange idale okanye iguqule inkcazelo yemfuza ekwimizila yemfuza yeBRCA; ifumaneka nje kuphela kwaye iyakwazi ukuvelisa imfuza esele ikho kwindalo.

Noko ke, iNkundla yahlula phakathi kweDNA eyahlukeneyo neDNA esebenzisanayo, edalwe ngokuyiliweyo kwilebhu. Inkundla yathi i-CDNA iyakwazi ukuzenzela ngokwayo ngenxa yokuba ayiveli ngokwemvelo. I-introns ezivela kwi-DNA zisuka zisuswe xa kudalwa i-cDNA. Lo mahluko wagcina imvume ethile esemthethweni yokukhusela iinguqu zemfuza ngoxa unciphisa i-ographins kwimingxube yemfuza eyenzekayo.

Isigqibo seMiyriad saba neziphumo ezisebenzayo ngokukhawulezileyo kuvavanyo lwemizila yemfuza. Iirejitali ezininzi zaqalisa ukunikezela ngovavanyo lwe-BRCA kukhuphiswano noMyriad, jikelele kumaxabiso asezantsi namaxesha okujikeleza ngokukhawuleza. Isigqibo sachaphazela ushishino olubanzi lwenzululwazi yebhayoloji, siphakamisa imibuzo engokufumaneka kwamawaka eemfuno zemfuza kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela i-biotechnology.

Ityala lavusa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kwebhayoloji nokuba umthetho osemthethweni uyakwazi ukungqinelana kakuhle na nezizathu zokusungula ubugcisa bezamayeza. Abahlalutyi bezinto ezigunyaziswe yimizila yemfuza baphikisa ngelithi bathintela uphando kunye nokufikelela komguli okulinganiselweyo ekuxilongweni, ngoxa abaxhasi babephikisa ukuba imvume esemthethweni yayiyimfuneko ukuthethelela ukuveliswa okufanelekileyo kwemali okufunekayo ukuze kwenziwe uphando ngemizila yemfuza.

Ulwakhiwo lweZixhobo zeWestview, Inc. (1996): UKwakha Okuthi KunguMcimbi Womthetho

Izixhobo ze-Markman v. Westview Izixhobo zafumanisa ukuba ulwakhiwo lungumbandela wenkundla. Esi sigqibo sibonakala sisesobugcisa siye saba neziphumo eziluncedo kakhulu zokuzichaza.

Phambi kweMarkman, kwakungaqiniseki enoba amajaji okanye abagwebi bafanele bayichaze intsingiselo yentetho esemthethweni. INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ukwakhiwa komthetho kuphela kungumbandela wokuba abagwebi bagqibe, hayi inyani yamajaji. INkundla yaqiqa ngelithi ukucaciswa ngokufanayo kweengxelo zemvume kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxelweni kwamalungelo asemthethweni nokuqinisekisiweyo, kwaye abagwebi bafaneleke ngakumbi kunokunikwa kwejaji ukuba ifomu.

Isigqibo sikaMarkman sakhokelela kuqheliselo olusasazekileyo "lokuvakala koMarkman," apho abagwebi baphikisana ngokunyanisekileyo ngemibandela phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ezi ngxelo zisoloko zichaza iziphumo zamatyala asemthethweni, njengoko ukucaciswa kwamagama angundoqo kungenza isigqibo sokuba ukuchasana kuyenzeka na. Isigqibo sithe sathi ulwakhiwo lolunye lwezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo nezinzima kwiimeko ezigunyazisayo.

Umthetho uye waphembelela nezenzo zokuyila ezigunyazisiweyo. Ngoku amagqwetha anikela ingqalelo engakumbi ekufuneni ulwimi nakunkcazelo ebhaliweyo, esazi ukuba abagwebi baza kuzichaza izibhengezo ezisekelwe kubungqina obusisiseko kwimbali yokugunyazisa nokumangalela. Isigqibo siye safak' isandla kwiinkcukacha ezizizo ezizizo ezizizo nakuzibanga ngocoselelo.

Imveliso yoluvo, Inc. v. Lexmark International, Inc. (2017): Paten Exhaustion Doctrine

Iziphumo ezicacileyo zachaza imfundiso esemthethweni yokuphelelwa ngamandla, elinganisela amalungelo asemthethweni omnikazi emva kokuthengiswa kwento esemthethweni. Uphawu lokuthengisa ikhareji lomshicileli ngaphantsi kwemifanekiso emibini ekwindawo efihlakeleyo: ukhetho olupheleleyo olungenamiqathango kwaye olungenaxabiso apho abathengi bavuma ukusebenzisa itreyiriji kanye kwaye bayibuyisele eLexmark. Umlinganiselo wemali othengiswe kwinqwelo-mafutha yaphesheya ngamaxabiso ahlukeneyo.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi isigqibo sommeli ogunyazisiweyo sokuthengisa imveliso sikhupha wonke umbhobho osemthethweni kulo mba, kungakhathaliseki nayiphi na imiqathango egunyazisiweyo imigudu yokunyanzelisa okanye apho ityala le mveliso lenzekile khona. INkundla yaqiqa ngelithi xa ithe yagunyaziswa into ethile, iye yafumana umvuzo ngokuyila kwayo kwaye ayimele ikwazi ukulawula indlela abathengi abayisebenzisa ngayo okanye bayise imveliso ngomthetho wemvume.

