Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sesinye sezona zixhobo zinamandla ezibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla, amathuba, kunye nenkululeko yabemi bayo. Enoba ngebhokisi yebhola, umphanda wempu, okanye imimiselo yomlawuli ofuywayo, indlela urhulumente alungelelanisa ngayo amandla amisela indlela oovimba abasasazwa ngayo, indlela abachasanayo abaphethwe ngayo, nendlela abantu abanokuthi bazifune ngayo izinto zabo ezintle. Ukuqonda amandla karhulumente awahlukeneyo asiyondlela nje yobuchule yokuzilolonga, impumelelo, ukulingana, nokuphumelela. Oku kuhlolisisa iindlela ezintlanu ezingundoqo ezintlanu, ubuzwilakhe, ubuzwilakhe, ubukhomani, nobukhomanisi, kunye nolawulo lwehlabathi, ubuchule babo, kunye nolawulo lwemfundo olungundoqo kubantu abaqhelekileyo.

Idemokhrasi

Idemos yedemos (abantu) kunye no[FLT]kratos (umthetho), isambatho solawulo-mpukane kwimimandla yabemi, ezidla ngokusetyenziswa ngabameli abanyuliweyo. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zale mihla . "iinkqubo zedemokhrasi" "iiindawo yomongameli okanye ipalamente" zokwenza imigaqo yonyulo lwexesha ngalinye, ulawulo lomthetho, ukukhusela inkululeko yamakhaya, kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Amazwe anjengeUnited States, iJamani, iJapan, neCosta Rica ayimizekelo ebalaseleyo, nangona iinkqubo zawo ezithile zolawulo-wonke zithelekelele ngokubakho nokulungele ulawulo-demokhrasi.

Ummi Unenxaxheba Yaye Uyaziphendulela

Kwidemokhrasi esebenza, abemi benza okungaphezulu nje kwevoti. Bangenza amaqela ezobupolitika, bathelele amaqela abantu abanomdla, bagxeke iinkqubo zikarhulumente kwimimandla kawonke-wonke, kunye nesibongozo seenguqu. Oku kusingqongileyo kukhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwesizwe [[FLT: 0]] sobugqibo apho abantu baziva benobugocibo obubodwayo kwizigqibo zikawonke wonke. Umzekelo, iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu eSwitzerland zivumela igalelo oluthe ngqo ekuqingqeni imali, ngoxa zibhekisa inkqubo ye-unim kwimibandebe emininzi ye-U.S. ivumela ukuba i-ccoffeice okanye ukungayithobeki imithetho ebhokisini yebhokisi. Iindlela ezinjalo zikhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlale ngeziganeko zangoku kwaye zibanike amagunya aphambili kulawulo olukubantu abaninzi. Ngokutshonelwe yiminyaka yakutshanje. [FLD:2]

Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

Imikhosi yezorhwebo isebenzisana nemigangatho ephezulu yenkqubela yezoqoqosho kunye nohlaziyo, nangona ulwalamano lungaphelelanga ngokugqibeleleyo. Ingxoxo evulekileyo ivumela ukulungiswa kweempazamo zenkqubo, iijaji ezizimeleyo zikhusela amalungelo empahla, kwaye amajelo eendaba akhululekileyo abhenca ubuqhetseba. Abahlali kumazwe akwidemokhrasi bayazinandipha ii-automstiki ezibanzi (inkululeko yokuthetha), ukushicilela, indibano, unqulo, kunye nelungelo lokufumana iimvavanyo olufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, umthetho wedemokhrasi yomsebenzi ungaqinisekisa amalungelo abasebenzi okulungele nokulungelelanisa nokusebenzisa intsebenzi, nto leyo enokunyusa imivuzo yentlalo nokuphucula ukukhuseleka. Noko ke, ulawulo lolawulo-othobaluvo, ukhuthalo, okanye impembelelo yezityebi zezinhanhanha ezinikelayo eluvoni. Uklo lobuhlangano lwezizwe eUnited States lungasoloko luguqule ukulingana kwezoqoqosho nokulungelela uqoqo.

