Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente akhiwe ngayo kumgangatho owahlukeneyo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zezobupolitika, indlela ezisebenza ngayo izigqibo, nendlela ezinikezelwa ngayo iinkonzo kubemi. Ngoxa amagama akhethekileyo kunye namandla omgangatho ngamnye ahluka ngokwamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe amaninzi olawulo-demokhrasi alungelelanisa ulawulo lwawo lube zii-demokhrasi ezintathu ezingundoqo: urhulumente (okanye iphondo), urhulumente (okanye iphondo), kunye nommandla. Umgangatho ngamnye uthwala iimbopheleleko ezahlukileyo, amandla, kunye nokulinganiselwa okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla .

Ziziphi Izikhundla Eziphambili Zikarhulumente?

Ngamabala abanzi, amalungiselelo karhulumente alandela imodeli enemiqolo eyahlula igunya phakathi kwesiqu sesizwe esisembindini kunye nemibutho emincinci yengingqi okanye yasekuhlaleni. Eli candelo lamandla linceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo luhlala lusebenza kwaye lusabela kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo kummandla omkhulu welizwe. Amaqondo amathathu angundoqo ngala:

  • URhulumente weFederal (wesizwe): Elona nqanaba liphezulu lorhulumente, ojongene nemicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe] njengezokhuselo lwesizwe, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukufuduka, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe.
  • Isizwe (okanye uRhulumente wePhondo): Umgangatho ophakathi olawula amazwe ngamanye, amaphondo, okanye imimandla. Aba rhulumente banegunya kwiindawo ezingagcinelwanga urhulumente wezwe, njengemfundo, izibonelelo zezithuthi, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke kwimida yabo.
  • URhulumente wasekuhlaleni: Umgangatho okufuphi nabemi, amadolophu, iidolophu, ubalo, noomasipala. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphatha iinkonzo zemihla ngemihla njengengqokelela yenkunkuma, iindlela zasekuhlaleni, iipaki, indawo zokwakha, kunye namasebe omlilo.

Ulwahlulo oluchanileyo lwamagunya phakathi kwala manqanaba luchazwa ngokuchanekileyo ngumgaqo-siseko welizwe okanye amaxwebhu asisiseko asemthethweni. Kwinkqubo zorhulumente ezifana ne-United States, Canada, Australia, neJamani, oorhulumente borhulumente babelana ngolawulo, kunye negunya ngalinye elinokwahlula elinye elingalawulekiyo. Kwinkqubo zomanyano njengeFransi okanye iJapan, urhulumente wesizwe unegunya eliyintloko, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa amandla abo anikwe ngurhulumente ombindi.

Umgangatho woManyano: Igunya kwisikali seSizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe ulelona gunya liphezulu kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yelizwe. Liphethe igunya phezu kwemicimbi enqumla imida yombuso okanye efuna ukufikelela kumazwe ahlangeneyo. Lo mgangatho karhulumente ujongene nokumisela umgaqo obanzi wenkqubo kunye nokulondoloza ulawulo nokhuseleko lwelizwe.

Iimbopheleleko zoManyano zikaRhulumente woManyano

Urhulumente womanyano ulawula imisebenzi ethile emiselwe ngokwemvelo yesizwe. Le misebenzi iquka:

  • Ukhuselo nokhuseleko lwesizwe: Ukugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, ukuqhuba imisebenzi yomkhosi, nokukhusela ilizwe kwizisongelo ezingaphandle. Oku kukwaquka amaqumrhu obulumko kunye nemisebenzi yokhuseleko lwelizwe.
  • Imicimbi yasebuRhubheni kunye neMicimbi yeNkcubeko: Ukuseka nokugcina ulwalamano namanye amazwe, ukudibanisa izivumelwano, nokumela ilizwe kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ufuduko noLawulo loMda: Ukumisela iinkqubo zokungena kwelizwe, ukunika ubumi, nokulawula ukhuseleko lomda.
  • Isitati kunye norhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe: ulawulo olunqamleza urhulumente okanye imida yesizwe, kuquka i-staffriff, izivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye nemigangatho yemveliso ethengiswayo kwiilayini zikarhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkqubo ejolisekileyo kunye nemali: Ukulawula imali yesizwe, ukumisela inzala, kunye nokulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali kwibhanki esembindini (njengeFederal Reserve eUnited States).
  • Umthetho oPhambili noMasipala: ufaka imithetho yequmrhu, ukulondoloza inkqubo yenkundla yephondo, kunye nokuvavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho oluwela phantsi kolawulo lwezwe.
  • Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko nenkqubo yeNational Welfare Programs: Ukulungiselela iinkqubo zelizwe lonke njengeNtlalo-ntle, iMedicare, kunye neengenelo zokungaqeshwa kwesizwe.

