Iingcinezelo Zeemfutho Zamanzi Kwinkqubo Zokutya Ehlabathini Lonke

Ukufumaneka kwamanzi kungunobangela omnye obalulekileyo wokufumanisa ukuba kunokwenzeka kwezolimo kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kunyakatho olandelayo kusetyenziswa i-akhawunti yokulima malunga nama-40% emveliso yokutya okuzweni jikelele kodwa kusetyenziswa malunga nama-70% eepesenti azo zonke iimfuno zokuphuma emanzini angenamanzi amdaka. Kwimimandla eyomileyo nengaphiliyo, eli nani linokudlula kuma-90%. Eli nani likhulu lixhomekeke kwizinto ezibukhali: intlawulo lwentyatyambo entle, ukwabiwa ngokungalinganiyo, kwabelwa, yaye ngaphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulayo olusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu, ungcoliso, kunye nokwanda kwabemi. Ukuncipha kwemixokozela kwezixhobo ezinkulu ze-aquifer . / okufana neOgallallarquifer eUnited States, i-Indus Bas in South Asia, kunye neNorthern Plainsty. Ezi nkqubo zokutya okuthe ngqo kokhuseleko lwendalo ziya kukhuselwa kwemiba yemibango yendalo.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuyenza ibe yenze intlupheko ecacileyo nengenakuthelekiswa nanto. Ubushushu bomoya wesinyithi bunyusa uxinzelelo lomoya kwi-atmosfera, buqhuba iqondo eliphezulu le-evapotlans elivela kwizityalo nakumhlaba. Oku kuthetha ukuba amanzi amaninzi ayimfuneko kwiyunithi nganye yokuvelisa. Ukutshintsha kwesantya semvula kuphazamisa ixesha lokukhula, ngoxa kuncitshisiwe ikhephu kwimimandla eneentaba. Ii-Sweencanforia e-Sierra Nevada, umzekelo, i-(85) i-diminishe izigcini-mali zendalo ezigcina imilambo ezondla imilambo ngenyanga ezomileyo. Umphumo uvela kulawulo lwemvula oluchazwa nge-SAN: izikhukula ezinzulu zilandelwa yimbalela enzima. Iinkqubo ze-agricolty, ezifuna ukuqiniswa kweqondo lokutyalwa nokutyalwa nokutyalwa kwemali, zisetyenziswa kakubi kakhulu kwemibutho ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezixhasa ngamandla.

Ungcoliso longezelela olunye umaleko oluntsonkothileyo. I-michiza ehamba nge-athom ene-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, kunye netyuwa ithoba amanzi angaphezulu kwaye ingcolisa amanzi asemhlabeni. Umgangatho wetyuwa ephezulu ungenza isivuno singasebenzi okanye ibangele umhlaba ube nemveliso epheleleyo ngexesha elithile. I-policies eyenzelwe ukuphelisa ukunqongophala kwamanzi kufuneka ngoko ke ilwisane nokungalingani, njengokuba imithombo yamanzi ethobayo ifuna unyango olubiza imali eninzi ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe ekunkcenkcesheleni.

Ukutshintsha Kwendlela Ehamba Ngayo Kulawulo Lwamanzi

Inkqubo yamanzi eqhelekileyo ejoliswe kwizisombululo ezisecaleni lokunikezela: ukwakha amadama, izigcini-manzi, nemijelo yokuthatha nokuhambisa amanzi. Indlela yale mihla iyaguqukela kulawulo lwamacala afunwayo, ukuhlaziywa, ulwahlulo, kunye nolawulo olulungelelaniswayo. Olu tshintsho lubandakanya ukurhweba okunzima kunye nokuphuhliswa koshishino oluqinileyo.