Isigqibo esicacisiweyo sokuba imiqathango yasemva kwe-ale yeemveliso ezigunyazisiweyo kufuneka inyanzelwe ngomthetho wesivumelwano, hayi umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni. Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba ukuchasana okusemthethweni kuthwala amayeza ahlukeneyo nemithetho yesithethe kunokuphulwa kwesivumelwano. Umthetho waqinisekisa ukuba ukudinwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kuyasebenza, ukuthengiswa naphi na kumalungelo asemthethweni e-U.S.

Iziphumo zentelekelelo zemveliso zentelekelelo zinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwimifanekiso yeshishini esekelwe ekuthengiseni imveliso esetyenziswayo, njenge tridgeridge, i-software, kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Iinkampani azinakuphinda zixhomekeke kumthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni ukunyanzelisa ukusebenzisa okanye ukubuyisa iimfuno, nangona zisenokusebenzisa izivumelwano, imiqathango yokhuseleko lobugcisa, okanye ezinye izixhobo zomthetho ukuzalisekisa imiqathango enjalo.

Inkonzo yamandla e-oyile, i-LLC v. Iqela le-Greene's Energy Group, LLC (208): UmGaqo-siseko wePipant Review eqhubekekayo

Isigqibo se-oyile yaseMelika sathetha ngeengxaki zomGaqo-siseko zokudibanisa uhlolo (IPR), uMthetho wolawulo owenziwa yiMelika Intents, ovumela iBhodi yetyala neSibheno ukuba iphinde iphinde iqwalasele kwaye irhoxise imvume ekhutshwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba i-IPR yaphula umGaqo-siseko ngokuvumela umbutho wolawulo kunokuba ivumele iQumrhu III ukuba lilahle amalungelo asemthethweni.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yaxhasa ubuGaqo-siseko beIPR, iphethe ukuba imvume yamalungelo kawonke-wonke anokuhlaziywa ngabasemagunyeni abalawuli. INkundla yaqiqa ngelithi imvume yokugunyaziswa ngokwembali ibiphantsi kohlolo lolawulo nolokurhoxiswa, kwaye i-IPR yindlela evumelekileyo yokuba urhulumente aphinde ahlolisise isigqibo sakhe sokunika imvume.

Isigqibo salondolozwa ubuchule obubalulekileyo bokucel ’ umngeni ukuthembeka ngaphandle kwetyala lenkundla elibiza imali eninzi. Ingcebiso ze-IPR ziye zaba yindlela edumileyo yokucel ’ umngeni ukugunyaziswa kwemvume, ingakumbi kwicandelo lobugcisa, ngenxa yokuba zidla ngokukhawuleza kwaye azibizi kakhulu kunenkundla yesithili. Noko ke, isigqibo sashiya ivula eminye imibuzo esemthethweni malunga ne-IPR, kuquka nokuba iyayiphazamisa na iNguquko yeSendetic ekuthethweni kwetyala.

Ulawulo lwe-oyiles State luye lwaneziphumo ezisebenzayo zobuchule obusemthethweni. Iinkampani ezijongene nezityholo ezichasanayo ngoku zisoloko zifaka izibongozo ze-IPR ukuvavanya ukufaneleka okusemthethweni, kwaye abanikeli abasemthethweni kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba kungenzeka kwe-IPR xa bevavanya amandla emvumelo zabo. Esi sigqibo sikwaphembele ukuchotshelwa kwemvume, njengoko abafaki-zicelo bezama ukuphengulula i-drafti ezakuba zingasebenzi kwi-IPR.

I-Iancu (2088): I-Papapa Institution in IPR Proceedings.

Isigqibo se-SAS Institute saxubusha imiba ye-PIPR, ngokukodwa ukuba iBhodi yetyala lePaten ne-Applet kufuneka iphendule zonke izimvo ezicelwe umceli okanye ingamisela uhlolo kwiingxelo ezithile. I-Ofisi kaPatent yamkela uqheliselo lweziko elinobuntwana, iqwalasela ezinye zezinye izinto ezicetyiswayo.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi xa iziko le-IPR le-Patenberg lisenza isigqibo sokugunyaziswa kwazo zonke izibhengezo ezicelwe umceli, hayi ezinye zazo. Inkundla yasekela isigqibo sayo kulwimi lomthetho lweMelika Indents Act, olufuna i-Ofisi ePhatant ukuba ikhuphe isigqibo sokugqibela esibhaliweyo esithetha ngokusemthethweni kwengxelo yesicelo ephikisayo yesicelo.

Esi sigqibo sineziphelo ezisebenzisekayo zobuchule be-IPR kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Sithintela i-ofisi yePatent ekuthatheni i-cherry-ethi ifuna ukuhlola nokuqinisekisa ukuba abafaki-sicelo bafumana isigqibo esipheleleyo kuzo zonke izinto ezicetyiweyo. Noko ke, sinokwandisa umthwalo kwi-ofisi yoMphathi-majoni we-IPR kunye nengxubusho zobude be-IPR ngokufuna uhlolo lokuba iBhodi isenokungavumi ukufikelela kwidilesi.