Umbhali

Ubukhomanisi bugxininisa kulawulo lwenkokeli enye okanye kwiqela elincinane elilawulayo, lingenanyamezelo luninzi kwinkcaso yezobupolitika okanye ukungavumelani. Olu didi luquka umkhosi, amaphondo azimeleyo (umz., iTshayina phantsi kweKhomisti), kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe (umz., iBelarus phantsi koAlexander Lukastenko, i-Syria phantsi kwentsapho yaBasad). Ulawulo lobucuphi bulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, luthintela, lusebenzisa inkululeko yabemi, lusebenzisa namapolisa afihlakeleyo okanye izikhuseli zomthetho ukuqwalasela abemi. Umthetho ubuthathaka; endaweni yoko, ulawulo lwenkokeli ludla ngokugqitha imigaqo esemthethweni.

Imida Yenkululeko Nesithethe Sokuthula

Kubemi, ubomi phantsi kolawulo lolawulo olungqongqo buphawulwa ngoloyiko kunye nokuzilawula. Abantu bakhawuleza bafunde ukuba ukugxeka urhulumente kungakhokelela ekubanjweni, ekulahlekelweni yimisebenzi, okanye okubi nangakumbi. Kumazwe afana noMntla Korea, abantu abaqhelekileyo abanako ukufikelela kwiindaba ezizimeleyo kwaye abajamelene nesohlwayo esiqatha sokuzama ukubaleka. Kwanakumazwe angenaziphene aphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu, njengaseHungary phantsi korhulumente kaViktor Orbán, ukukhuthuka kwenkululeko yokulawula nokuzimela, ukukhuthuka kolawulo kunye ne-medipopu kubangela umoya apho abemi bathandabuza ukuthetha ngaphandle komlomo. [[FLT:]] oku kuphelisa intluvo nokuthatha inxaxheba kuba abantu abanokuyiphepha inkxalabo engafunwayo. Iindleko zezoqoqosho nazo ezingundoqo zikwanokufumaneka ngaphandle kwemali okanye iinkundla zemali ezizimele, ukuqhaqhaqhatha, kwaye zithanda ukurhoxisa inkohlakalo.

Ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi kunye noncedo

Oorhulumente abagunyazisiweyo basoloko begcina igunya ngokudibanisa ukunyanzeliswa nokunyanzelwa. Banganikela iinkonzo ezisisiseko zenkonzo `empilo, imfundo, inkxaso yokutya (ukutshintshiselana ngokunyaniseka kwezobupolitika.) umzekelo, urhulumente waseTshayina uphakamise amakhulu ezigidi ze-atmon ngenxa yenkxwaleko yolawulo lwezoqoqosho oluxhotyisiweyo, nto leyo enceda ukuba luqinisekiswe ulawulo lwayo olunye lwecandelo. Noko ke, le mpumelelo ivela kwiindleko zenkululeko yezobupolitika namalungelo abantu. Ukubonelela okuthe rhoqo kukubeka amanqanaba olawulo oluphantsi kolawulo-okrudelelaltseka, kwaye isoloko ikhokelela ekuqhankcaphukeni kombuko oluzinzileyo, njengoko kuboniswa kwimibhiyo engama-20222 eIran emva kokufa kwe-Masamini.

Imonarchy

Umlawuli omnye yinkqubo apho ukumkani omnye, ukumkanikazi, umlawuli, okanye umlawuli , enegunya eliphakamileyo, maxa wambi liba nobomi kunye nokulandelelana komnombo. Ezi ndlela zimbini zingundoqo zezolawulo olupheleleyo kunye nolawulo olusemgqeni. Kulawulo olupheleleyo, umlawuli usebenzisa amandla angathintelwa; uSaudi Arabia no-Oman bayimizekelo yangoku. Kulawulo lwe-mogralistom, indima yokumkanikazi ingowona mcimbi, ngoxa amandla okwenene ezobupolitika ehlala kwipalamente enyuliweyo okanye kumphathi-nkulu. UBukumkani boMgaqo-siseko wase-Japan, eSpeyin, eSweden, kunye neThailand zonke zihlala izikhulu zelizwe ezinempembelelo ezilinganiselweyo.

