UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States asilulo uxwebhu olumanyeneyo oluqaliswe ngo-1787. Luyilwe ngenkqubo eyakhelwe ukwenziwa yotshintsho: inkqubo yokulungisa. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iinguqu ezingama-77 ziye zongezwa, nganye ibonisa ixesha elibalulekileyo kumzabalazo wohlanga womanyano olugqibeleleyo. Ezi zinguquko ziye zaba yisithuthi sokuqala sokwandisa amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukulungisa ukungalungisi kwembali, nokutshintsha inkqubo karhulumente ukuze kuhlanga olutshintshayo. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda imvelaphi, ukuqulungela oku, kunye nempembelelo yezi zimo ziyimfuneko ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni intsingiselo yobumi baseMerika, inkululeko, kunye nokulingana.

Eli nqaku lihlola ulungiso olungundoqo lomgaqo-siseko oluye lwaguqula ubume bamalungelo abantu baseMelika, ukusuka kwiSisombululo samalungelo ukuya kutshintsho lotshintsho lwasemva kwemfazwe yeCivile kunye nolwandiso lwenkulungwane yama-20 lolwandiso lweziko lomthetho-siseko. Siza kuhlola kungekuphela nje oko ukulungisa okukwenzayo kodwa kwanomongo wembali owabangela ukuba athandwe kwaye aqhutywe ngokuqhubekayo ngokucaciswa kwawo. Ngokuthatha le ncam yotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, singabona indlela uxwebhu oluye lwasetyenziswa ngayo ukukhusela nokuvavanyanisa amandla, lusebenza njengendawo yemfazwe ukwenzela iinjongo eziphezulu zohlanga.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Komhlaba: Yalungiselelwa Utshintsho, Yakhelwe IConsensus

Iziqu zamalungu omGaqo-siseko zaqonda ukuba akukho xwebhu lunokubona kwangaphambili yonke ingxaki yexesha elizayo. Inqaku V lomGaqo-siseko liyibeka phantsi inkqubo yokulungisa, ngokuzenzela ngempazamo kodwa kungenzeki. Le nkqubo imbini ifuna izicelo ezilandelwa yi-rateothi. Ukulungisa kungacetyiswa mhlawumbi ngesibini kwikota sithathu sovoti kwiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeNdlu, okanye ngendibano yesizwe ebizwa ngokuba zizindlu zowisombutho zowiso-mthetho. Ngomhla, zonke ii-antemplate ezingama-720 zicentelli zicelwe yiBhunga; indlela yendibano ayizange isetyenziswe.

Emva kwesicelo, utshintsho kufuneka luvunywe zii-3 764 zamazwe, mhlawumbi ngeentlanganiso zazo zowiso-mthetho okanye ngephondo, njengoko iBhunga limisela. Lo mvalo ophezulu ``ukuququzelela izinto ezinkulu kumacala omabini] ii-engile ezibonisa ububanzi, uvumelwano oluhlala luhleli kunokuba ludlulelwe ngaphaya kwemiba yezopolitiko. Kukwathetha ukuba ukupheliswa kwempumelelo kusoloko kungumkhiqizo wemibutho eqhubekayo yentlalo kunye nobunzima obucokisekileyo bezobupolitika. Ubunzima benkqubo bugcine ukuzinza komGaqo-siseko xa ukuvumela ukuba utshintsho luqhubekeke xa ulu lululo. Ukujonga nzulu kwiSigqeqeba V, izibonelelo zesizwe zinika kunye nombhalo opheleleyo.[FFFP1]

IBhili Yamalungelo: Ukuhlaziywa Kokuqala KweziHlomelo Ezilishumi Njengesikhuselo Senkululeko