Impembelelo Yezigqibo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo Kushishino Olwahlukileyo

Izigqibo ezigunyazisiweyo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zachaphazela ushishino ngokwahlukileyo ngokusekelwe kwintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemvume esemthethweni nemifanekiso yazo etsha. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo zoshishino zinika ukuqonda ngeziphumo ezibanzi zezoqoqosho nezentlalo zendaleko yomthetho ogunyazisiweyo.

Izixhobo zonyango lwezamayeza nezobugcisa

Ushishino lwamayeza nebhayoloji luchaphazeleke kakhulu zisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sokukwazi ukuzenzela izinto nokuzigunyazisa. Isigqibo seChakrabarty senza ukuba ushishino lwenzululwazi yebhayoloji yale mihla lukwazi ukunikezela ngezakhono kwizinto eziphilayo ezitshintshwe yimfuza. Isigqibo seMiyriad sibekelwe umda wemfuza kodwa silondolozwe ukukhusela izinto ezenziwe ngemizila. Isigqibo seMayo siye senza kube nzima ngakumbi ukufumana imvume yokufumana iinkcazelo kwiindlela zokuxilonga, ezichaphazela ukuveliswa kwemali esetyenziswa ngokwamayeza obuqu.

Le misebenzi ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimvume esemthethweni ngenxa yexesha elide lokuphuhliswa kwemali kunye neendleko eziphezulu ezinxulumene nokuzisa amayeza amatsha nonyango emarikeni. Iziyobisi eziphumelelayo zingafuna amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ekuphandeni nasekuphuhlisweni, kwaye imvume yokugunyazisela ibonelela ingeniso efunekayo ukuze ifumane kwakhona le miba yozaliso. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezilinganisela umgangatho osemthethweni okanye ezenza kube lula ukuvavanya unyango olulufunayo ingeniso yezonyango.

Isigqibo se-eBay asikhange sibe nempembelelo eninzi kushishino lwamayeza kunakweminye imida kuba iinkampani zamayeza zikhuphisana ngqo nabenzi bohlobo oluthile, zisenza kube lula ukubonakalisa umonakalo ongalungisekiyo. Iinkundla zisoloko zinika imiyalelo kwiimeko zokufumana imvume yamayeza, ziqonda ukubaluleka kokuzimela ngokwasemthethweni kulo shishino.

IiNtloko ze-Software kunye nezobuChwephesha

Isigqibo sika-Alice siyenze kwaba nzima kakhulu ukufumana nokunyanzelisa imvume yokugunyazisa i-software kunye nobugcisa obukhoyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo zokuba ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kuhlale kusebenza kusini na kwiinkqubo ezintsha ze-software.

Isigqibo se KSR sichaphazele ushishino lobugcisa ngokwenza kube lula ukucela ubuchule kuqhagamshelwano lobugcisa obaziwayo. Kumasimi ahamba ngokukhawuleza njengee-elektroniki kunye nonxibelelwano lombane, apho uphuhliso ludla ngokudibanisa amalungu akhoyo ngeendlela ezintsha, umgangatho we KSR uye wandisa ubunzima bokufumana ukhuseleko olunamandla olunamandla.

Isigqibo se-eBay sineziphumo ezibalulekileyo zoshishino lobugcisa ngokulinganisela amandla ezinto ezingaqheliseliyo ukufumana imiqathango. Oku kutshitshise amandla okuzimela ngokusemthethweni kwicandelo lobugcisa, apho izinto ezizimeleyo zokuzichaza zisebenza kakhulu. Iinkampani zijongene nezityholo ezichaseneyo nezingezo zobugcisa ngoku zinezikhuseli ezikhulu zokunxibelelana ngeziseko ezifanelekileyo ze-incads kunokujongana nesongelo semithetho yezoshishino.

Ubugcisa Nezikhundla Eziqhelekileyo

Imisebenzi yokwakha yesithethe iye yachatshazelwa zisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo esicacileyo, esizibanga sisithi ukwakhiwa, kunye nokudinwa okusemthethweni. Izigqibo zika Graham noKSR zimisele imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokusebenza kuwo onke amashishini, kodwa ifuthe lawo liyahluka kuxhomekeka kwindlela ephuculiweyo kwintsimi nganye.

Isigqibo sikaMarkman siye saba nempembelelo kwihlabathi lonke kuwo onke amashishini ngokumisela ukuba ulwakhiwo lungumbandela womthetho kubagwebi. Oku kuye kwenza ukuba imvume esemthethweni ichazwe kakuhle ngeendlela ezithile kodwa kwandisa ukubaluleka kokuba netyala lokuyila nokutshutshisa.

