Table of Contents

Utshintsho lumele utshintsho olusemthethweni okanye ulwandiso kuxwebhu olusemthethweni, umthetho, okanye umgaqo-siseko. Xa utshintsho ludluliswa luze luvunywe, luba yinxalenye engundoqo yesakhiwo esikhoyo somthetho, ngokubhekiselele ekuguquleni indlela imithetho etolikwa ngayo kwaye inyanzeliswe. Ukuqonda okwenzekayo emva kokubuyiselwa kugqithiswa kubaluleke kakhulu kubemi, oogqirha, kunye nabani na onomdla kwindlela inkqubo yedemokhrasi eguquka ngayo kwaye ilungelelanise ngokuhamba kwexesha. Olu khokelo luchaza uhambo olupheleleyo lokulungisa ukudlula komjelo kusetyenziswa, ukuqinisekisa, nokuhlanganisa okude kusetyenziswa kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokuhlaziywa

Phambi kokuhlola oko kwenzekayo emva kokuba utshintsho ludlulisiwe, kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zotshintsho kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho abasebenza kuzo. Izinyibilikisi zingasebenza kwimimiselo, imimiselo, imimiselo yentlangano, ii-awunsi, amaxwebhu asemthethweni. Inkqubo kunye neziphumo ziyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo loxwebhu olulungisiweyo kunye nolawulo olubandakanyekileyo.

IziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko ziphikisana neziHlaliso-mthetho

Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lumela olona hlobo lubalulekileyo lotshintsho olusemthethweni, njengoko lutshintsha uxwebhu olungundoqo olulawula uhlanga okanye urhulumente. Utshintsho lomthetho, ngokwahlukileyo, utshintsho lwemithetho ekhoyo edluliswa ngamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho. Iinkqubo ezilandelayo zahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini, kunye nokulungisa okudla ngokufuna iinkqubo ezithe chatha ezifuna ukuhlaziywa, ukupapashwa, kunye nokuphunyezwa.

Inkqubo yokwandiswa kokuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko

Ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi kwinkqubo ye-United States, olu hambo alupheli xa iBhunga okanye umzimba ofaka isindululo udlula ekulungisweni. Isindululo esicetywayo siba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ngokukhawuleza xa sivunywa ngama-3-sine eUnited States (38 of 50). Le nkqubo yokulungisa imela isigaba esibalulekileyo esenzeka emva kwengxelo yokuqala.

Iphulo leKhomishini kunye nokuBekelwa

IBhunga licebisa ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho kuhlobo lwesigqibo esidibeneyo. Ekubeni uMongameli engenayo indima engokomGaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yokulungisa, isigqibo samalungu esingeyoNdlu eWhite ukuze kutyikitywe okanye kuvunyelwe. Oku kwahlula ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kumthetho othe rhoqo kwaye kumele inyathelo lokuqala emva kokudlula.

Uxwebhu lokuqala luthunyelwe ngqo kwi-Ofisi ye-NARA ye-Federal Register (OFR) ukuze kuqhubekeke kwaye kuvezwe. I-OR yongeza imbali yowiso-mthetho kwisigqibo samalungu kwaye ipapashe ngendlela yomthetho otyibilikayo. Olu cwangciso lolawulo luqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho olucetyisiweyo lubhalwe kakuhle kwaye lulungiselelwe ukusasaza kumazwe.

Isaziso Koorhulumente

Emva kokuba iBhunga licebise ukulungiswa, iArchivist yeUnited States, ekhokela uLawulo logcino-lwazi lweSizwe nolawulo lweeRecords (NARA), ibekwe ityala lokusebenzisa inkqubo yokwahlula phantsi kolungiselelo lweyoku-1.S.C. 106b. Oku kumela indima ebalulekileyo yolawulo kwisigaba sasemva kokudlula.