Ngo-1791, iBhili yamaLungelo yaba ngumphumo okhawulezileyo wokufunwa kweAntintlaFederalis ukuze kukhuselwe abanqolobi bakarhulumente. Ezi zindululo zokuqala zilishumi zichaza inkululeko ekhethekileyo kwaye zilinganisela amandla orhulumente omtsha ophakathi. Ulungiso ngalunye lwabunjwa zizikhalazo zamathane nxamnye nolawulo lwamaBritane noloyiko lokuba urhulumente wesizwe onamandla angawanyanzela amalungelo abemi. Ngoxa iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yayisebenza kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, uLawulo lwe-14 lokuHlaziselwa-Mbeko luza kunweba uninzi lwalo lwamagunya ngorhulumente ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba nguGatyaniso.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Intsika Efuzisela Idemokhrasi

UHlaliso Lokuqala luqinisekisa inkululeko emihlanu: unqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano kunye nesibongozo. Lulo isiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika, lukhusela amalungelo abantu abathetha ngaphandle kokuhlolwa ngurhulumente, ukunqula (okanye akunjalo) njengoko bekhetha, nokuhlanganisana ngoxolo ukuze bafune utshintsho. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakutolika oku ngokuphangaleleyo, ikhusela kwanomlomo ongathandekiyo okanye ohlazisayo, nangona iindidi ezithile ezifana nokuphembelela, ukuhlaziswa, nokuhlanjalazwa koburhulumente zifumana ukhuseleko oluncinane. Ukukhuselwa komatshini osisikhuseli esikhululekileyo kuye kwafuneka kuphendulwe kwaye kuxelelwe uluntu ngokubanzi.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

ISindululo Sesibini sithi: "Indawo elawulwa kakuhle eMilitia, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha izixhobo, ayizukumonyulwa. Kwimbali enkulu yamaMelika, oku kwakuqondwa ngokuyintloko kwimeko yenkonzo yomkhosi. Noko ke, kwimeko ka-2009 iDiality of Columbia v. Heller, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela ukuba ikhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuba nezixhobo zokuzikhusela kwindlu yomkhosi. Oku kuhlala kuhleli enye yeengxoxo ezishushu, ngencoko eziqhubekayo ngomgangatho womthetho nokhuseleko lukawonke.

Okwesine, Eyesithandathu Neyesibhozo: Ukukhusela Ummangalelwa

Ezi zindululo zidityanisiwe zizenza ukhuseleko lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. [[FLT:] Umgaqo-nkqubo we-Fourmerment wokhuselo oluchasene nokuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, olufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka. [] [[FLT]]] uSigqibo soMmiselo [[[FLT:]]] [FLT]] [iiinqanda-ful']] uqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, ikhusela ngokuziququququzelela (iiiiiiiiiiindlela yokuzimela), nokuzibamba ingxhululela ngokugqithisileyo, kunye nemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqathango [FLT] [FF]] i-egtting [ft:] Isigwebo sobugrance [ith , kunye neso sobukhaliso sobukhaliso sobucala sobucala somthetho obungaqhelekanga] siqinisekisa ukuba ngumgwe

IsiHlomelo Esiseleyo: Okweshumi Neshumi

IsiHlalisi seNtsimbi se-Ninth icacisa ukuba uludwe lwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko athetha ukuba abantu abawagcini amanye, angenawo amalungelo. IsiHlaziselo seSimendo esigciniweyo kumaphondo okanye kubantu nawuphi na ulawulo olunganikwanga ngurhulumente worhulumente womGaqo-siseko. Bathi, bonke, baqinisa ingcamango yegunya lolawulo olusikelwe umda nomgaqo ohlala uhleli.

IziHlanziso Zemfazwe Zasemva Kwemfazwe: Ukumiselwa Kwesibini Komgangatho

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, eli lizwe lajamelana nomsebenzi omkhulu wokudibanisa izigidi zamaMelika aseAfrika asandul' ukukhululwa kwibala lesizwe samaMelika. Izivumelwano ezintathu zokulungisa iprojekthi `e-13, ze-14, kunye ne-15th ) zazinenjongo yokuphelisa ubukhoboka nokumisela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokulingana kwesizwe. Ingxelo yabo yaphawula ulwando oluphawulekayo lwamalungelo ukususela kwiBhili yamaLungelo, nangona isithembiso sawo sasiza kuthatha enye inkulungwane ukufezekiswa.