Utshintsho lwamalungelo amanzi kunye neenkqubo zokuhlala

Kwimimandla emininzi, amalungelo amanzi asekelwe kwibala elingokwembali okanye kwimfuno yomhlaba, ukungakwazi ukumelana neemeko zale mihla zokuswela. Utshintsho lungenisa iinkqubo ezininzi ezingundoqo:

  • Urhwebo lwamanzi kunye neeBhanki: ukudluliswa ngokuzithandela kuvumela amanzi ahambe ukusuka kwixabiso eliphantsi ukuya kwimisebenzi ephezulu. IKhalifoniya ivelise intengiso yamanzi eqinileyo apho abalimi banokuthenga, bathengise, okanye baqeshe amalungelo amanzi. Oku kubangela intshukumisa yemali yokuphumelela kwaye kunika isivalo sokhuseleko ngexesha lembalela.
  • [[NTL:0] Imigangatho yokujinga okungqukuva: isiseko somthetho sinyusa ngokukhula amalungelo amanzi eemeko-bume. Le migangatho igunyazisa ukuthuthwa komsinga okuncinane ukukhusela indawo yokuhlala yasemanzini, enokumisela umlinganiselo wamalungelo okukhutshwa ngexesha lokoma. ISicwangciso se-Murray-Darling Basin e-Australia ngumzekelo okhokelayo wokumisela imida ebophekayo esemthethweni ekukhuseleni impilo yemekobume.
  • I-Professiary Transvolutions: Ivela i-Pricies evumela urhulumente ukuba athenge okanye aqeshe amalungelo amanzi kubathengisi abavumayo ukubuyisela amanzi ngqo kwimilambo eshwabadeleyo kunye nee-aquifer. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuba "ziintengo," isetyenziswa ngokubanzi e-Australia kwaye ifumana i-metacity kwiColoradorado River Basin.

Izixhobo Zezoqoqosho Notshintsho Oluneenjongo

Amanzi asoloko esetyenziswa njengendawo ekhululekileyo okanye ekhululekileyo, ekhokelela ekusebenziseni kakubi nasekusebenziseni ilahleko. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kusemgangathweni wogcino. Izakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo zilawula isantya esiphezulu xa usetyenziso lusanda, kuthunyelwa ixabiso elinamandla lokulahla inkunkuma. Iindleko zokukhupha amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba zisetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe ukunqanda ukukhupha amandla. Ukususwa kwamandla asetyenziswayo ukumpompa amanzi asemhlabeni / umcimbi wenkqubo omkhulu eIndiya nase Iran apho umbane ongaphantsi komngeni oye wakhokelela kwintlekele yokusetyenziswa kwe-quifer eefie [“ie-$li,li enye yezona zisebenzayo, ukuba zizinto ezikhoyo, izibambiso zezobupolitika. Ukugcinwa komgalelo oluncitshisiweyo kungathunyelwa kumanzi okanye kwimbuyiselo-mali yamanzi.

Funda okungakumbi ngeengxaki zokulawula amanzi eKhalifoniya kunye neemarike ezizayo ezivela kwiPropublic Policy Institute of California.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zamanzi ezidityanisiweyo (IWRM)

I-IWRM igxininisa imigaqo egxininisa ukuhambelana kwecandelo namazwe. Ifuna ukuba inkqubo yamanzi elimini iphuhliswe ngokubonelela ngesixeko, ngokunika amandla, nangokulungisa indalo. Le ndlela iqhekeza i-silos kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo olusebenzisanayo kwisikali esichithiweyo. Ngoxa i-IWRM ingumgaqo okhokelayo, ukwenziwa kwayo kusoloko kucotha kwaye kukhuphiswa, ingakumbi apho amalungelo amanzi abekwe ngokunzulu khona.

Unyango lokuqhuba ubugcisa obusetyenziswayo

Ubugcisa busebenza njengemeko-bume ekhuthaza ukuba isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo. Izinto ezintsha ezisetyenziswayo xa kulungiselelwa ukunkcenkceshela, ukufuma komhlaba, nokusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kokusebenza, kodwa ingeniso yazo ixhomekeke kwimiqondiso ecacileyo evela kwimida yezorhwebo.

