Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente WaseUnited States

Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, umyili osekelwe ngokunzulu kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yokukhanyiselwa nokusetyenziswa ngoMgaqo-siseko wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe. Esi sakhiwo sasikukunduluka ngamabomu kwigunya elisembindini we-monarchy, ehloselwe ukuthintela nabani na okanye iqela ukuba afumane amandla angathintelwanga. Aba balawuli basebenzisa kakhulu kwiingcamango zikaBaron de Montesquieu, obenze baphikisana [[FLT: 0] Umoya woMthetho ukuba inkululeko yezobupolitika yabemi ixhomekeke kukwahlulwa komthetho, ulawulo, kunye nemisebenzi elawulayo. Ukuqonda indlela la masebe amathathu asebenza ngayo, nendlela asebenza ngayo, abaluleke ngayo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela enziwe ngayo imithetho, aguqulelwayo, kwaye atolika eUnited States.

Ulwakhiwo olungundoqo lwahlula urhulumente wesizwe ube ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo: iGatya elinguMgaqo-siseko (Conreg), iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu (uMongameli kunye namasebe karhulumente), kunye neSebe lezeejaji (iinkundla), nesebe ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo, kodwa ngalinye liyakwazi ukuvavanya amanye, lidala umlinganiselo onamandla oye wabumba ulawulo lwamaMelika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Eli nqaku linika ukurhoxiswa okuntsonkothileyo kwesebe ngalinye, isiseko salo, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungele ukulinganisela okugcina urhulumente ehlala ethembekile.

Isebe Lomthetho: Abenzi Bomthetho

Inqaku I lamagunya owiso-mthetho akwiBhunga leMigaqo-siseko, eliyiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso neNdlu yabameli. ISebe Lezomthetho linguqumrhu eliyintloko lokwenza umthetho, elisebenzayo ngokuqulunqwa, ukuphikisana, nokudluliswa komthetho. Ngapha koko, iBhunga linegunya elibalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali lwesizwe, livakalisa ukuba imfazwe, ilawula imimandla yamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nezorhwebo lwangaphandle, kwaye linokuphengulula zombini imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo kunye nemicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke.

IBhunga

IBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi liyilwe ngabameli abali-100, ababini abasuka kwilizwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Eli lungiselelo layilwa ukulungiselela ukulungiselela umelo olulinganayo kumazwe amancinane. Abaququzeli basebenza ngokudideka kwemiqathango eminyaka emithandathu, emalunga nesithathu seNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu e-Ofisi ukwenzela unyulo nyaka ngamnye. Amagunya akhethekileyo eSentename aquka ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bephondo, abagwebi abaphezulu, nabagwebi abaphezulu beNkungelekileyo) abathelekisa izivumelwano ezidityani zevoti, kunye nokungagunyazi iimvoti ezimbini. Umongameli we-T.

IBhunga lisebenza ngesithethe esiqinileyo samandla angamalungu ngamanye, kuquka ukukwazi ukumisela umthetho we-filibuster, ofuna ukuba amavoti angama-60 afumane ihlwili kunye nengxoxo epheleyo. Iindima ezingundoqo zokhokelo ziquka iNkokeli yeQela leMajoni kunye neNkokeli yeNtlalo-ntle, emisela imimiselo yemithetho. Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nesakhiwo seBhunga leNtlanganiso kunye nomsebenzi wangoku lungafunyanwa .gov

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-455 okuvota, ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kuluntu njengoko kumiselwe kubalo-nyaka onyaka. Abameli basebenza amaxwebhu eminyaka emibini, bewenza abe nelungelo elithe ngqo kubavoti kwisithili sabo. Indlu inamandla okukhupha kuphela iindleko zemali (irhafu kunye nomthetho wokusebenzisa) kunye namagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka uMongameli. Ukuba akukho mmeli wamkela inkoliso yamavoti kaMongameli, iNdlukwano uMongameli, kunye nabathunywa bephondo ngalinye bevoti.

Le ndlu isebenza ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo nebalulekileyo kuneNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. USithethi seNdlu, onyulwe liqela, ligosa elinolawulo kwaye linempembelelo enkulu kwikhalenda yowiso-mthetho nakwizabelo zeekomiti. Iikomiti zisemgangathweni kumsebenzi weNdlu; umthetho ugqithiselwa ngekomiti, ubekwa uphawu, ze usiwe kumgangatho ukwenzela ingxoxo phantsi kwemithetho emiswe yiKomiti yeMimiselo. Inkqubo yeNdlulo yowiso-mthetho yeNdluvo-mthetho yendlu yenzelwe ukushenxisa amaphepha ngokukhawuleza kuneencwadi yeBhunga. Ukufunda ngomthetho nemisebenzi yendlu ejijelo, ukutyelela [[FLT:] indlu.