IsiHlanzi Seshumi Elinamathathu (1865): Ukupheliswa Koburhulumente

IsiHlaliso se-13 sawaphelisa ngonaphakade amakhoboka kunye nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga eUnited States, ngaphandle kokuba esohlwaywa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Le yayiyinguquko yokuqala eyanconywa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya kwaye imele njengokulahlwa okungqalileyo kwelungiselelo elahlula uhlanga. Isigqibo sanika iBhunga amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo alo ngomthetho ofanelekileyo, ukulungiselela indlela yokufumana imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Noko ke, ukuchaswa kwalo ngenxa yesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kuqhutywe impikiswano engokunyanzelwa kweminyanzelo ezintolongweni, ityala elintsonkothile elisaqhubeka lihlolisiswa namhlanje.

IsiHlaziyo Seshumi Elinane (1868): Ukuba ngummi, Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo

Ngokulindelekileyo uHlaziyo lwe-14 luyeyona ingcono ilungisweyo emva kweBhili yamaLungelo. Icandelo lalo lokuqala lichaza ubumi kumgangatho wesizwe: "Bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, kwaye phantsi kwegunya labo, ngabemi baseUnited States kunye noRhulumente apho bahlala khona. Oku kwasiguqula isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo DDred Scott[ isigqibo somnyaka ka1857] esikhanyele ubumi bamazwe obuMntlaloma.

Ukupheliswa kwale mithetho kukwalela ukuhluthwa nabani na "ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho" kunye nokuqinisekisa "ukukhusela ngokulinganayo kwemithetho". La manani aye asetyenziswa ukubetha imithetho yemfundo yomlomo, ukuquka iBhili yamaLungelo achasene namazwe, nokusebenza njengesiseko somgaqo-siseko seesigqibo zobuhlanga (umz., [[FLT: 0]] brown v. ibhodi yemfundo]), ukulingana komtshato ([[FLT:] O.[2]berge. v [FLT]

UMthetho - ngqangi Weshumi elinesihlanu (1870): Ilungelo Lokuzibhokoxa Ngaphandle Kohlanga

IsiHlamlisi se-15 seMimiselo yoMdathi waMazwe savakalisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota "alingasayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe ngokukhawuleza yi-United States okanye yiliphi na iLizwe ngenxa yobuhlanga, imibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili". Yayililinge lokuzama ukunyanzela abantu abantsundu, ingakumbi kwiSivumelwano sobuConfesteri. Noko ke, lamisela imiqobo ngokukhawuleza efana nokuvavanya ukubhalisa, irhafuthelo, kunye noloyikiso olunogonyamelo lokuphelisa u-Blackvrackvota. Kwakungede de kube nguMthetho wamaRhulumente oMgangameli we-mali we-15 ka-1965 wenziwa ukuba urhulumente anyanze isithembiso soMhlazinzo we-Mgqibo we-yo. Noko ke, urhulumente uhlala esinento ephambili kwimfazwe eqhubekayo yokulwa nokhuthulwa koothotho-onta.

Ukwandisa iFranchisse: IMimiselo Yokwenziwa Ye - 19, Ye - 24 Neye - 26

Ngoxa uHlomelo lwe-15 olwalujolise ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota amadoda antsundu, amabhinqa ayesakhutshwa kwivoti. Umzabalazo wokuzilolonga kwamabhinqa wawususwe kwiNgqungquthela yeeFasi zeSeneca ngo-1848 ukuya kutsho kukwandiswa kokugqibela koMphengululo we-1919. Kamva ukupheliswa kwasusa eminye imiqobo yokuvota, nto leyo eyayibonisa ukuba icandelo elide lokwandisa idemokhrasi.

