Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Imigaqo Karhulumente Kubaluleke

Izigqibo ezenziwa ngamagosa ebhunga lesixeko sakho kuMongameli zichaphazela indlela osebenza ngayo, izifundo zesikolo somntwana wakho, nokhuseleko lomoya owuphefumlayo. Kodwa abemi abaninzi abanakuwubiza igama ummeli wabo okanye bachaze umahluko phakathi komthetho wengingqi nomthetho karhulumente. Ukuqonda ngokucacileyo indlela olungelelaniswe ngayo, urhulumente wengingqi, norhulumente wengingqi kunye norhulumente olawulayo, kwaye indlela abasebenzisana ngayo nesiseko soluntu. Eli nqaku linika isiseko sokuthatha inxaxheba kwintlalo-ntlalo-ntle, ukuwohloka kwemigangatho emithathu ye-U.S.

Yintoni Urhulumente?

Ngengqiqo elula, urhulumente yinkqubo apho uluntu okanye uhlanga lwenza nokunyanzelisa imithetho (imithetho) luze lulungiselele iinkonzo ezidibeneyo abantu abangenakuzikhusela ngokulula, njengazo izikhuseli zesizwe, iindlela zikawonke-wonke, namanzi acocekileyo. Urhulumente waseMerika wakhiwe kumgaqo we ulawulo olubalulekileyo[ ingcamango yokuba igunya ekugqibeleni livela ebantwini. Lo mgaqo uboniswe kumazwi okuvula komGaqo-siseko we-U.S.: “Thina bantu. URhulumente kulo lonke ukho ukuze ukhonze uluntu, kodwa umgangatho nomgangatho womsebenzi womsebenzi walo uyahluka ngokuphawulekayo.

Abenzi bobukoloni bamandulo baseMerika babewaphaphele amandla aphakamileyo, bebone ulawulo oluzinzileyo lolawulo lwe-Britane ekude. Oku kungathembani kwakhokelela abaQali ukuba bayile inkqubo ye- ephetheyo , apho amandla ohlukeneyo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe (ophethe) norhulumente. Oorhulumente abakho basekuhlaleni abakhankanywanga kuMgaqo-siseko kodwa badalwa ngamazwe ukulawula imicimbi yoluntu. Ukuqonda le ndlela ingunxaxhobo ibalulekile ngenxa yokuba i-atlerop kwiMain Street iyingxaki yasekuhlaleni, ngexa isivumelwano nelizwe lasemzini sikwilizwe lorhulumente worhulumente.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko somanyano

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (1787) wamisela inkqubo yolawulo lukarhulumente. Inqaku I lichaza amagunya eBhunga elilawulayo, iCandelo II isebe elilawulayo, neQumrhu III iJaji yejaji. 10th Amend Amendment[ (igunyazwe ngo1791]) linika isitshixo sokuqonda isizathu sokuba kubekho urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni: “Amagunya angaphathiswanga i-United States nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye awalelwe nguwo, agcinelwe eUnited States, okanye agcinelwe abantu ngokweenkonzo ezinjalo zoorhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na amandla anganikwanga ngokomthetho karhulumente, uchwebo, uccitho, okanye angenise iprojelayise kwiimeko-omatila.

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente luye lwatshintsha. INew Deal, iXesha lamaLungelo aBaluleki, kunye nomthetho wezonyango wale mihla (umz., iAffordal Care Act) lonke igunya lorhulumente elibanzi. Noko ke, urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bahlala benjalo abachaphazela ubomi babantu ngokuthe ngqo: bakha iindlela, baqhuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke, bagcina iipaki, iingcali zelayisense, kwaye basabela kwiimeko ezingxamisekile zasekuhlaleni.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Usondelelane Kakhulu Nabantu

Iintlobo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni umgangatho othe waxhathisa abantu baseMerika yonke imihla, nokuba abaqondi oko. Kukho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abamalunga nama-90 000 e-United States, kuquka ababali, oomasipala (iingingqi needolophu), iilokishi, isithili ezikhethekileyo (njengamanzi okanye amaphondo okuthintela umlilo), kunye nezikolo. Isakhiwo somhlaba siyahluka ngokwesizwe, kodwa uninzi lorhulumente ulandela enye yeemodeli ezintathu: [[FLT: 0] umatshini-oomasipala (umphathi-omatilogo nomphathi-mabhunga), [[FLT:] usebenza njengomlawuli wequmrhuluneliti],

Iimbopheleleko

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba iinkonzo ezichaphazela ubomi babantu.