Isakhiwo sikaRhulumente woManyano

Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zolawulo-mpuma zolawulo-moya, urhulumente wesizwe wahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Eliphethwe nguMongameli (okanye uMphathiswa oPhathiswa kwiinkqubo zepalamente), eli sebe linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, nokuyalela umkhosi. Eli sebe likwaquka ikhabhathi yabameli kunye namaqumrhu amaninzi karhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Isebe elinokwalatha: Ngokuqhelekileyo umzimba we-baobal (njengeBhunga le-U.S., eliyilwe yiBhunga leNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli) elijongene nokuququzelela ukudrafta, ukuphikisana, kunye nemithetho yequmrhu edlulisiweyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula uqingqo-mali kunye nokuchitha imali.
  • [[NTL:0] Isebe le-judicial: Ikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye ixhaswa ziinkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente, elisebe lichaza imithetho karhulumente kunye nomgaqo-siseko, lihlola ukubekwa komthetho-siseko, lilungise iimpikiswano ezibandakanya umthetho wezwe.

Imizekelo yokwenza izigqibo zomgangatho womanyano

Xa urhulumente wesizwe esungula imfazwe, ethetha ngesivumelwano sorhwebo nelinye ilizwe, okanye ebeka imilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya wesizwe, isebenzisa igunya lawo elabelwe umGaqo-siseko. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela ummi ngamnye kwelo lizwe yaye azinakungaxolelwa ngurhulumente okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngendlela urhulumente wezwe lonke asebenza ngayo, umlawuli USUSA.gov ukhokelo kumasebe karhulumente unika inkcazelo ebanzi ngendima nembopheleleko yesebe ngalinye.

Umgangatho wephondo: Ulawulo kwicandelo

Urhulumente okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo bakwicandelo eliphakathi lolawulo. Banegunya elibalulekileyo kwimicimbi yengingqi esemvelweni yaye bayilelwe ukuba bathabathe iimfuno ezithile, izithethe, kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho zabemi babo. Kwinkqubo yorhulumente, amaphondo akangomaqela olawulo orhulumente wesizwe; bangamaqumrhu aphezulu anemimiselo yawo, imigaqo-siseko, imigaqo-siseko, amasebe aphetheyo, kunye neenkqubo zenkundla.

Iimbopheleleko Zoorhulumente Boburhulumente

Oorhulumente balawula imisebenzi emininzi echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi, iquka:

  • Imfundo ePhakamileyo: Ukubona ngaphezulu iinkqubo zemfundo, ukumisela imigangatho yokufundisa, ukuxhasa izikolo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokuphatha iiyunivesithi zephondo kunye neekholeji.
  • Ulwakhiwo nogcino lwendlela yelizwe, ibhulorho, amazibuko, kunye neenkqubo zothutho zikawonke-wonke ezisebenza ngaphakathi kurhulumente.
  • Ukhuseleko lomthetho noMthetho onyanzelisayo: amapolisa asebenzayo, alawula izibonelelo zokulungisa, kwaye avelela iinkqubo zobulungisa zolwaphulo-mthetho kumgangatho womgangatho karhulumente.
  • Ukunyamekela impilo kunye neeNkonzo zeNtlalo: Iinkqubo zeMedicaid, ukulawula amanyathelo empilo kawonke-wonke, nokuqhuba intlalo-ntle yabantwana kunye neenkonzo zentsapho.
  • Licens kunye nommiselo: ukukhupha amalayisensi obuchule (oogqirha, amagqwetha, izalathisi), ukulawula i-inshorensi kunye nezitili, kunye nokulawula unyulo kunye nobhaliso lovoti.
  • [[UMHLA] Imithombo ePhawulayo kunye nemeko- bume: ulawulo lwepaki zikarhulumente, ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ukunyanzelisa imithetho yokukhusela imeko-bume kwimida karhulumente, kunye nokongamela ulawulo lwezilwanyana zasendle.