IsiHlaziyo Se - 19 (1920): Ukusilela Kwamabhinqa

ISinyuso se-19 seSiphengululo sithi "ilungelo labemi base-United States lokuvota aliyi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe nguMbuso waseUnited States okanye ngulo naliphi na iLizwe ngenxa yesondo. Ukudlula kwalo kwaba yincopho yamashumi eminyaka anesithandathu ubude bentshukumo ekhokelwa ngamanani afana noSusan B. Anthony, uElizabeth Cady Stanton, kunye noAlice Paul, owasebenzisa amaqhinga ukusuka ekubongozeni ekungathobelini kwemilo yamakhaya. Ukuphembelela ukwanda okukhulu kwezobupolitika zonyulo nokwahlulwa kweMelika. Kodwa ke, ayizange iqinisekise ukufikelela ekuvotelekeni bonke abafazi, njengokuba amaMerika asenantini kunye namabhinqa amaninzi anemibala ejongene imiqobo esemthethweni nangaphezulu de kube sekuphumelele uloyimpumelelo.

UMthetho - siseko Wama - 2004 (ngowe - 64): Ukupheliswa Kwerhafu

Iirhafu ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kumaphondo aseMazantsi ukukhusela ama-Enima kunye nabamhlophe abangathanga kakuhle ekuvotelweni. UMthetho-nkqubo wama-24 waphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamagunya asekuhlaleni. Nangona ingathethanga ngonyulo lukarhulumente, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kamva Harper v. iVirginia Board of Evolutions [196] yaphelisa irhafunxa yonyulo kunyulo lukarhulumente njengemposiso yengxelo elinganayo ye-14 yokukhusela uhlazinzo. ISinyulo sama-24 sasingulo esingundoqo solo se-Rhulumente yaza i-Rhulumente yaza yaza yaza i-Rhulumente yaza.

ISichibiyelo Sesithandathu sama - 2076 (1971): Ukuthoba Iminyaka Yokwalusela Kubomi

Ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, isibhengezo sentlanganiso "esikhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba silwe, sikhule ngokwaneleyo ukuba sifumane imvume yesizwe. IsiHlaliso se 26 sehla iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kuma-21 ukuya kwi-18 kulo lonke unyulo. Savunywa ngexesha elibhaliweyo ngezantsi. Ngokungaphezulu nje kweenyanga ezintathu . Ukubonisa uvumelwano olunamandla lokuba ulutsha oluya kuthunyelwa kumsebenzi welizwe lalo kufuneka lube nelizwi ekukhetheni iinkokeli zalo. Oku kuncitshiswa kolutsha oluvotayo kwiiroli, nangona uvoti uphe u-182469 ukuya ku 2424249,9,9 noOlds besele bekwenzile ngokwembali.

UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo: IziHlambulula-mali Nemibutho Eqhubekayo

Izindululo zoMgaqo-siseko aziveli ngenxa yomoya omncinane. Ziyimveliso yemibutho eqhubekayo yentlalo efuna utshintsho, ulwakhelo lwezopolitiko, kunye nolutshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Umbutho wokupheliswa kweziNtlanganiso wavelisa uHlaziyo lwe-13. Umbutho wamabhinqa wavelisa i-19. Imo ye-Civil Rights Yobugration wavelisa i-24 yaye wanceda ukunyanzelisa i-14 kunye ne-15 zoHlaziyo. Kutshanje, umbutho weLGBTQ+ ukuhambelana kweNkundla ephezulu wakhokelela ekuchazeni kweNkuhlalo ye-14 yokuLandlwa kweMithelela iNgxelo elinganayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulingana komtshato [[FLT: 0] i-oberge v. [FLT], yaye emva kweminyaka ephinda iqhubeke ukwenziwa.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa ayiyonkqubo yomthetho nje esemthethweni; kodwa iyindlela yezopolitiko nenkcubeko. Iintsebenziswano kufuneka kuqala zakhe imeko yokutshintsha kumgangatho wengca, ziyiselele amagosa anyuliweyo kunye nabantu abaninzi. Ubunzima benkqubo buthetha ukuba iziphumo ezinzulu, ezixhasiweyo ziphumelele. Kodwa utshintsho asiyondlela yodwa yamalungelo aphezulu. I-judicary idla ngokuchaza ukutshintshwa kwendlela ekhoyo yokulungisa [1] ngokukodwa inkqubo efanelekileyo ye-14 kunye nemithetho elinganayo yokukhusela. [3] Ukusebenzisana oku kuphumele amanqaku amatsha.