  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: lwamapolisa kunye namasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wokwakha.
  • Isakhiwo se- Isakhiwo: Iindlela zasekuhlaleni, izitrato, iindlela, izitrato, uthutho lwamanzi, inkqubo yokulahla inkunkuma, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma.
  • Imfundo:[ izikolo zikawonke-wonke kunye nesekondari ziqhutywa ngokuqhelekileyo zinyulwa ziibhodi zesikolo okanye abalawuli besithili abamiselweyo.
  • Iipaki kunye nokuzonwabisa: iipaki zikawonke-wonke, amaziko oluntu, amathala eencwadi, amaqula okuqubha, kunye namaqumrhu emidlalo.
  • Umsebenzi womhlaba: Amasiko okuzilolonga, imvume yokwakha, kunye nolawulo lokucwangcisa lugqiba ukuba yintoni enokwenziwa apho.

Inkcitho

Oorhulumente bongingqi banyusa ingeniso ngokuyintloko ngerhafu esemthethweni (irhafu emhlabeni nakwizakhiwo) kunye nerhafu yerhafu (ipesenti yentengiso yentengiso). Bakwafumana iintengiso zemali ezithengwayo zezentengiso eziphakathi: inkxaso kunye noncedo oluvela kurhulumente kunye norhulumente. Urhulumente woluntu uqokelela iindleko zeenkonzo ezifana namanzi, imvume, kunye nelayisensi. Ngenxa yokuba irhafu yempahla ingubo ingumthombo ongundoqo, uqingqo-mali lwengingqi yoluntu lusoloko lubonakalisa ubutyebi benginyazo lwezikolo kunye neenkonzo ezingcono.

Imizekelo Karhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Esebenzayo

  • Ibhunga lesixeko livota ukwandisa inkxaso-mali yeenkqubo zolutsha emva kwesikolo.
  • Ibhodi yengingqi ivulela indawo entsha yokuphinda isetyenziswe ukuhlisa inkunkuma.
  • Isithili sesikolo samkela izifundo ezintsha zezibalo emva kolwazi olunikelwa ngabantu.
  • Idolophu iqulunqa ityala likawonke - wonke lokuba ingaba kumele kubekho indawo entsha yokuhlala.

Urhulumente: UMongami Olawulayo

Isakhiwo

Urhulumente ngamnye ubonakalisa imodeli karhulumente ngamasebe amathathu: ekhulula (irhuluneli, idla ngokunyulwa ngokwexesha leminyaka emine), i-legisidi[[ [iiinkundla ephakamileyo nemigangatho esezantsi]. Umthetho wesizwe uthe phithiwe kakhulu kunendlu yabameli, iNebraska inxaxwa nendlu yoonogadalthiwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho yendlu-mthetho, kunye [[FLT]] [ii] [iiiiiiinkundla ephakamileyo nenolawulo olusezantsi].

Iimbopheleleko

Urhulumente wenza oko kugcinwa yiSigqibo seshumi soMgaqo-nkqubo kubo.

  • Imfundo: Amazwe amisela imigangatho yokufundisa, iimfuno zokufundisa kubafundisi- ntsapho, kunye neendlela zokuxhasa iinkonzo zezikolo zikawonke-wonke. (Urhulumente worhulumente unika malunga ne 8% ye-K-12 yenkxaso-mali, ikakhulu ngeSihloko I kunye ne-IDEA.)
  • [[UMTL: 0] Unikezelo:[ amasebe ezothutho esakha nokugcina umendo, iibhulorho, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke (umz., isiporo, iibhasi) phakathi kwemo
  • Isihe sobugxwayiba nentlalo-ntle:[ Ama- States anika iMedicaid (i-inshorensi yempilo yengingqi yesebe yesebe labantu abafumana imali ephantsi), i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle yabantwana.
  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic kunye nokugcinwa komthetho: amapolisa aseburhulumenteni (ugada oluphezulu), izibonelelo zokulungisa, kunye nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho eyahluka-hlukayo ngokwesizwe.
  • Ukunika i-Islayibrari nommiselo:[ yamazwe oogqirha, amagqwetha, abongikazi, abachebi, abachebi, abasebenzi bezakhiwe, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi. Bakwalawula i-inshorensi, izinto eziluncedo, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle.
  • Unyulo:[ Ama-United States alawula “ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela” yonyulo lwezwe nolombuso (olwakulawulwa ngurhulumente) kwaye adwelise uwiso-mthetho kunye nemimandla yengingqi yesizwe.