Inkqubo Yomthetho

Ityala liba ngumthetho ngolandelelwano oluchaziweyo. Okokuqala, ilungu leKhomishini lizisa isindululo, esabelwe ikomiti. Ikomiti ingabamba, ilungise ityala, ize ivote ukuba ingayixela kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Ukuba iyavunywa, ityala liya kumgangatho ukwenzela ingxoxo kunye nevoti. ENdlu, ingxoxo ilinganiselwe kakhulu; kwiBhunga, ingaba la magumbi kufuneka adlule iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali. Ukuba kukho ukungavisisani, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu asuka kuzo zombini izindlu ithethana ngokulalanisa. Inguqulelo yokugqibela ithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze kutyikityelwe okanye kutyikitywe okanye kuveto.

ISebe loMthetho likwabamba amandla engxowa-mali. Akukho mali inokuchithwa kwiNgxowa-mali ngaphandle kokudluliswa kweBhunga. Oku kunika iKhomishini isixhaso esithe kratya kwiinkqubo zesebe elilawulayo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuvalwa nokuphengululwa koooookhephe, iKhomishini yokuhlola indlela imithetho elawulwa ngayo nokuba ngaba abameli basebenza ngayo kwigunya labo. I-Rhulumente ye-Accounting Office (GAO) ingumbutho ongundoqo odibanisa iinkqubo zesebe.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Abanyanzeli

Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko libeka igalelo igunya elilawulayo kuMongameli waseUnited States. Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu linoxanduva lokuqinisekisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhontrala. Likhokelwa nguMongameli, lixhaswa nguMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli oyiKhosi, kwaye liquka amasebe eKhabhinethi ali-15, amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo, nabasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini abangathathi-nxaxheba. UMongameli ukwasebenza njengeNkulumbuso-i-iNkulumbuso yemikhosi exhobileyo kwaye ulawula ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe.

UMongameli noMongameli onguSizwe

UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine edlula kwiKholeji yase-Electoral. Iimbopheleleko zikaMongameli ziquka ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho yesizwe, ukukhupha imiyalelo kunye nezibhengezo, ukumisela amagosa karhulumente (kuquka abagwebi abanesiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtsimi), ukuququzelelana, nokuxolelwa kwamatyala karhulumente. UMongameli ukwanika iSizwe se-Union idilesi yeBhunga, ukuncomela izinto eziza kuqala zemithetho-mthetho. UMongameli, onyuliweyo kwithikithi efanayo, uthatha iPresidenti ukuba uMongameli uyafa, uyarhoxaba, okanye uyasuswa esikhundleni. UMongameli ukwawongameli ulawula iNxalathiso kwaye angaphumelela kwi-Cengénicial.

IKhabhinethi kunye neZicwangciso zoManyano

IKhabhinethi ibunjwe ziintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (njenge-Urhulumente, Ukhuselo, Ugcino-mali, Ubulungisa, kunye nemfundo), atyunjwe nguMongameli aze aqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMasapho. Aba basebenzi bacebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi yezomthetho kwaye bajonge amasebe abo. Ngaphaya koko, amaqumrhu amaninzi azimeleyo (njenge-Arhentervicetion Protection Agemental Protection, NASA, kunye neFOM) athwala imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo okanye inkonzo. Isebe Lesebe Eliphetheyo likwayinyanzela imithetho ngeSebe loBugwebi, eliquka i-FBI kunye namanye amasebe omthetho. Isebe eliphethe isebe eliphethe i- Coocrac.

Imiqathango kunye namandla

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ingumyalelo okhutshwa nguMongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Zinegunya lomthetho kodwa kufuneka zibekwe kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko likaMongameli okanye kwigunya loburhulumente elinikwe yiBhunga. Imiyalelo yegunya linokupheliswa ngoomongameli abalandelayo okanye ibethelelwe phantsi zinkundla ukuba zigqithe imida engokomGaqo-siseko. UMongameli uphinda asebenzise amandla abalulekileyo eenkqubo zangaphandle, kuquka amandla okuqonda oorhulumente bangaphandle, ukugqiba izivumelwano zegunya lempatho (ezingafuni kuvunywa yiNtsila yeBhunga), kwaye amkhosi ude anyanzelwe kude kuse iintsuku ezingama-60 phantsi kweSigqibo seMimiselo semfazwe.