Isakhiwo sikaRhulumente weRhulumente

Urhulumente udla ngokubonisa isakhiwo sorhulumente kodwa ngomlinganiselo omncinane, ngamasebe amathathu awahlukeneyo:

  • Governor: Intloko enyuliweyo yesebe eliphetheyo lesizwe, ijongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, ukubeka uqingqo-mali, nokukhokela ulawulo lwezwe. IGavetrains zinawo amandla phezu komthetho wesizwe kumazwe amaninzi.
  • ISimo seLegislature: Ngokuqhelekileyo umzimba we-bamaral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enendlu yowiso-mthetho ene-uncameral) ejongene nokudlulisa imithetho karhulumente, ivumela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, kunye nokwalathisa amasebe karhulumente.
  • IiNkundla zeSimo: Yinkqubo yokugweba esingatha amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, kuquka amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iimbambano zamakhaya, kunye nemicimbi yomthetho weentsapho. Urhulumente ngamnye unenkundla yakhe ephakamileyo njengelona gunya liphezulu kwimibuzo yomthetho.

Imizekelo yokwenza izigqibo zomgangatho karhulumente

Xa urhulumente enyusa umvuzo omncinci ngaphezu komgangatho wesizwe, emisela imilinganiselo yakhe yokukhupha igesi kwizithuthi (njengoko kunjalo eKhalifoniya), okanye emisela indlela eqokelelwa ngayo irhafu yentengiso kwaye isetyenziswe ngayo, isebenzisa amagunya ayo agciniweyo. Amazwe anenkululeko ephawulekayo yokuzama ngemigaqo eyahlukileyo, awafumanele igama elibizwa ngokuba "iizifundo zolawulo-demokhrasi"

Ukucacisa indlela oorhulumente belizwe abahluka ngayo kulo lonke elaseUnited States, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeMasipala kaRhulumente inikela uphando olunzulu kunye nogcino-lwazi olukumgangatho wenkqubo kunye nemisebenzi yemithetho.

Umgangatho wasekuhlaleni: Ulawulo kuluntu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngumgangatho osondelelene kakhulu nabemi kwaye ochaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Uquka ubalo, izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana, iilokishi, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo noorhulumente bephondo nesorhulumente, abamiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa ngumthetho karhulumente kwaye bafumana igunya labo kurhulumente. Badla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ziindalo zikarhulumente."

Iimbopheleleko Zoorhulumente Basekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uqhuba iinkonzo ezininzi eziyimfuneko abemi basekuhlaleni abasebenzisana nazo rhoqo.

  • Izakhiwo ze- ezikhoyo: ezilawula ukunikezelwa kwamanzi, unyango lokungcola, ukusasazwa kombane (kweminye imimandla), kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma kunye neenkonzo zokulahla.
  • Ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwezitrato zasekuhlaleni, iindlela zothutho, kunye neenkqubo zothutho zikawonke-wonke ezifana nooduladula kunye nololiwe.
  • [[UMKC.:0] IiPark kunye noHlaliso: iipaki zikawonke-wonke, iindawo zokudlala, amaziko oluntu, iziko lemidlalo, kunye nokucwangcisa iinkqubo zokuzonwabisa zabemi.
  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: Ukusebenza amasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni, amasebe omlilo, kunye neenkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko eziphendula unxulumano lwe-911.
  • Usetyenziso lwelizwe nokuzimilisela: Ulawulo lwendlela umhlaba onokuthi usetyenziswe ngayo ngemithetho yokwakha, ukukhupha imvume yokwakha, nokumisa imigaqo yokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nophuhliso olulungeleleneyo.
  • Imfundo yendawo engqongileyo: kwimimandla emininzi, izikolo ezizimeleyo ziqhuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke, zixhaswa kakhulu yirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, ngokujongelwa kwiibhodi zesikolo ezinyuliweyo.
  • [[Ukwandiswa:0] Ukuphilisa nokwehlambelo: Ukuhlola iivenkile zokutyela kunye neendawo zokutya, ukulawula iikliniki zempilo kawonke-wonke, nokuqinisekisa imilinganiselo yogutyulo.