Inkcitho

I-STATE iqokelela irhafu efunyenweyo (owona mazwe akhoyo; isithoba asinayo irhafu yengeniso karhulumente), irhafu (iirhafu ezifumanayo ezi-4%-8% kwimpahla ezininzi), kunye neerhafu ezahlukeneyo (umz., kwipetroli, i-alkhoholi, icuba). Bakwafumana irhafu enkulu yolawulo lweenkqubo ezifana ne-Medicaid kunye ne-gester. Amanye amazwe anerhafu yerhafu yemali equmrhu.

Urhulumente Uyasebenza

  • Indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente idlulisela umthetho omtsha ophakamisa umvuzo omncinane ngaphezu komgangatho karhulumente.
  • Irhuluneli ivakalisa ungxamiseko emva kwenkanyamba ize ithumele iNational Guard.
  • Inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe imisela imithetho yokuba umthetho omtsha wokuvota ungowomGaqo-siseko phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe.
  • Isebe lezemfundo lephondo limisela imilinganiselo emitsha yokufundisa inzululwazi yekhompyutha kwizikolo eziphakamileyo.

Urhulumente Omanyeneyo: Igunya lesiZwe

Amasebe amathathu kunye nenkqubo yeepeksi kunye nolungelelwano

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. udala urhulumente wesizwe onee-ofisi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ezenzelwe ukukhangelana amandla. Isebe elinobungangamsha (Ikontare) yenza imithetho. IBhunga linenkabayo: Indlu yabameli (435, ehlulwe ngabemi borhulumente, enyulwe iminyaka emibini) kunye neCanterneri (100, amalungu amabini, anyulwe kwimithetho yeminyaka emithandathu). Isebe leSebe leNkundla limiselwe apho, iinkundla ezisithoba zolawulo, kunye nezigwebo ezisi-9. Iinkundla ezijikelezayo.

Iimbopheleleko

Urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente unamagunya amiselweyo adweliswe kwinqaku I, Icandelo 8 lomGaqo-siseko. Ezi ziquka:

  • Ukhuselo lohlanga: Umkhosi, imali yokuzikhusela, kunye nezibhengezo zemfazwe zixhomekeke kurhulumente worhulumente.
  • Imicimbi yezorhwebo nezivumelwano: UMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano (egunyazisiweyo yiBhunga) kwaye umela iUnited States phesheya.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukususelwa kunye nokwenziwa kwezinto ngendalo: ulawulo lomthetho weFederal ongena kwelo lizwe, oba ngummi, nobume bezinto ezingezozazezezente.
  • Urhwebo lweInterstate: IThe Commerce Clause inika iKhomishini yeNkqutyana yokulawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, eye yachazwa ngokubanzi ukuchaphazela imisebenzi emininzi yezoqoqosho.
  • Ukunyanzela kunye nokugcina iibhanki: Urhulumente worhulumente uvelisa iingqekembe zemali, ashicilela imali yamaphepha, kwaye alawula iibhanki ngeFederal Reserve.
  • Inkonzo yeposi: Inkonzo yeposi yase-U.S. ihambisa iposi kwilizwe lonke.
  • Ipropati engolwazi: amalungelo omqulunqi kunye nezigunyaziso zikhutshwa ngurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.
  • Amalungelo eCivil:[ imithetho yeFederal efana noMthetho waMalungelo oMda wowe-1964 wokwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe.

Inkcitho

Urhulumente wezwe uqokelela irhafu yengeniso yengeniso ekhoyo (imvelaphi enkulu yengeniso), irhafu eqengqelekayo [ (yakuKhuselwa uKhuseleko lweNtlalo noMedicare), [[FLT:]] irhafu yerhafu yengeniso yemali ehlawulwayo [[, kunye [[FLT]] nerhafu yerhafu (kwipetroli, utywala, icuba). Ingaboleka imali ngokukhupha izibophelelo zemali, ezikhokelele kwityala elikhulu lesizwe. Iindleko zamazwe zihlulwa kwi-khusi (edientrectionations) kunye nokhuseleko lwezentlalo olukhoyo (i-Medica).

Urhulumente Ongurhulumente Osisilungelelanisi Uyasebenza

  • Ingqungquthela idlulisela ii - R2,2 zezigidi zemali efunyenweyo ukuze kulungiswe iindlela, iibhulorho kunye nezo zinyanzelekile.
  • UMongameli usayina umyalelo olawulayo oyalela abameli ukuba balungise imozulu eguqukayo.
  • INkundla Ephakamileyo imisela umthetho weli lizwe wokuqhomfa awumiselwanga phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente.
  • I-Agency yoLawulo lwezentlalo-ntle yoManyano (FEMA) ilungelelanisa ukusabela kwintlekele emva kwenyikima enkulu.