Iinguqu zemali kunye neenkqubo zexabiso

Oorhulumente banika iimali-mali ezibolekwayo, ezitsala intlawulo ephantsi, kunye neetyala lerhafu kubalimi abafaka ingeniso kubugcisa bokunkcenkceshela obusebenzayo. I-USDA’s Environmental Secutives Program (EQIP) ngumthombo oyintloko wemali exhasa ukunkcenkceshela okumpompozayo, imibhobho yokunkceshela ngemichiza, kunye neenkqubo zomdla wesantya esiguquguqukayo zokunkcenkcenkcenkceshela. Noko ke, imigaqo-siseko kufuneka yenziwe ukukhusela iziphumo ezibharhileyo ze-engile, apho ukuphumelela kukhokelela ekunyuseni i-hekita ezidileyo okanye ekuphumeleni kwemveliso kwizityalo ezithe kratyani. Iinkqubo ezinexabiso eliphezulu zinyusayo zinyusa intlunyuso kunyuso lokwenene kumanzi, hayi nje ekusetyenzisweni kwizixhobo.

Imigangatho yolawulo neemfuno zokuxela

Awukwazi ukulawula oko ungakulinganisiyo. Ukukhupha imitha enika umqadi kunye nokunika ingxelo ngokukhutshwa kwamanzi ngamanyathelo asisiseko enkqubo. UMthetho wesiChosa Wolawulo lwamanzi (SGMA) weKhalifoniya ufuna ukuba indawo yobulali eMbetho wesinyithi ifumane izicwangciso ezixhasayo ngo-2040. Oku kubandakanya ukukhutshwa, ukubekwa kwemida, kunye nokwakhiwa kwemithetho elungileyo. Ngoxa i-SGMA ingunxaxhiwo kunye nengxabano, i-SGMA imela utshintsho lwesizukulwana sokuziphendulela kubaphathi bamanzi asemhlabeni.

Ukuveliswa Kwemali Kweminye Imithombo Yamanzi

Inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo wokuphinda uphinde uphinde ubuyekezelo lwamanzi, ukwandisa ulwandiso , kunye [[FLT]] ne-aquifer aquifer (MAR) ukwandisa imvulophu yamanzi asetyenziswayo. Inkqubo yesizwe yokunceda 86% yamanzi amda wasekhaya ekusetyenzisweni kwezolimo, ibonisa oko kunokufezwa ngomtyalo othe kunye nenkxaso ejikelezayo. Ukurhwabhatha isetyenziswa ngqo kwi Negev, yenza ukuba ulima okuninzi kumazwe angazange kuhlale. Okunciphisa imiqobo ekulungiseni amanzi nokunika iindleko zemali ezisetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo kusetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kohlobo olubalulekileyo.

[[UMTL:0] Funda malunga nenkqubo zamanzi asetyenziswa kwakhona kwaSirayeli kunye nempembelelo yazo ekuqiniseni ukulima.

Idibene Kuhlolisiso Lwemeko Olubalulekileyo

Ukuhlolisisa indlela imimandla ethile eye yasebenzisa ngayo inkqubo yamanzi ehlaziyiweyo kutyhila iingxaki ezikhoyo nemiphumo engenakuthelekiswa nanto yezi ndlela.

UMthetho Wolawulo Lwamanzi Asemhlabeni Olondolozwayo eKhalifoniya (SGMA)

Idlule ngo-2014 ngexesha lembalela enkulu, i-SGMA yaphelisa imbali ende yeKhalifoniya yokumpompa kwamanzi asemhlabeni angalawulwayo. Ifuna izitya zokuhlambela eziphezulu neziphakathi ezingama-21 ukuze zenze iGS kunye nokufumana ukuxhaswa ngo-2040. Oku kubandakanya ukulungelelanisa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi asemhlabeni ngokutshayisa, ukuthintelwa kwemibhobhobho egqithisileyo, nokuthoza nokuthoba amanzi. Umthetho ubangela impikiswano ngenxa yokuba unyanzelela ukhetho olunzima: ukumpompa umhlaba, ukuwa kweminyeka, kunye nokwanda kwexabiso labasebenzisi bamanzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwakudala kubonise ukuba ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi, ukubotshelelwa kwemali, ukubotshelelwa kwemali, kunye noncedo lwemali kubalimi kugxekwa ekulondolozeni imvume yokuhlala. I-SGMA ingumgangatho wolawulo lwamanzi, ibonakalisa nolawulo oluntlongo lwezo lwezopolitiko lwezo lwezobupolitika xa kusetyenziswa kumhlaba.