Amava ommi kwimiqathango epheleleyo.

Umahluko kumava ommi phakathi kolawulo olupheleleyo nolulawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko uphandle. Kumazwe apheleleyo, abemi abanawo amaqumrhu alawulayo okanye abanawo nawaphi na amagunya ezobupolitika. Ukumkani okanye umlawuli wenza imithetho, umisela abagwebi, kwaye uyalawula umkhosi. ESaudi Arabia, abafazi babengavumelekanga ukuqhuba de kube ngu-2018 kwaye nangoku bajongene nemiqathango engokwasemthethweni. Amaqela ezobupolitika ayavalwa, kwaye ukuba athathiwe, ukuba amaziko eebhungameli amiselwe umthetho osemthethweni we-Saudia. Urhulumente usoloko exhasa amaziko onqulo (eSaudi Arabia, ukutolika okungqongqo kokusetyenziswa kwemiqatha kwemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yezo yezomthetho) ukugunyazisa igunya lawo, ukunyanzela imigaqo-mthetho engqongqo. [[FLT.0:][FG.[FG.][FG.]

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abemi baseburhulumenteni banandipha amalungelo nenkululeko efana neyokuhlala kwiriphabliki. Ukumkani ngumphathi ongengompati-caka ofuzisela umanyano lwesizwe nesithethe. Umzekelo, umlawuli waseBritani uvula iPalamente aze anike “Intetho kaKumkani” (ebhalwe ngurhulumente), kodwa akanakuwuthintela umthetho. Abemi baseJapan bavotela abameli babo uDiet, kwaye akukho gunya lezobupolitika. Umlawuli wezomGaqo-siseko utyekele ekubeni nolawulo lwe-demokhrasi ngenxa yokuba intloko yesizwe ingaphezulu kongquzulwano olusuka kwi-RGBB. Impembelelo yentlalo-ntle inokuba yentlalo: ukumkani isoloko ikhuthaza ingqiqo yesizwe nokuqhubeka, nangona abagxekiwo baphikisa ilungelo elizuzwe line ilifayo kunye nolwahlulwano lwecawaluvo.

UbuKomanisi

UbuKomanisi, njengohlobo lukarhulumente, busekelwe kwingcamango yebutho elingenamacandelwana apho iindlela zokuvelisa zidibene khona. Ngokwendlela esetyenziswayo, amaphondo obukomanisi (umz., iTshayina, iCuba, iVietnam, iLaos, umNtla Korea) ngamazwe anye apho iQela lobuKomanisi lilawula zonke iinkalo zezobupolitika, ezoqoqosho, kunye nobomi bentlalo. Iphondo liceba ukulungiselela uqoqosho, ukukhokela imveliso yemizi - mveliso, kwaye lilawula inkoliso yomsebenzi, izindlu, kunye nemfundo. Injongo ethethwini yokuphelisa ukwahlukana kweklasi iklasi idla ngokukhatshwa ngulawulo olulawula abahlalisayo.

Imiqathango Engokwabantu Nenkululeko

Abami kwiinkqubo zobukomanisi banamava asasazekileyo okubandakanyeka kurhulumente. Urhulumente uyakwazi ukumisela ukuba yiyiphi imisebenzi ekhoyo, apho abantu banokuhlala khona, noko banokukufunda. Ngokomzekelo, eCuba, urhulumente unika abantu izindlu kunye nokutya, kodwa inkqubo ivelisa ukunqongophala okungapheliyo nokunqongophala kwempahla. Ishishini lobuqu libotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo, elimisela imiqathango yezoqoqosho kunye nokuqalisa okuthile. Ukungavumelani kwezobupolitika akunyamezelwa; amajelo azimeleyo ayacinezelwa, kwaye abaxhasi bephondo bayachachana noozelelo olujongenelo okanye ukuvalelwa. [[FLTY:0]] uxwebhu lwezizwe ezihlala zingekho mthethweni luzimeleyo olusetyenziswayo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezoqoqosho nama-Ushmislistrist kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentetho ekhululekile. Ngoxa oorhulumente bama-Rhostmanin beyenzile ink (eee) bezemali nemali yezopolitiki (FLT)