Indlela Yokusebenzisana Kwamaqondo Amathathu

Akukho mgangatho karhulumente usebenza ngokwahlukileyo. Babelana ngamagunya, basebenzisana kwiinkqubo, yaye maxa wambi baxambulisana. Oku kubizwa ngokuba ulwalamano lwamagosa lwamasebe. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Iimbopheleleko ezabelweneyo: Urhulumente wengingqi unika malunga ne 55% yemali yohola wendlela, kodwa urhulumente unika ucwangciso nolwakhiwo lweendlela, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina izitrato ezininzi zesixeko.
  • Izipho zeFederal: izibonelelo kunye nezibonelelo ezipheleleyo zokudlulisela imali karhulumente kwimimandla kunye neemeko (umz., imfundo kubafundi abakhubazekileyo).
  • Intethelelo: Xa umthetho worhulumente okanye worhulumente ugqitha umthetho womgangatho osezantsi. Umzekelo, umthetho wesizwe uthatha indawo yemithetho yemithetho elawula amandla enyukliya.
  • Amandla akhoyo: Oorhulumente bobabini bayakwazi ukuhlawula, ukuboleka imali, ukwakha iindlela, nokuseka iinkundla. Xa bengquzulana, iSupremacy Claus (Artle VI) yenza umthetho wequmrhu lomthetho wesizwe ube ngophezulu.

Ubandakanyeko lwe-CPU ngaphaya kwawo onke amaqondo

Ummi onolwazi unegunya.

  • Unyulo lwasekuhlaleni (ibhodi yesikolo, ibhunga lesixeko, usodolophu) lusoloko lusezantsi, okuthetha ukuba ivoti enye ithwala ubunzima obungakumbi. Urhulumente nonyulo lwezwe lugqiba ukuba ngubani obhala imithetho echaphazela umsebenzi wakho, impilo, kunye nomhlalaphantsi.
  • Iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ezithe zathe gqolo: ibhunga lesiXeko, ikomishini yengingqi, neentlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo zidla ngokuvulelwa uwonke-wonke. Ukuya kukuvumela uve izicelo, ubuze imibuzo, kunye nenkxalabo yelizwi.
  • Jongana nabameli bakho: Bonke abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo `suka kwibhunga lesixeko ukuya ku-U.S.-i-ofisi kunye nabasebenzi. Umnxeba omfutshane, ohloniphekileyo okanye i-imeyili ingaphembelela ukuma kwabo kwinkupho.
  • Sebenzela kwibhodi okanye kwikhomishini: Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni baneendawo zokuzithandela (umsebenzi wokumisa, ibhodi yopaki, ibhodi yezicelo). Le yindlela engqalileyo yokulungisa inkqubo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Libazisa uchazo: Funda imithombo yeendaba enengxelo ethembekileyo egquma ubulali, urhulumente, kunye nezobupolitika zobuzwe. Sebenzisa iiwebhsi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni (USA.gov kulwazi lwamaqumrhu, [[FLT:]] iKonsole.gov ukuqinisekisa umthetho wesigqeba.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukudibanisa okanye inkxaso yemibutho efuna intsebenziswano kuwe. Urhulumente kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni zisoloko zinempembelelo ecacileyo kunamaphulo esizwe.

Uqukumbela: Inkqubo Elungiselelwe Ukuba Nenxaxheba

Amaqondo amathathu karhulumente wase-U.S. .wwnican, ngokomthetho, kunye norhulumente. hlela inkqubo entsonkothileyo, exhomekeke kumandla phakathi kwegunya elisembindini kunye neqela lezizwe ngezizwe. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe esingatha imicimbi yesizwe neyamazwe ngamazwe, oorhulumente bamazwe bathetha ngeemfuno zommandla-ngqalelo, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banika ubuchule benkonzo yosuku-lusuku ukuya kusuku oluchaza uluntu. Ukuqonda olu calucalulo lungaphezulu kunendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yesizwe elungelelanisayo; linyathelo lokuqala ekubandakanyeni kwento engundoqo kulawulo lwakho. Ukuba ungumfundi olungiselela ucwangciso lwesifundo, okanye ummi ozibuzayo indlela yokwenza umahluko, ngokufunda ukuba umele ubani kwinqanaba ngalinye kwaye wenza ntoni. I-Riphabliki ixhomekeke kulowo ongayaziyo kuphela ukuba abemi abasebenzi ngayo kurhulumente bakho kodwa osebenza bhetele.