Isigqibo semveliso yoluvo luchaphazele ngokukhethekileyo ushishino olusebenzisa iimodeli zeshishini ezisekelwe ekuthengiseni imveliso ezisetyenziswayo, njengabenzi bomshicileli, iinkampani zezixhobo zonyango, kunye nabenzi bezixhobo zolimo. Ezi nkampani kufuneka zilungise iimodeli zazo zoshishino ukuze zijongene nokungakwazi ukunyanzelisa imiqathango yeposi ngomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Indima YeNkqutyana Yomanyano NeNkundla Ephakamileyo

IKhomishini yeNkundla yezibheno yayila iNkundla yeziBhalo yeNkangeleko yeFederal ngowe-1982 ukuze izise ubufana kunye nobuchule kumthetho osemthethweni. ICebe loMbutho unegunya elipheleleyo lokugunyazisa izibheno ezigunyazisiweyo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili nakwi-ofisi yePatant, isenza ibe yinkundla ephambili yamatyala asemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo igcine igunya elipheleleyo kumthetho osemthethweni kwaye iye yasebenzisa elo gunya ngokuqhubekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Ulwalamano phakathi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neNkundla yeFederal yeNtlanganiso maxa wambi luye lwanengxabano. Izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zitshintshile kwimizekelo yeNtlanganiso yeFederal okanye zigxeke indlela yokungena kweFederal kumthetho osemthethweni. Isigqibo seKSR sakhanyela isicelo esiqinileyo soMveleli weNtlangatho-ntle weTSM. Isigqibo se-Bay sayirhoxisa imithetho jikelele yeNtloko exhasayo. Isigqibo seFederal Federal sakha sakhasa imfuno yesiphatho sezithuba ezilinganayo emva kokuba ityala.

Ezi nguqu zibonisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo zomthetho osemthethweni. Isekethe yoManyano, enobuchule bayo obukhethekileyo kumthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, maxa wambi iye yamkela imithetho eqaqambileyo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ikhetha imilinganiselo ethambe ngakumbi, exhomekeke kumongo evumela uhlalutyo-ngemeko ngomzimba. Olu xinzelelo phakathi koqikelelo nobhetyebhetye-bhetye lungumxholo ophinda-phindayo kumthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Inkxalabo eyongezelelekileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yamatyala agunyasiweyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ikhokelele kwiinguqulelo eziphawulekayo kwimfundiso yomthetho esemthethweni. Phakathi kowama 2000 nowama-2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba amatyala asemthethweni kunakweliphi na ixesha elifanayo kwimbali yayo. Oku kuthembiswa ngokukhutheleyo kuye kwalungisa kwakhona umthetho osemthethweni ngendlela esisiseko, ukuphendula imiba esukela ekusebenziseni ngokusemthethweni ukuya kwiinkqubo zonyango zophando.

Inkcazo Ebalulekileyo Necandelo 101

Icandelo 101 loMthetho wePatent lichaza umbandela osemthethweni njengolulo "lonke inkqubo entsha neluncedo, umatshini, ukwenza, okanye naluphi na uphuculo olutsha noluluncedo. ” Phezu kwalo nje olu lwimi lubanzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukungacaci okupheleleyo kwemithetho yendalo, iziganeko zendalo, kunye neengcamango ezingaqondakaliyo. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ezisebenzisa ezi mpawu ziye zadala impikiswano ephawulekayo nokungaqiniseki.

Izigqibo zeMayo neAlice zaseka isiseko senyathelo elibini lokuhlalutya ukufaneleka okusemthethweni. Okokuqala, iinkundla zifumanisa ukuba iingxelo zikhokelwa kwingcamango esemthethweni. Okwesibini, ukuba kunjalo, iinkundla zihlola ukuba iingxelo ziqulethe ingcamango yokudala eyaneleyo na ukuguqula ingcamango engagqibekiyo ibe yinkqubo esemthethweni. Esi sicwangciso singqine kunzima ukusebenzisa ngokungaguqukiyo, kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingaqondakaliyo nengxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nomgangatho waso ofanelekileyo.

Abahlalutyi becandelo 101 lamacandelo baphikisa ngelithi iye yabangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kwaye yenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukufumana imvume kwimimandla ebalulekileyo njenge-software, iziphumo zovavanyo, kunye namayeza azimeleyo. Baphikisa ngelithi umahluko ocacileyo uye wasetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ukungabikho kwemithetho egunyazisa utshintsho kwimida yombandela osemthethweni. Abanye baye bacela utshintsho ukuze bacacise imida yombandela osemthethweni.

Abaxhasi bomsebenzi wesicwangciso seMayo-Alice baphikisa ngokuthi ngokufanelekileyo imilinganiselo igunyazisa iingcamango ezingundoqo ezimele zihlale zikho ngokukhululekileyo kubo bonke abanokuzisebenzisa. Baphikisa ngelithi imvume ebanzi kwiingcamango ezingeyonto nendalo ingathintela ukuvela ngokuthintela abanye ekwakheni ulwazi olusisiseko. Ingxoxo ibonisa ukungavumelani okusisiseko ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo bokhuseleko kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kokukhuthaza ukusungulwa kolwazi nokugcina ungenelelo lukawonke-wonke.