ISihlomelo-sokuguqula urhwebo-Off

Enye yeziphengululo ezibalulekileyo kumaphondo obukomanisi luxinezeleko phakathi kokulingana kunye nentshukumisa. Ngokwendlela eyiliweyo, inkqubo ijolise ekunciphiseni ukulingana kwengeniso, kodwa isoloko iphelisa imivuzo yezinto zokusebenza nzima nomngcipheko worhwebo. Ngenxa yoko, iimarike ezimnyama kunye nezoqoqosho ezingacwangciswanga ziqala ukuvala umsantsa, kwaye abemi bangayekwa kwimibutho esemthethweni. Ukuwa kweSoviet Union ngokwecandelo ngokwengxenye kubangelwa kukungalingani kwengeniso ebangelwa kukuceba kwezoqoqosho okuphakathi. Kodwa ke, amanye amazwe obukhomanisi aye atshintsha, ngokuphawulekayo iTshayina, eyazisa utshintsho kwiimarikentengiso ngeminyaka yee 1980 ngexesha lomthetho omnye. Le nkqubo ye-anchidvelthings ibizwa ngokuba “impawu yezobugcubacondstiki ngeempawu zamaTshayina” ngokufuthithika ngokutsha ukukhula kwengeniso ekwanokuvela kwengeniso ephakathi kwaye iveliswa yimizwa yimitsha.

IOligarchy

I-Oligarchy ithetha “ulawulo oluvela kwabambalwa.” Ngokungafaniyo nolawulo lolawulo lobukhosi, ukhokelo alusekelwanga kuhlobo lofuzo, kwaye ngokungafaniyo nedemokhrasi, uninzi lwamazwe akanalo ilizwi elisebenzayo. Udidi olulawulayo lungachazwa ngobutyebi (i-protogracy), umkhosi (ijunta engeyonkokeli enye) unxulumano lwentsapho (ii-internation), okanye amaqhina equmrhu. Amazwe amaninzi akwidemo-demokhrasi asebenza njengeekhomputha esebenzayo, apho ingcungcungcu encinane (iiiiiagracracric), apho idla ngokuqananana yezakhono nezobupolitika phakathi kwe-8. UVladimin Putin, iPhilippines phantsi kweentsapho ka-Arcos, kunye ne-Latin America achazwa njenge-olickicki.

Ukuxhulumana Nokungalingani

Kummi oqhelekileyo, ubomi obukwinkqubo ye-oligarchy buphawulwa ngengqiqo enzulu yokuzikhetha nokungekho sikweni. Inkqubo yezobupolitika inceda iziqu eziphezulu kunokuba ibe ngabemi abaninzi. Imithetho ingabhalwa ukukhusela i-monomone okanye iphephe irhafu kwabatyebileyo. Umzekelo, eRashiya, inani elimbalwa leebhiliyoni zezigidi zezigidi zee-oligracta eziqokelelwe ngokwezibonelo zemali ephezulu ekwindawo yolawulo lukarhulumente ekwiminyaka yoo1990, ngoxa abantu abaninzi base-Rashiya banokubona imilinganiselo yabo yokuphila iwohloka. Umsantsalo phakathi kwezityebi nabangamahlwempu, kunye nee-parentaves. Kunqabile ukubona iimfuno zabo zibhalwe kwinkqubo karhulumente, nto leyo ikhokelela ekuthembeni kwemibutho nokuqhankqele, njengoko u-20102020, ukuqhatha kwemizwa kwe-Russia.

Iingozi Zokungabikho Koxolo Nezokungaguquguquki

Iinkqubo zolawulo-lwazi azizinzileyo ngokwemvelo kuba zisusa uninzi. Ngaphandle kwemijelo esemthethweni yokuguqula, imibutho yenkcaso ingamanyumnyezi. Imvukelo yeNjikelezo yama-Arabhu kumazwe anjenge-Egypt neTunisia ngokwenxenye yayizintshukumo kumaqela aphezulu abambelele kwimikhosi ephakamileyo alawula ubuncwane bezobupolitika kunye noqoqosho. Kwanakulawula kolawulo lwezixhobo zemali olumisiweyo, impembelelo ekhulayo yemali kwezobupolitika kwezobupolitika. //ngoncedo lwemirhumo yephulo nokuphembelela intyelelo nokubhedelela i-yo, kwaye ngokuphembelela i-mthetho okhethayo ngokuchasene nabagxutyisi.