Isiseko sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Izakhiwo zorhulumente wasekuhlaleni ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kubukhulu nohlobo lwabantu, kodwa imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • Inkqubo ye-Mayor-Council: Usodolophu onyuliweyo ukhonza njengentloko ephezulu, ngelixa ibhunga lesixeko elinyuliweyo lisebenza njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho. Le nkqubo inokuba "ngumphathi-dolophu onamandla" (apho usodolophu unegunya elibalulekileyo lolawulo) okanye "umphathi-dolophu obuthathaka" (apho ibhunga linegunya elithe kratya).
  • Inkqubo yeCouncil-Mongameli: Ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela inkqubo lize liqeshe umphathi wesixeko ochwepheshayo ukuphatha imisebenzi yolawulo lwemini ukuya kuyo. Le modeli igxininisa kubaphathi-lwazi kunokuba kulawule kwezobupolitika.
  • Inkqubo yokukhupha imvume: Abakhomishinari abakhankanyiweyo ngamnye wongamela isebe elithile (elifana namapolisa, umlilo, okanye imisebenzi kawonke-wonke) kwaye njengeqela lisebenza njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho. Le modeli ayiqhelekanga kakhulu namhlanje.
  • URhulumente wephondo: odla ngokulawulwa yibhodi enyuliweyo yookhomishina okanye abalawuli, namagosa ahlukeneyo anyuliweyo asebenza iindima ezithile ezifana nomphathi-majoni, umhloli, nonobhala.

Izithili zeSikolo neZithili eziPhakamileyo

Olunye uhlobo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni luquka izithili ezikhethekileyo. Izithili zesikolo zezona ziqhelekileyo, zinamaqumrhu anyuliweyo ajongene nokulawula izikolo zikawonke-wonke kwimida yazo. Ezinye isithili ezikhethekileyo zingalawula yonke into ukusuka kubuncwane bamanzi kunye nolawulo lweengcongconi ukuya kumathala eencwadi kawonke-wonke nakwizibhedlele. La maqumrhu anegunya lokurhafisa kwaye alawulwa ziibhodi ezinyuliweyo okanye ezimiselwe.

Indlela Amanqanaba Ongenelelo Lorhulumente

Nangona umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente usebenza ngokwawo kwiinkalo ezininzi, umanyano lusondelelene kakhulu. Akukho mlinganiselo ukhoyo xa uthe wahlukaniswa, yaye ukunxibelelana kwawo kudala intsebenziswano entsonkothileyo, incoko, kunye nengxabano yamaxesha athile.

Umanyano Nokwahlulwa Kwamagunya

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente luchazwa ngumgaqo woburhulumente, owahlula ulawulo phakathi kwemigangatho yesizwe neyamazwe. EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko unika urhulumente worhulumente (njengoko kubhaliswa imali nokubhengeza imfazwe), ushiyela amanye amagunya kumazwe (ngokuqhuba unyulo kunye nokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe), kwaye uyawathintela omabini amanqanaba kwizenzo ezithile (ezifana nokudlula kwemithetho yeposi).

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla luye lwatshintsha. Urhulumente wengingqi ukhule ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha le-New Develop, ethatha iindima ezandisiweyo kwimimandla enjengezonyango, imfundo, kunye nomgaqo wemeko-bume. Noko ke, amazwana agcina ukuzimela okuninzi kwaye ayaqhubeka edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculweni kwenkqubo nokuzalisekiswa kwayo.