Isebe Lejaji: Abaphulaphuli

IGatya III lomGaqo-siseko limisa iSebe lezeejaji, linika igunya lokugweba kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye nayo nayiphi na iNkundla esezantsi. Indima yeSebe lezeeJaji kukutolika umthetho, ukumisela umGaqo-siseko kunye nezenzo eziphetheyo, nokucombulula iimpikiswano ezivela phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo isebenza ngokwayo kumasebe owisomthetho nawolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nabagwebi abamiselwe ukuba baziphathe kakuhle.

INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla Ephakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona iphakamileyo eUnited States. Iquzelela iJaji ePhakamileyo kunye neziSekela-mthetho ezisibhozo eziManyeneyo, zonke ezimiswe nguMongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. AmaJaji asebenza amadinga obomi bonke, eqinisekisa ukuba bangenza izigqibo ngaphandle kwengcinezelo yezobupolitika. INkundla eyintloko kukuhlola okulawula inkundla yetyala. /amandla okuvakalisa imithetho okanye amatyala alawulayo. Eli gunya lasekwa kwityala le-writrackethi ukumiswa kwetyala lento ekhoyo. [[FLT] [[FLT]] kunye nezigwebo ezine zeNkuthethwano zeNkuthethwano zetyala eziphantsi kwezomthetho nezomthetho-mthetho.[Fotourve] [3]]

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

IiNkundla zeSithili zimisela imigangatho emibini eyintloko yeenkundla ezisezantsi: IiNkundla zeSithili kunye neeNkundla zezibheno. IiNkundla zeSithili zingamatyala enkqubo karhulumente, apho kuqalisa khona amatyala eenkundla (_zombini) asekuhlaleni kunye namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi nkundla zisingatha imicimbi efana nolwaphulo-mthetho lwamaqumrhu, iimbambano zomgaqo-siseko, kunye namatyala abandakanya ubumi bobumi. IiNkundla eli-13 zezibheno zoNkundla zeSithi neeNkundla zeSithi zeSithili kunye namaquluko athile. Izigwebo zazo zimisela umzekelo iinkundla zephondo kwimimandla yazo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo zingakhetha ukuhlola izigqibo zeNkundla zezibheno zeZibheno. Kukho neeNkulwano zeNkundla zeNkundla ze-Federale, kunye neNkundla yeNkundla ye-Cendezelo

Ukuzimela Ngokwasemgwebeni Nokungakhethi Buso

Abagwebi bomanyano bamiselwe ukuba bakhusele ubomi babo kwiingcinezelo zabalawuli. Bangasuswa kuphela ngokungacebisiyo nesiqinisekiso seNdlu yeNdlu yeMasa, isiganeko esinqabileyo. Oku kuzimele kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi banokulawula kwimicimbi ephikisanayo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Isebe lezejaji likwalawula uqingqo-mali lwalo kwaye lilawula imisebenzi yenkundla nge-Ofisi yoLawulo ye-U.S.

Inkqubo yeepeyinti nolungelelwano

UmGaqo-siseko udala ngabom amagunya angenanayo ukuze isebe ngalinye likwazi ukuthintela amanye. Le nkqubo ithintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni kunye nemikhosi ukuba lisebenzisane. Oku kulandelayo kuvavanya isebe ngalinye elibambe amanye.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IBhunga lingamxinamisa uMongameli ngeendlela ezininzi ezinamandla. Ingawugqitha umvoti womongameli kunye noomongameli ababini abakwizibheno zombini. Indlu yeNdlu yemikhosi iyaqinisekisa okanye iyalwala ukumiselwa komongameli kwaye iyalunika ucalucalulo. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali lwesebe elingurhulumente kwaye lisenokungavumi ukuqokelela amanyathelo aphezulu. Ingamshenxisa uMongameli, uMongameli, umongameli, kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa “yokuphenya, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abadukileyo.” Indlu iqala ukungaquququzeli; iNtsibo iqhuba ityala.