Uhlalutyo lwentelekelelo

Ukuthelekisa ezi ndlela zikarhulumente kutyhila urhwebo oluchaphazela intlalo-ntle yabemi. Oku kulandelayo kuvula umahluko ongundoqo kumacala amaninzi:

  • Inkululeko ecacileyo: Ephezulu kulawulo-melo kunye nolawulo-siseko; imiqathango eqatha phantsi kolawulo lolawulo olungqongqo, ububhombu obupheleleyo, ubukomanisi, kunye ne-oligarchy.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ithuba loqoqosho: Ngokuqhelekileyo kulawulo-melo oluphezulu ngenxa yokhuphiswano lwentengiso namalungelo empahla; uqikelelo kumazwe obukomanisi kunye nolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lobukumkani olupheleleyo; ugqwethekile ngokubanjwa kweqonga kumaqumrhu olawulo oluphezulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukulingana [: amaphondo obuKomanisi ajolise ekulinganiseni kodwa ngokufuthi adala amagunya amatsha asekelwe kukunyaniseka kweqela. Ii-democracrace ziyakubona ukungalingani kodwa zivumela intsebenziswano yotshintsho. U-Oligarches entrench.
  • Ukufumaneka: ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo-melo lungazinziswa ngamaxesha amade ukuba amaziko ahlonelwa. Ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lobukhosi kunye nolwamandla olupheleleyo lugcina uzinzo ngamandla, oludla ngokukhokelela ekuweni ngequbuliso xa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lwakha.
  • ukunikwa koxanduva . Kuphela ngulawulo-melo olunika ukugqithiselwa okuthe rhoqo, koxolo kwamandla ngonyulo. Kwezinye iinkqubo, iinkokeli zisuswa kuphela ngokufa, ngokuphululwa, okanye ngotshintsho.

Lo mahluko ugxininisa ukubaluleka koyilo lweziko. Umzekelo, nangona idemokhrasi ikhuthaza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ebanzi, iyakwazi ukuvaleka kwiinkqubo zompuluko eziphazamisa impilo yezoqoqosho ekudala ikho. Ngokuchaseneyo, ngoxa ubuzwilakhe bungazalisekisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo (umz., isakhiwo sesiseko sesiseko seTshayina), iyasilela ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye isoloko ithintela ukungavumelani okunokulungisa iimpazamo zenkqubo. Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kodwa intsingiselo yembali ibinguntshukumo ecothayo yokulawula, nangona injalo ixhomekeke kwimiqathango yexesha elithile.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo karhulumente yenzeka ngokunzulu kwindlela abemi ababufumana ngayo ubukho babo bemihla ngemihla . Ukusukela kwinkululeko abayifumanayo ukuya kumathuba ezoqoqosho. Imikhosi yezorhwebo inikela umlinganiselo omkhulu wokuthabatha inxaxheba nenkululeko yobuqu kodwa ifuna ukubotshwa kweminye imikhosi yabemi abakhutheleyo ukuze isebenze kakuhle. Iinkqubo zezolawulo kunye nezolawulo olupheleleyo zinika ucwangco ekuhlawuleni amalungelo nophuhliso. AmaKomanisi afumana iziphumo ezithile zempumelelo kodwa abeka imiqathango enzima kwinkululeko yobuqu nezoqoqosho. U-Oligicarchiss ugxininisa amandla phakathi kwabambalwa, ukungalingani nokungalungelelani nokungalungelelani. Njengoko ulawulo lwehlabathi lwezopolitiki lutshintsha-demokhrasi kwimimandla ethile kunye nokuzinziswa kolawulo lweziko kwabanye abantu. qha, ngolwazi olunolwazi lungaxhasa inkululeko, ulungelelwano, nolungelelwano.