Unyango olunobugocigoci

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amayeza akhoyo kubanikeli abasemthethweni kunye nezoqoqosho lokunyanzelisa ukugunyaziswa komthetho. Isigqibo se-eBay saguqula umthetho wemiyalelo esemthethweni, siwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba imikhosi engaqhubiyo ifumane imiyalelo ngeli lixa idla ngokugcina isiqabu esingekho mthethweni kwimibutho eqhelisela ukukhuphisana nabachasa.

Umonakalo uhlala usisombululo esiphambili kwiimeko ezininzi ezisemthethweni, ingakumbi ezo zibandakanya izinto ezingasetyenziswayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithethe ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo zomonakalo osemthethweni, kuquka ukubalwa kolawulo olufanelekileyo kunye nokwahlulwa komonakalo kwiimeko ezibandakanya imveliso ezininzi. Ezi zigqibo ziye zazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukonakala kwemivuzo kulingana nexabiso lokwenene lemveliso eqanjwe ngokusemthethweni kunokuba kujoliswe kwixabiso lemveliso enkulu ebandakanya ukuyila.

Ukufumaneka nobungakanani bomonakalo onyuliweyo wokwaphula umthetho ngabom kukwabhekiswe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ezi zigqibo ziye zafuna ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokuthintela ukuphazanyiswa kwangabom ngenkxalabo yomonakalo ogqithisileyo onokuthi ubangele ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo nolwahlukileyo.

Impinda yolawulo noMthetho weMerika

UMthetho woLawulo lwaseMelika ka-2011 wasungula iinkqubo ezintsha zokucel ’ umngeni ugunyaziso olusemthethweni, kuquka uhlolo oluphakathi, uhlolo lwasemva komnxeba, kunye nendlela yohlolo loshishino olugqunyiweyo. Ezi nkqubo zivumela amaqela ukuba acel ’ umngeni iimvume phambi kwe-Paten Trial kunye neBhodi yezibheno njengenye indlela kwinkundla yesithili.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo njenge-Oyile States ne-SAS Institute ziphendule imibuzo yomGaqo-siseko neyobuGaqo-siseko malunga nezi ziphumo zolawulo. Isigqibo se-oyile yaseMadoli saxhasa ubukho bomGaqo-siseko we-IPR, siqinisekisa ukuba eli cebo libalulekileyo lokufumana imvume efuna imvume engaziwayo. Isigqibo se-SAS Institute sazicacisa iimfuno ze-IPR, esichaphazela indlela ezi zindululwa ngayo ezi zenzo.

Uhlolo logunyaziso lolawulo luye lwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yelizwe elisemthethweni, namawaka ezicelo ze-IPR ezigcinwe nyaka ngamnye. Ezi zindululo zichaphazele ubuchule obusemthethweni, ubuchule bokuzibophelela, kunye nezoqoqosho jikelele lokunyanzelisa imvume. Zinika indlela ekhawulezileyo nexabiso eliphantsi yokuvavanya ukufezeka okusemthethweni, nangona zikwabangela ukungaqiniseki okungakumbi kubanikazi bomthetho abanokujamelana neengxaki ezininzi.

Ukuphanda UMthetho Ontsonkothileyo WaseUnited States

Ngoxa izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zilawula ngokungqalileyo kuphela umthetho osemthethweni waseUnited States, ngokufuthi zichaphazela amazwe ngamazwe. iUnited States ingurhwebo oluphambili kwezobugcisa ezininzi, yaye ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kweUnited States kubalulekile kwiinkampani ehlabathini lonke.

Isigqibo soluvo lwemveliso ephawulekayo ngokudinwa kwamazwe ngamazwe sinegalelo elingqalileyo kwizizwe ngezizwe, njengoko simi ngelithi ukuthengiswa naphi na ehlabathini kudinisa amalungelo asemthethweni e-U.S. Oku kuchaphazela indlela iinkampani ezilungisa ngayo intengiso yazo nenkqubo yokusasaza amazwe ngamazwe yaye kuchaphazela ukucalucalulwa kwexabiso kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo.

Inkqubela-nkqubo yomthetho osemthethweni wase-U.S. esemthethweni esemthethweni ikwaphembelela imigudu yokulungelelaniswa komthetho osemthethweni wezizwe ngezizwe. Njengoko amazwe esebenzela ukudibanisa iinkqubo zawo ezisemthethweni ngezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwimibandela engundoqo efana nokufaneleka nokucaca kunakho ukuchaphazela indlela yokuphuhliswa komthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni wezizwe ngezizwe.

Ikamva Lomthetho Ongaguquguqukiyo: Iimbambano Neengxaki Ezimandundu

Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buguquka, kuza kubakho imingeni emitsha yomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni. Ubuchule bokwenza i-quantam compum, ibhayoloji eyenziwe ngokwenziwa nezinye izinto ezivelayo ziphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngokufumaneka, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo, kunye nobuchule bobuchule. INkundla ePhakamileyo iza kuqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucombululeni ezi ngxaki nokubumba umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni wezobugcisa obutsha.