Ukuqheliselwa kolwalamano olunxulumeneyo

Enyanisweni, imigangatho emithathu karhulumente isebenzisana ngeendlela eziliqela ezibalulekileyo:

  • Ukudibanisa kunye neMandla: Urhulumente wengingqi unika inkxaso-mali ebalulekileyo kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngeenkqubo zemali ezinika imali. Le mali isoloko iza neemeko, ifuna ukuba amazwe avumelane nemigangatho ethile karhulumente etshintshisa ngemali. Umzekelo, imali yoorhulumente ixhomekeke kumazwe amkela ubuncinane bokusela iminyaka engama-21.
  • Amathumbu kunye noKhukuliso: imithetho yoManyano kunye norhulumente ingakhulula okanye ishenxise imithetho yomgangatho ophantsi. Xa umthetho worhulumente ungqubana nomthetho karhulumente nomthetho karhulumente, umthetho worhulumente jikelele ulawula phantsi koMgaqo-siseko we-Supremacy Claus. Ngokufanayo, imithetho karhulumente iyakwazi ukuphelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwimicimbi yorhulumente ngokubanzi.
  • Ulawulo loMsebenzi woMsebenzi: Iinkqubo ezininzi zisetyenziswa ngamalungu ahlukeneyo kumanqanaba. Umzekelo, iMedicaid ixhaswe ngokumanyeneyo ngurhulumente worhulumente, kunye namazwe asebenzisa inkqubo kwimigaqo karhulumente. Amagosa okuqinisekisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuwo onke amanqanaba asebenzisana kwimikhosi yomsebenzi kunye nolwazi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uvavanyo lobuPolitiki: Amazwana asoloko esebenza njengeendawo zokuvavanya iinkqubo ezintsha ngaphambi kokuba athathwe ngokwesizwe. Umzekelo, utshintsho kunye neinshorensi yentlalo-ntle zafakelwa uvulindlela kumgangatho karhulumente phambi kokuba zisetyenziswe kwilizwe lonke.

Imizekelo Yentsebenziswano Yamagunya Ahlukeneyo Nengxabano

Umzekelo ocacileyo wentsebenziswano phakathi kwesebe yintlekele. Xa inkanyamba okanye umlilo ongqukuva, iinkonzo zongxamiseko zasekuhlaleni ziphendula kuqala, amagunya aseburhulumenteni alungelelanisa oovimba kunye nezicelo zoncedo lukarhulumente, kunye ne-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) inika inkxaso-mali, abasebenzi, kunye nenkxaso yobuchule. Le mpendulo ixhotyiswe ngomlinganiselo ngamnye.

Umzekelo wemfazwe kukungavisisani okuqhubekayo kwimigaqo yemekobume. IKhalifoniya iye yazama ukumisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhupha imoto kune-orhulumente, nto leyo ekhokelela kumadabi angokwasemthethweni enoba amazwe angayimisela imilinganiselo enjalo okanye enoba umthetho karhulumente uyayiphelisa. Ezi mpikiswano ekugqibeleni zipheliswa ziinkundla, ezitolika icandelo lomgaqo-siseko wamagunya.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Urhulumente Kubaluleke

Ukuqonda imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente asiyonto enzima. Ineziphumo ezisebenzisekayo, zehlabathi loqobo kummi ngamnye. Ukwazi ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente obekek'ityala kwimbambano ethile kunceda abantu balathise inkxalabo yabo, ukuqhatha, kunye nezikhalazo kwindawo elungileyo, .ukubeka ixesha elifanelekileyo nokunyusa amathuba okuphendula okunentsingiselo.