Ucelomngeni Neengxoxo Zale Mihla: Ikamva Lamalungelo OmGaqo-siseko

Ngoxa utshintsho luye lwanegalelo ekwandiseni kwamalungelo, le nkqubo ihlala inzima kakhulu kwixesha langoku lokubekwa kwezobupolitika. Uhlaziyo lwama-77, olwagunyaziswa ngowe-1992, luphathelwe intlawulo yequmrhu elingu-1200 luze luthabathe iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200 luye luthathe intsebenziswano yamalungelo. Akukho lukhulu luye longezelela ukususela kwiSinyusi- 26 sonyaka ka-1971. Oku kuye kwakhokelela abanye abaphengululi nabaxhasi ekubeni bafune utshintsho kwinkqubo yokulungisa iprojekthi ngokwayo, njengokuthoba umqobo wokwakhenke ukhuthuzelo okanye ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zesizwe zisebenzisa ama-rendendum.

Kwangaxeshanye, kukho amaphulo asebenzayo okulungisa iiNkundla ezintsha, kuquka uHlaziyo lwamaLungelo oluManyeneyo, ukwenziwa kweCandelo lezemali leWashington D.C., ukuhlaziywa kwenkxaso-mali, nelungelo lokuzimela ngasese ngexesha lamanani. Ukuchazwa okutshintsha kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokulungisa okukhoyo kwakhona kuyaqhubeka kubumba amalungelo. Umzekelo, umgangatho wesiHlaziyo sesibini, imida yokuthetha ngokukhululekile kumajelo entla, kunye nentsingiselo yokukhuselwa ngokufanayo kwemfundo nokuvota, zonke iindawo ezikhuselwayo.

Olunye ucelomngeni luxanduva phakathi kwamandla asekuhlaleni namalungelo amazwe. UMthetho-nkqubo we-10 ugcina amagunya abanzi kumaphondo, kunye neengxoxo ezininzi zale mihla . njengalawo aphambili kwezonyango, ukuqhomfa, kunye nomthetho wemekobume . Ukujika urhulumente wengingqi abe negunya elisemthethweni lokusebenza. Ukuqulunqwa kwale Nkundla ePhakamileyo nendlela yokutolika komgaqo-siseko (ukuhamba ngomgaqo-siseko) kuya kuchaphazela indlela ezisebenza ngayo zombini ezi zinto zidala nezintsha ezinokupheliswa ngayo iminyaka emininzi ezayo.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotyelwa ngokuqhubekayo Kozinziso LomGaqo-siseko

Izilungisi zomGaqo-siseko zisesona sixhobo sinamandla sokuguqula inkqubo yaseMerika. Zibonisa ukuvuma kwesizwe ukulungisa iimpazamo zalo, ukwandisa iinjongo zalo, nokuqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo okukhusela umntu ngamnye ukuya kwisithembiso sokuphinda kulungiswe ukulingana, ukusuka ekupheliseni ukuhambela phambili kwemigudu yokufumana amalungelo amatsha, ukuguquka kubonisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko uluxwebhu oluphilayo ngengqiqo enyani, kwaye uyakwazi ukuvelisa intengo yolwandolo lwesiseko.

Kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi, ufundo lokulungisa akuyonto nje eyenzekayo embalini. Sisimemo sokuqonda iprojekthi eqhubekayo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Utshintsho ngalunye lunebali labantu abalwayo, abalungelelaniswayo, nabaphembelela abanye ukuba benze uhlanga lube sesikweni. Njengoko kuvela iingxaki ezintsha, inkqubo yokulungisa ihlala ikhona, isikhumbuzo esisisigxina sokuba umGaqo-siseko awusosilingi kodwa umgangatho .