Umbhinqisi-siseko wale mithetho wazisa ngokusemthethweni amaphondo, ngeleta ebhalisiweyo eya kuRhuluneli nganye, ukuba kucetyiwe ukuba kulungiswe icebo. IRhuluneli nganye ibeka ngokusemthethweni intengiselwano kwindlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye indibano yokuqinisekisa). Le nkqubo yentengiso isemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwe afumana isaziso sasemthethweni kwaye angakwazi ukuqalisa uphando lwawo.

Iintshukumo zomgangatho weRotificity

Xa amatyala efumene isaziso, aqalisa iinkqubo zawo zowiso-mthetho ukuqwalasela ulungiso olucetyiswayo. Abalawuli bandula ke balunikele ngokusemthethweni ulungiso kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zabo zeRhulumente okanye urhulumente kufuneka indibano, kuxhomekeka koko kuye kwachazwa yiBhunga. Kwixesha elidluleyo, ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zeLizwe azilindelanga ukufumana isaziso esisemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba zithathe inyathelo elicetyisiweyo lokulungisa.

Xa uRhulumente ulungisa ulungiso olucetyiswayo, uthumela iArchivicist ikopi yokuqala okanye eqinisekisiweyo yomsebenzi kaRhulumente, edluliselwa ngoko nangoko kuMlawuli weRegiji yoManyaniso. I-OR ihlola amaxwebhu adityanisiweyo okuneliseka okusemthethweni kobuso nosayino olungqinelayo. Le nkqubo yoqinisekiso iqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kwesenzo soburhulumente ngabunye.

Ukuqinisekiswa nokubhengezwa okusemthethweni

Xa inani elifunekayo lelizwe ligunyazisile ukubuyiselwa, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iqala. Oku kumela elinye lawona manyathelo abalulekileyo ekugqibeni ukudityaniswa kwendlela yokulungisa inkqubo yomthetho.

Indima Yesiqinisekiso Setshirst

Xa i-OFR iqinisekisa ukuba ifumene inani elifunekayo lamaxwebhu okuqinisekisa aqinisekisiweyo, idrafti isibhengezo esisemthethweni sombhinqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho luyasebenza kwaye luye lwaba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Esi siqinisekiso sipapashwa kwirejista yoBukhosi kunye ne-U.S. iMithetho eLe mithetho eKhulu kwaye isebenza njengesaziso esisemthethweni kwiBhunga kwaye kuhlanga ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa igqitywe.

IArchivist ayikwenzi naziphi na izigqibo ezincinci ezithi zigqitywe ngokusebenza kwezenzo zokwandiswa kweRhulumente, kodwa kuqinisekiswe ukuba isiqinisekiso sombhinqo sokwanela okusemthethweni kobuso kwamaxwebhu okhuphiso lokugqibela kwaye lugqibelele. Eli gunya lilinganiselweyo liqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yesiqinisekiso ihlala ihleli isebenza ngolungiselelo kunokuba ibe yeyobuncinci.

Uhlaziyo Luba Nemiphumo Kangakanani Ngokwenene?

Umbuzo obalulekileyo unxulumene nexesha elithe ngqo xa ulungiso lusebenza. Ulungiso luba yinxalenye esebenzayo yomGaqo-siseko xa luvunywa ngamanani afunekayo, kunokuba lube ngumhla wamva xa uqikelelo lwawo luqinisekisiwe. Akukho sinyathelo siphambili seBhunga okanye nabani na ofunekayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukulungisa kusebenza ngokusemthethweni ngokukhawuleza kwintlawulo yokugqibela yombuso, nangaphambi kokuba i-clacy esemthethweni ivele.

Ngezihlandlo ezithathu, emva kokuba iBhunga lithe laxelelwa ukuba utshintsho lufikelele kumda wokudityaniswa, lamkela isigqibo sokuvakalisa inkqubo igqitywe ngempumelelo. Izenzo ezinjalo, nangona zibalulekile ngenxa yezizathu zobupolitika, zinjalo, ngokomGaqo-siseko, aziyomfuneko. Amandla asemthethweni ozilungiso akaxhomekekanga kwezi zigqibo zombutho.