Icebo Elididayo lase-Australia

I-Commonwealmental Water Horeter yothusa i-Australia (1997-2010) kutshintsho lwamanzi olubanzi. ISicwangciso esiphumele kulo sabeka ibopsi esemthethweni kukhupho lwamanzi olungaphezulu kwaye saseka inkqubo yokurhweba ngamanzi phakathi kweyona ihambe phambili ehlabathini. ICommond Monotionalenmental Water Horeer ilawula i-portfolio yamalungelo amanzi anikezelwe ukubuyisela impilo yemilambo, umsinga, kunye nengxowa-mampunge. I-R3 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ezifazi ezithengisiweyo, ithenge iindleko, kunye nemali enikwa intlawulo oluphezulu lwe-atsungula i-atmouse, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okuphuculwandisayo, ihlala ikhomba eqhubekayo yezopolitiki ngengxube ye-atho-matiki ephakathi kwemiphangalanti. I-Australia ibonelela izifundo eziluncedo kwimfuno ze-emfuno zenzululwazi, kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiki ezithe, ezithe.

[[UKWENZIWA:0] Ukutyelelwa kweGunya le-Murray-Darling Basin ukwenzela ulwazi oluneenkcukacha kulwahlulo lwamanzi kunye norhwebo.

Inkqubo Yamanzi Amanzi Afukulweyo YakwaSirayeli

I-Israel yaguqulwa ukusuka kwilizwe elihamba emanzini ukuya kukhuseleko lwamanzi elinye ngokudityaniswa kwenkqubo, ubugcisa, kunye nocwangciso lwasembindini. Iinkqubo ezingundoqo ziquka iprigent ephezulu (ebangela ukuba ulondolozo lusebenze), isithuthi samanzi angena emanzini acocekileyo esidibanisa amaziko acocekileyo ukuze afumane amaziko, ukusetyenziswa ngokusasandlobongela, kunye nokuphathwa ngokuhambela phambili kwamanzi amdaka. Urhulumente wamisela injongo yesizwe yokuphinda achithe amanzi amda amalunga ne-95% e-100 ezolimo zolimo, afunyaniswe ngothungelwazo lwezityalo kunye nokusasa imigca elungele umgangatho ocacileyo wemeko-meko-ntle yesizwe. Abathengi bahlawula ixabiso elithe kratya ngemintente, kodwa urhwebo luthembekile kwaye lungaguquguquyo ngexesha lembalela. Olu lungiso lwesizwe sisebenza ngemiqatha.

Ukutya Okunamanzi Okungalawulekiyo

Amanzi akasebenzi ngokuzimela. Anxulumene ngokunzulu nombane kunye nokutya okunamandla.