Ukujongwa komthetho

IBhunga limisela isakhiwo kunye negunya leenkundla ezisezantsi. Lingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe izindululo zomGaqo-siseko eziza kubhukuqa izigwebo zomthetho. IBhunga leNtlanganiso liyaziqinisekisa okanye liyazeyisa ii-minenene. IBhunga likwanamandla okumisela inani lamatyala kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, nangona iye yamiselwa kwiSithoba ukususela ngowe-1869. Inkcaso iyasebenza nakujaji yesizwe.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

UMongameli angawumisela umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, enyanzela ukuba umiselwe ubuchule obugqithisileyo ngenxa yokuchasa kwakhe. UMongameli usenokubiza iKhomishini ukuba ibe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo xa kuvela imicimbi engxamisekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli angasebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye negunya lolwalathiso ukubumba indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, lo gama nje ezo zinto zihlala zingaphakathi kwemida esesikweni neyomgaqo-siseko.

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lijonge Ikomiti

UMongameli umisa abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, abanika umphathi indima engqalileyo ekulungiseni ukwenziwa kwejaji. UMongameli ukwanamandla okunika abagwebi abatshayo nokuxolelwa kwamatyala karhulumente, anokuphelisa izigwebo zomthetho. ISebe leSigwebo, inxalenye yesikhulu, linyanzelisa imiyalelo nezigqibo zenkundla.

Isalathisi somthetho sihlolisisa uMthetho nolawulo

Icandelo leJaji lenza uhlolo-nkqubo logwebo lweSebe, livakalisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga okanye izenzo ezithatyathwa nguMongameli ngaphandle komthetho yaye ngoko ke iphuthile. Iinkundla zitolika imithetho karhulumente, kwaye iinkcazelo zazo zidibanisa iNgqungquthela kunye nomphathi ophetheyo. Ngobuchule bokuhlola, ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba amanye amasebe ahlale ekwimida yawo engokomgaqo-siseko. Ngaphezu koko, iSigwebo esiyintloko seNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo sowiso-mthetho silawula iimvavanyo zomongameli kwiNtlanganiso.

Umaleko Owongezelelekileyo: Umanyano noorhulumente bakaRhulumente

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kumgangatho karhulumente kumazwe angama-50. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, isebe lowiso-mthetho (ngokuqhelekileyo i-bidaral ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska), isebe eliphetheyo elikhokelwa yirhuluneli, kunye nesebe eligweba. Ulawulo lweSibonelelo lweSineth sokuLawula asiwanga kurhulumente worhulumente karhulumente okanye kubantu. Oku kwenza inkqubo yorhulumente apho urhulumente norhulumente wamazwe abelana khona ngegunya. Umzekelo, imfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba zizinto ezingundoqo, ngelixa elo lizwe liziintloko, ngelixa ukhuseleko, ukufuduka, kunye norhwebo olusuka kushishino lwezo zelizwe luyimbopheleleko elungele ukulawulwa. Ukuqonda ukuhambelana kwemeko kubaluleke kakhulu kolawulo lwaseUnited States. Ulwazi jikelele malunga namasebe amathathu, umGawula-siseko soMgaqo-siseko we-siseko se-siseko se-R.[FURG.]

Isizathu Sokuba Olu Lwazi Lubalulekile

Ulwazi olusebenzayo ngamasebe amathathu karhulumente lusisiseko sokuba nobumi obunempumelelo. Lunceda abantu baqonde iindaba ezingeesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo, izenzo zomongameli, neengxoxo zombutho. Lunceda abavoti bavavanye ngokusekelwe kwindlela abaya kusebenzisa ngayo amandla ee-ofisi zabo. Lukwakhuthaza uxabiso ngokuzinzisa inkqubo elungiselelwe ukuhambisa iingxoxo ngeenkqubo zolawulo kunokuba kusetyenziswe ngamandla.

Ufundo lweBhunga asingobafundi kuphela abafuna ukubhalwa; luyimfuneko ebomini bonke. Njengoko urhulumente ecoca ucelomngeni lwemeko yezoqoqosho ukuya kumgangatho wamalungelo oluntu ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe, /olwazi oluqondayo isiseko somGaqo-siseko bangathatha inxaxheba ngcono kwintetho yesidlangalala kwaye bagcine abameli babo benobutyala. USA.gov inika ulawulo olubanzi lolwazi malunga namasebe amathathu nendlela yokusebenza neenkonzo zikarhulumente.

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-U.S., namasebe awo ahlukeneyo kunye nee-checks zawo ezilalanayo, azisoloko zisebenza, kodwa zazingahlolwanga ukuba zibe njalo. yayenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko. Ngokuqonda iindima kunye nokusebenza kweMithetho, iSikhundla soLawulo, kunye neMasebe e-Ofisi, abemi bafumana izixhobo zokuqhuba nokugcina loo njongo.