Ubuntlola kunye noncedo lobuchule

Unyuko lobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo luye lwaphakamisa imibuzo yokuba iinkqubo ze-Al zingaba ngabasunguli phantsi komthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni. Umthetho wangoku ufuna ukuba abayili babe ngabantu bendalo, kodwa njengoko iinkqubo ze-Al zibanobuntlola kwaye zizimele ekuveliseni izinto eziveziweyo, uxinzelelo lungakhula ukuze luphinde luyihlolisise le mfuneko. INkundla ePhakamileyo ingafuna ekugqibeleni iqwalasele enoba umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni kufuneka uqhelane nemveliso e-Al-jijini.

Imibuzo enxulumeneyo iquka indlela yokuqwalasela ukucaca xa iinkqubo ze-Al zinokukhawuleza zifumane iindawo ezinkulu zezisombululo, nokuba iingciphelo ezenziwe yi-Al kufuneka zifumane ukhuseleko olufanayo olusemthethweni njengezinto eziveliswe ngabantu. Le miba iquka imibuzo engundoqo malunga nenjongo yomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni kunye nolwalamano phakathi kobuchule bobuchule bomntu kunye nobuchule bomatshini.

Iinguqu ezisemgangathweni kunye neFRAND Licensing

Abaxhasi ababalulekileyo ekusebenziseni imigangatho yobugcisa baphakamisa imingeni eyodwa yomthetho osemthethweni. Abanini bemvume ezisemgangathweni eziye zazibophelela kwimvume ezifanelekileyo, ezisengqiqweni, nezingezozigunyaziso (FRAND). Ngoko ke, ingxubusho emalunga noko kuyila amagama angenamsebenzi kunye naziphi na iindlela zokuphazamisa ukuphazamisana nobuchule obusemgangathweni zibangele ukuba kuvezwe intelekelelo ebalulekileyo.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayikathethi ngqo kwimibandela emininzi engundoqo ejikeleze imigangatho yemvume esemthethweni, kodwa le miba isenokufikelela kwiNkundla njengoko isibaluleka ngakumbi kushishino olufana nonxibelelwano, apho imigangatho iyimfuneko ukuze kubekho unxibelelwano. Imibuzo emalunga nokufumaneka kwemiyalelo yokufumana imvume ezimgangathweni, ubalo lweFRAND ubukumkani, kunye nokugcinwa kwemiqathango yeFRAND ingafuna isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo.

Utshintsho Olufanelekileyo

Ukungaqiniseki okubangelwa yiMayo-Alice yesiseko esisemthethweni kukhokelele ekufuneni utshintsho lomthetho. Iingcebiso ezahlukeneyo ziye zaveliswa kwiNgqungquthela ukucacisa imida yombandela ocacileyo kwaye zibonelele ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kwabayili-zincwadi kunye neezicelo ezisemthethweni. Nokuba ngaba iBhunga liza kumisela ezo nguqulelo aziqinisekanga, kodwa ingxoxo ibonakalisa inkxalabo eqhubekayo malunga nemeko yangoku yeCandelo 101 jurisprudencence.

Ukuba iKhomishini yeNkqutyana imisela utshintsho olusemthethweni olusemthethweni, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kufuneka itolike ulwimi olutsha lomthetho nokugqiba indlela oluchaphazela ngayo imizekelo ekhoyo. Ingxoxo phakathi kotshintsho lowiso-mthetho notoliko lwezomthetho iya kubumba ikamva lomthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Uxolelwaniso lwehlabathi

Imigudu yokuvisisanisa umthetho osemthethweni kumazwe awahlukeneyo iyaqhubeka, iqhutywa yimeko yehlabathi lonke yokuphuhliswa norhwebo. Izivumelwano nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zifuna ukudibanisa imigaqo, iinkqubo, kunye nemisebenzi yokunyanzelisa. Indlela echazwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ichaphazela le migudu yokulungelelaniswa nokuphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo yemithetho yemvume yezizwe ngezizwe.

Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yexesha elizayo kusenokufuneka ziqwalasele intsingiselo yezizwe ngezizwe yomthetho ogunyazisiweyo waseUnited States nendlela umthetho waseUnited States ohambelana ngayo nenkqubo yelizwe lonke esemthethweni. Iimbambano ezifana nokudinwa kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuphathwa kweminye imiqathango yamanye amazwe ngaphambi kobugcisa, nokunyanzeliswa kwemvume yamanye amazwe kwiinkundla zeUnited States kusenokufuna ingqalelo kwiiNkundla Eziphakamileyo.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo zePitationers neIndacters

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zisebenza ngokungqalileyo koogqirha abagunyazisayo, abayili, namashishini axhomekeke ekukhuselweni okusemthethweni. Ukuqonda ezi zigqibo nezicelo zazo kubalulekile ukuze kusetyenziswe iqhinga elisebenzayo.

Ubuchule bokuchophela ityala

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zichaphazela indlela izicelo ezisemthethweni ezifanele zifakwe ngayo kwaye zigwetywe ngayo. Isigqibo sika-Alice sifuna ingqalelo enzulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuba i-software kunye nendlela yoshishino ziquka iinkcukacha ezaneleyo zobugcisa kunye neengcamango eziyila ezingaphaya kweengcamango ezingeyonto. Isigqibo seMayo sifuna iindlela zokuxilonga eziquka izinto ezingaphaya kokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yendalo. Isigqibo se-KSR sifuna ukuboniswa komelele ngakumbi kokungaqwalaseli nokuchazwa kwento eninzi ngesizathu sokuba idityanisweneyo ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo.