Ukhupho lwamanzi asemhlabeni lunamandla agqithiseleyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, oorhulumente basebenzisa umbane ukuze bampompe. Oku kwenza impompo eziyingozi: amandla aphantsi akhuthaza ukumpompa okunzima, okuhlisa iitafile zamanzi, kufuna amandla amaninzi okunyusa amanzi asuka kubunzulu obukhulu. Iipolitiki ezophula le ntshukumo ziquka [[FL:0] unikezelo lwamandla lokukhupha amandla [ukumpompana] ukufunxa iimpompo (njengoko kwenziwa eGujarat, eIndiya) okanye ukunyusa umbane onyukayo ngokusebenzisa umbane. Ukunisela ngelanga kukhupha amandla acocekileyo anika elinye amandla acocekileyo kodwa kungenisa umngcipheko "umhlazalo", apho amandla afumaneka ngokukhululekileyo akhokelela ekunyuseni kwamanzi emhlabeni. Inkqubo ye-Pystelting ibandakanya ukumpompona okanye ukurvel-od transchesss.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokulima yekharbon ekhuthaza impilo yomhlaba ikwanceda ulondolozo lwamanzi. Izenzo ezifana nokukhutshwa kwamanzi, ukukhutshwa kwemifuno, nokusetyenziswa kwe-oyile yokulima kwandisa imveliso yomhlaba, ephucula ukungena kwamanzi nokungangeni kwamanzi. Ezi nkqubo zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezityalo zize zibangele ukuba izityalo zikwazi ukumelana nembalela. Ukufudusa iimarike zekharbon kunye neenkqubo zokulondoloza amanzi kunganika abalimi ingeniso eninzi ngelixa benika inkqubela engcono kwimpilo ewohlokayo.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yogcino - lwazi Nenkqubo Yamanani

Inkqubo yamanzi elandelayo iqhutywa ngogcino-lwazi. Inkqubela-phambili kukuva okukude, uqhagamshelwano lwe-intanethi, kunye nokulungisa ugcino-lwazi lulungisa indlela amanzi alinganiswa ngayo, anikwa ngayo, kunye nojongo.

[[NTLL:0] Isihlomelo esisekelwe kwisatellite sokuphefumla (ET) kwiplatfomati enjenge Openet ivumela abalawuli ukuba balinganise umlinganiselo wamanzi okhoyo ngezityalo kumlinganiselo wentsimi. Oku kumela utshintsho olungundoqo ekulinganiseni ukususwa komphunga (ngaphanza kwamanzi ampontshwe) ukulinganisa ukusetyenziswa komoya (ngokunjalo amanzi amaninzi asetyenziswayo ngenyani yimveliso). I-policies esekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwe-compumptiontion elungeleneyo kwaye enzima ukuvala imbewu. Zikwanika isizinziso sokulinganisa ukukhuthuka kwamanzi ngexesha lokunqongophala.

[[FLT: 0] Izixhobo zokubala ezifumana amanzi, ukugcina, kunye nokusetyenziswa kuzo zonke izitya zokutya zisiba zizixhobo ezisezantsi. Ezi nkqubo zidibanisa idata kwimijelo yemisinga, amaqula angaphantsi kwamanzi, amanqanaba edangatye, kunye nezikhululo zemozulu ukunikezela ngomfanekiso wexesha lokwenene lomlinganiselo wamanzi. Ukucaca kungundoqo: ukwenza ukuba ugcino-lwazi lufikeleleke ekuboneleni ukuba iimarike zamanzi zisebenze kakuhle kwaye zisebenzise amandla oluntu ukugcina abasebenzisi bamanzi benoxanduva.

Kumgangatho wefama, ukunqanda ukukhupha inkxaso yezixhobo ezixhasayo [[FLT: 1] ezidibanisa izivo zobumanzi bomhlaba, uqikelelo lwemozulu, kunye nocwangciso lwemithetho yokunkcenkceshela yenza abalimi bakwazi ukusebenzisa amanzi ngokuchanekileyo. Imithetho edibanisa obu bugcisa kunye nokuxhasa ubuchule babo inokuthi inciphe inkunkuma ngaphandle kokunikela ngesiphumo. Ucelomngeni lukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo, zikhuselekile, kwaye zinokufikeleleka kubalimi bayo bonke bamathanga.

Ukuphunyezwa kwe-SGMA yeKhalifoniya kunye nendima yogcino-lwazi kulawulo lwamanzi asemhlabeni.

Imibono Yexesha Elizayo Ngezolimo

Xa ujonga phambili, inkqubo yamanzi kufuneka iguqulelwe ukusuka ekulawuleni ukuswela ukuya ekwakheni ngokutsha. Oku kufuna izibuko lendlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuze zithintele iziphene zokulima nxamnye ne-CML.