  • Isiphumo sokuthatha inxaxheba: Xa abemi beqonda ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente ophatha iindlela, izikolo, okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, bangavota ngolwazi olungakumbi kummandla, urhulumente, nonovotelo norhulumente kwaye babandakanyeke namagosa afanelekileyo anyuliweyo.
  • I-Advocacy egayiweyo: Ukuba ufuna ukuphucula ipaki yakho yasekuhlaleni, ukubhalela kwibhunga lesixeko sakho kuphumelela kakhulu kunokuqhagamshelana nommeli wakho wesizwe. Ukuba ukhathalela inkqubo yokufuduka, ukubandakanyeka nabenzi bomthetho worhulumente ngumjelo ofanelekileyo.
  • Ukuqonda amalungelo nokhuseleko: amanqanaba awahlukeneyo karhulumente anika amalungelo nokhuseleko olwahlukileyo. Ukwazi ukuba umthetho uvela kurhulumente, kurhulumente, okanye kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kunceda abemi baqonde amalungelo abo asemthethweni kunye neemfuno zabo.
  • Unyuso lweziko lolwazi olungenisiweyo: kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo eyenzeka ngamaxesha awahlukeneyo kwaye lubandakanya abaza kufumana iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo kunye neembambano. Ukuqonda iindima zelungu lebhunga lesixeko ngokuchaseneyo nomphathi wesizwe nxamnye noncedo lwelungu leBhunga loMbutho linceda abavoti benze ukhetho oluthe kratya.
  • Ukuqonda iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo womgaqo-nkqubo: Inkqubo yerhafu kazwelonke ichaphazela wonke umntu, ngexa isigqibo sokonga ingingqi sichaphazela ingingqi kuphela. Ukuqonda oku kwahlula kunceda abemi balindele indlela eziza kuchaphazela ngayo ubomi babo.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Engachananga Ngamaqondo Karhulumente

Iimbono eziliqela eziphosakeleyo ziyaqhubeka ngendlela umgangatho karhulumente osebenza ngayo. Ukucacisa ezi zinto kunceda ukwakha uluvo oluchane ngakumbi ngenkqubo.

  • I-Miscception: urhulumente wezwe ulawula yonke into. Ngelixesha urhulumente wengingqi enegunya elibanzi kwiindawo ezininzi, amaphondo kunye nemimandla iyakwazi ukuphatha imfundo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, nezinye iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Misc: Oorhulumente bomhlaba ngamasebe nje ezwe. Ngelixesha oorhulumente basekuhlaleni befumana igunya labo kurhulumente, abaninzi banamandla olawulo lwamakhaya abanika igunya elibalulekileyo lokulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuphazamisana norhulumente ngqo.
  • Ukwenziwa kwe-Misccess: onke amanqanaba karhulumente ahlukene ngokupheleleyo. Enyanisweni, imigangatho isebenza kunye ngamalungiselelo enkxaso-mali, iinkqubo ezidibeneyo, kunye neembopheleleko zonyanzeliso. Le nkqubo isebenzisana kakhulu kunemiqathango engqongqo.
  • iMiscception: Isakhiwo siyafana kuyo yonke indawo. Ulwahlulo lwamazwe lwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe phakathi kwelizwe elinye. I-United States ne Canada inenkqubo zolawulo ezomeleleyo, ngelixesha amazwe afana neUnited Kingdom ne France anika urhulumente osembindini amandla angakumbi.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda amaqondo awahlukeneyo karhulumente kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba ngummi onolwazi nothembisiweyo. Njengokokuba ngabasebenzi abaphezulu, abanobundlobongela nabahlala apho.

Ngokwazi ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho ophatha oko, abemi bangalathisa inkxalabo yabo kumagosa alungileyo, ukuvota ngolwazi oluphezulu, kunye nokuxhasa ngokunempumelelo iinguqulelo abafuna ukuzibona. Inkqubo yee-checks nolungelelwaniso eyakhelwe kulwalamano phakathi kwamanqanaba ikwanika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo ekuphathweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala esasazwe kwaye enobuza. Abo bafuna ukunyusa ukuqonda kwabo, oovimba abanjengo .gov isikhokelo sokulawula noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, banikela iingongoma eziluncedo zokuqalisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi miphakamo.