Abatshutshisi abangoontamo-ntle kufuneka bahlale benomsinga kwizigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nezicelo zabo zenkundla esezantsi ne-Ofisi ePhathiswayo. Iindlela zokulungisa maziphendule ngemeko yangoku yomthetho okwaziyo ukufikelela kolwazi olusemthethweni, imigangatho ecacileyo, kunye nezinye inkqubela-phambili zemfundiso. Imbali yokutshutshiswa mayikwaziswe ngocoselelo ukuphepha ukudala imiba enokuthi imisele imfundiso yokuzimela izinto ezilinganayo.

Ubuchule bokwenza imigca

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziguqule ubuchule bokuzivumela. Isigqibo sikaMarkman senza isibheno sokwakha inkundla yedabi echanabileyo kumatyala asemthethweni, ngokufuthi siqikelela iziphumo ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Isigqibo se-EBay satshintsha i-calculus yokufuna imiyalelo kunye nengxoxo yokuphendula. Ukubakho kwe-IPR kunye nezinye ingxubusho yolawulo zinika ukhetho olutsha lokuvavanya ubunyani obusemthethweni.

Abameli kufuneka baqwalasele imizekelo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo xa kuphuhliswa iindlela zokuyila, uhlalutyo lwamandla eemvume, kunye novavanyo lwendlela zokuhlaliswa. Umbuso wangoku womthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni uchaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwindawo ekukhethwa kuyo ukuya kumacebo obuchule okunikela ubungqina bokonzakalisa iingcamango.

Iqhinga lokulungisa ishishini

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zichaphazela izigqibo zoshishino malunga nokuveliswa kotyalo-mali, ukuphuhliswa okusemthethweni, kunye nokhuphiswano. Iinkampani kufuneka ziqwalasele imo yangoku yomthetho osemthethweni xa zigqiba ukuba zinokutyalwa kangakanani kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso, enoba zifuna ukhuseleko olusemthethweni okanye zixhomekeke kwiimfihlelo zorhwebo, nendlela yokwakha i-intelligence kunye namalungiselelo obugcisa okudlulisela.

Ukungaqiniseki okubangelwa zezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ingakumbi kummandla wokufumana imvume esemthethweni, kuchaphazela izigqibo zotyalo-mali kunye nocwangciso loshishino. Iinkampani zezoshishino ezichaphazeleke kakhulu kwizigqibo zakutshanje kusenokufuneka zitshintshe amacebo azo olwazi zijonge ezinye iindlela zokuyila izinto zeprojekthi kwaye zithathe amanyathelo okhuseleko olusemthethweni.

Ingxoxo yenkqubo eBroadger: Ukulungelelanisa iintshumayelo ezizinzileyo nokufumaneka koluntu

Izigqibo ezigunyazisiweyo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zibonisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezimalunga nomgangatho ofanelekileyo namandla okukhusela. Ezi ngxoxo zibandakanya imibuzo esisiseko ngendlela yokulungelelanisa izikhuthazo ezizizo zokwakha ezilungiselelwe ngamagunya asemthethweni achasene nomdla woluntu ekufumaneni ulwazi nenkululeko yokukhuphisana.

Ukhuseleko olunamandla lungakhuthaza utyalo-mali olunamandla ekuphuculeni izinto ngokunika abasunguli amalungelo akhethekileyo okufumana ingeniso kwizinto abazisungulileyo. Oku kubalulekile ngokukhethekileyo kushishino olunexabiso eliphezulu lophando nophuhliso kunye nexabiso lexesha elide, elifana namayeza kunye nebhayoloji. Noko ke, ukuba banzi okanye lula ukufumana imvume ekhoyo kungathintela ukuvela kwabanye ekukheni ulwazi olukhoyo okanye ngokuyila ii-injini eziqinileyo ezibangela kube nzima ukuvelisa iimveliso ezintsha ngaphandle kokungqubana neeprojekthi ezininzi.

Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zibonakalisa inkxalabo malunga nokubekwa kwamalungelo aphezulu kakhulu kunye nomnqweno wokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lulinganiselwe kuphuhliso lokwenyaniso. Izigqibo ezifana ne KSR, Alice, kunye neMayo ziye zenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukufumana nokunyanzelisa iintlobo ezithile zemvume, zibonakalisa ukuthandabuza enoba zonke izinto ezithi ziyila zimele iminikelo eyaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zikhuselwa ngokusemthethweni.

Noko ke, ezi zigqibo zibangele inkxalabo yokuba ngaba i-pendulum iye yazimela kakhulu ekuthinteleni ukhuseleko olusemthethweni. Abahlalutyi bathi ukungaqiniseki ngokusemthethweni nokulula okulucelomngeni kusenokungakukhuthazi ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezintsha, ingakumbi kwimimandla efana ne-software kunye nokuxilonga apho ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lungaqinisekanga ngakumbi.

Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ibandakanya imibuzo emalunga nokuba ziziphi iintlobo zophuhliso ezifanele zigunyaziswe, indlela ezimele zibe namandla ngayo ukhuseleko, amachiza afanele afumaneke ukuze kuphazanyiswe, nendlela yokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zabanikazi abasemthethweni, abakhuphiswano, kunye nabasebenzi beNkundla ePhakamileyo. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule ngxoxo ngokuseka isiseko somthetho apho ezi zingxamiseko zikhuphisanayo.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo neZigunyazisiweyo kunye neziphumo zazo, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. I-website yeNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo inika ukhokelo ngendlela izigwebo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezichaphazela ngayo uvavanyo olusemthethweni kunye neengxoxo zolawulo ezigunyazisayo. U.S.Patent neTracmark Office

Ii-database ezisemthethweni kunye noolindixesha bemfundo banikela uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkqubo zazo. Iintlangano ezifana ne-Melika Efundisayo Umthetho weManyano yeMampatho kunye neNtlanganiso yeMandla yoPhawu yoLuntu yoLuntu inikela iinkqubo zokufundisa kunye neempapasho kwimiqathango yomthetho esemthethweni.

Iikliniki zemfundo esemthethweni kunye neenkqubo zokufundisa eziqhubekayo zinika amathuba okufunda umthetho osemthethweni ngokunzulu nokuqonda indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ukuze abo babandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yobugcisa neyobugcisa obutsha, ukuhlala benolwazi ngemiqathango yomthetho egunyaziwe kubalulekile ukuze kusetyenziswe iprojekthi yempahla esebenzayo.

Isiphelo: Indaleko Eqhubekayo YoMthetho Ongalawulekiyo

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokusisiseko ziye zaguqula indlela yokulawula imigaqo elawula oko kunokugunyaziswa, indlela ezinokuhlaziywa nokucelw'iingcinga, kunye neendlela zokunyanga ezikhoyo zokuphazamisa. Ukusuka kwisigqibo sesiseko sikaGraham sokubonakala ukuya kwisigqibo sakutshanje sokugunyaziswa kwee-software, le mithetho iye yalungelelanisa intsebenziswano ephikisanayo kunye nomthetho osemthethweni ekuguquleni ubugcisa neemeko zezoqoqosho.

Ukudibana okusebenzayo kweNkundla ePhakamileyo nomthetho ogunyazisiweyo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwazisa iinguqu eziphawulekayo kwimfundiso esemthethweni, ngokufuthi ukuguqula okanye ukucombulula imizekelo yeNtlanganiso yeNkqutyana. Ezi zigqibo ziye zandisa ukungaqiniseki kwezinye iindawo ngexa zinika icace ngakumbi kwezinye. Zibonisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokhuseleko olusemthethweni nokulungelelana phakathi kolwandiso olusemthethweni kunye nokulondoloza ufikelelo lukawonke wonke kulwazi.

Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buguquka, kuza kubakho iingxaki ezintsha ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa yinkundla. Ubuchule bokwenza i-quantam compum, inzululwazi yebhayoloji ezenzekelayo, kunye nezinye izinto eziphumayo ziza kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nokuzimela, ubuchule bokuyila, kunye nobungakanani obusemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iza kuqhubeka isenza indima ebalulekileyo ekusingatheni ezi ngxaki ziphinde ziqinisekise ukuba umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni uhlala ubalulekile kwaye uphumelela ekukhuthazeni ulwakhiwo.

Kubenzi abasemthethweni, abakhupheli-zincwadi, namashishini, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezigunyazisayo ezifanelekileyo zibalulekile kwiqhinga elisebenzayo lempahla. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwintshumayelo esemthethweni ukuya kuqikelelo lwezoshishino. Ukuhlala wazi ngenkqubela-mthetho esemthethweni neziphumo zayo ezisebenzayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekuphuculeni nasekusebenziseni izinto zobugcisa.

Indaleko yomthetho osemthethweni ogunyazisiweyo ngezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ibonisa ukusebenza kwemithetho yempahla yenkcubeko nokusabela kwayo kwiinguqulelo zobugcisa, zezoqoqosho, nezentlalo. Njengoko sikhangela kwikamva, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo iya kuqhubeka isenza umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, isingatha iingxaki ezintsha nokucoceka okukhoyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukugunyazisa umthetho ukuzalisekisa injongo yawo esemthethweni yokukhuthaza inkqubela yenzululwazi nobugcisa bobugcisa obuluncedo.

Enoba ungumyili ofuna ukukhusela izinto ezintsha, igqwetha elisemthethweni elicebisa abaxhasi, ingcebiso yezoshishino ephuhlisa ubuchule bokuyila izinto zobukrelekrele, okanye umntu onomdla kwindlela ezibunjwe ngayo ubuchule bomthetho, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezibonisa ukuqiqa okusemthethweni okulawula inkqubela yezobugcisa. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo ezisemngciphekweni ekuxhotyisweni komthetho osemthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo esemthethweni iphumeza injongo yayo yokuphuhlisa ukuzuza intlalo yoluntu lonke.