[[NTL:0] I-Maraged Aquifer Refiguence [MAR) iyinto ephambili ekhulayo. Ipolitiki eyenza "amalungelo amanzi aphezulu" okanye inika ityala lokugcina amanzi phantsi komhlaba inganciphisa iinguqu kunxweme lwamanzi anamandla. Ngexesha leminyaka emanzi, unyuko olugqithisileyo luye luphambukele kummandla wokusasaza ngemposiso ukuvuselela i-aquifer. Oku kugcinwayo kungakhutshwa ngethuba lokomileyo, kucocelwe ngaphandle konikezelo. Izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezicacisa ubuni bamanzi afakwe emanzini kwaye zinike izikhuseli eziyimfuneko kugcino lwe-Mar.

[[NTL:0] Izisombululo ezisekelwe kwi-Nature (NBS) zifumana unikezelo lwenkqubo. Ukubuyisela izikhukula, ukudibanisa imilambo nemijelo yazo engokwembali, nokukhusela amahlathi asendle kunyusa ugcino lwamanzi emvelo kunye nokuhlanjululwa. Oku kutshintsha kubandakanya ukhuseleko lwamanzi xa kunikwa i-cobenet.

ukuvumela okuzenzekelayo yingcamango evelayo. Endaweni yemida eqinisekisiweyo ephelelwe lixesha ngokukhawuleza, imvume ingaquka "isabelo esinokwenzeka" ehluka-hlukene nohlobo lonyaka. Kwiminyaka eyomileyo, izalathiso ziyancipha; kwiminyaka emanzi, ziyanyuka. Oku kunciphisa iintlungu zezoqoqosho zembalela kwaye kunika amafama ukufikelela okuthe ngqo. Ngoxa ulawulo luntsonkothile, luvumela ukuba kulungelelane neenkqubo zomgaqo kunye nokusebenza kwendalo kwenkqubo ye-hyrolog.

Ekugqibeleni, ukudibanisa ulwahlulo lwendawo lwasedolophini lunzima. Izixeko neefama zisoloko zikhuphisana ngamanzi afanayo. Iinkqubo zokuvula zihlola ezingachananga zisebenzisa kwakhona (IPR), apho amanzi asetyenziswayo akwizixeko asetyenziswayo ekunkcenkcesheleni, ukukhulula amanzi aphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokusela. "Ukhupho lwamanzi aphezulu" amalungiselelo avumela amakhaya ukuba ahlawulele amafama ukuwa phantsi kweminyaka eyomileyo aze agcine ulwano lwawo lwawo phantsi kwe-ayinjini. Olu nxulumano lungavelisa inzuzo elungele ukudityaniselwa kunye nokuncitshiswa kwefore-um.

Ikamva lokulima lixhomekeke kumphako wamanzi acocekileyo. Ukufumana oku kufuna utshintsho kulawulo lwengxaki yezenyukelo, ukulungiselela. Iinkqubo ezixutyushwa apha /imarike, imiyalelo exhasayo, inkxaso-mali yobugcisa, ubuchule bokubonelela, ukubonakala, kunye nokubuyiselwa kogcino-lwazi okungapholiswanga mbumbulu. Zizixhobo ezimele zilungiswe ngenyameko kwizixhobo zasekuhlaleni, zezoqoqosho, kunye nobume bentlalo. Umsonto oqhelekileyo uhamba usiya kuxanduva, ulungelelwano, ubuchule bokusebenza, kunye nolawulo oluphezulu. Indleko yokungathathinti akuko nje lunyuke luzinzo olusezantsi; kukuncipha okucwangcileyo iko lokwendalo exhomekeke kwimpucuko. Ukhetho lucacile: kunye nokutshintshwa kwenkqubo yamanzi, okanye ukuhlawula intengongongongongongongongongo ekhudlude luphezulu.