Iinkalo ze-ceremonial yesiqinisekiso

Kwimbali yakutshanje, ukutyikitywa kwesi satifiketi kuye kwaba ngumsebenzi wesithethe owenziwa ziindwalutho ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezisenokuquka uMongameli. Nangona le mibhiyozo ingenantsingiselo esemthethweni, isebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo zomfuziselo ukuphawula ixesha elingokwembali xa umGaqo-siseko ulungiswa ngokusemthethweni.

Upapasho nengqwalasela esemthethweni

Emva kokuqinisekiswa, iinkqubo ezithe zanda zokupapashwa nezokukhutshwa ziqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela anxulumeneyo axelelwe ngenguqulelo yomgaqo-siseko. Eli nyathelo libalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lunokwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye lunyanzelekile.

Ubhaliso lomanyano nokhupho lomthetho

Isiqinisekiso sokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko sipapashwa kwimithombo emininzi esemthethweni. Ukhupho-ndaba kwiFederal Register lunika isaziso esikhawulezileyo kumaqumrhu orhulumente kunye nakuluntu olusemthethweni, ngeli xesha ukufakwa kweMithetho eUnited States eKhulu kusenza irekhodi esemthethweni esisigxina. Ezi mpapasho zisebenza njengomthombo onegunya wokulungisa umbhalo we-antement nembali yembali.

Ukwazisa Ngoorhulumente

Umanyano, urhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni karhulumente kufuneka axelelwe ngezilungiso zomGaqo-siseko ukuze akwazi ukuhlaziya iinkqubo zawo, iindlela, kunye nezenzo ngokufanelekileyo. Le nkqubo yokwazisa ihamba ngamajelo asemthethweni, namaqumrhu karhulumente afumana isaziso ngeFederal Register kunye noorhulumente ngonxibelelwano olusemthethweni oluvela kugcino-zincwadi lweSizwe.

Uphando Olusemgangathweni

Oorhulumente banembopheleleko yokwazisa uluntu ngeenguquko ezichaphazela amalungelo abo nezibopheleleko zabo. Oku kusenokuquka ukukhutshwa komsebenzi wokushicilela, ukuhlaziywa kweewebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni, izinto zokufundisa ezisezikolweni, namaphulo olwazi lukawonke-wonke. Umlinganiselo wemigudu onjalo uxhomekeke kwindlela utshintsho oluchaphazeleka ngayo ngokuthe ngqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.

Ukulungisa okuguqula amalungelo okanye urhulumente, kungasetyenziswa imigudu yokufundisa uluntu eninzi. Oku kunokuquka iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, iincwadana ezinenkcazelo, amaphulo onxibelelwano olunxulumene nezentlalo-ntle, kunye nokusebenzisana namajelo eendaba ukuqinisekisa ngokuchanekileyo ngeziphumo zenkqubo yotshintsho.

Ukusetyenziswa koMgaqo-nkqubo

Ukuphumeza kumela umsebenzi osebenzayo wokudibanisa utshintsho kwinkqubo esemthethweni esebenzayo. Eli candelo linokuba luxanduva kunye nokulungisa ixesha, ingakumbi ukutshintsha okufuna utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimithetho ekhoyo, imimiselo, kunye neenkqubo.

Ukuzalisekiswa koMthetho

Izindululo ezininzi zomgaqo-siseko zifuna ukuphunyezwa komthetho osebenza ngokupheleleyo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisenokufuna ukudlulisela imithetho emitsha enika imithetho nemigaqo enkcubeko efunekayo ukunikela isiphumo kumalungiselelo okulungisa. Umzekelo, ukubuyiselwa okudala amalungelo amatsha okanye izibonelelo zikarhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna umthetho wokumisela iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye nonyango lokwaphula umthetho.

Inkqubo yokuphunyezwa komthetho ibandakanya ukwenza amatyala, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye neevoti kumagumbi owiso-mthetho omabini. Le nkqubo isenokuthabatha iinyanga okanye kwaneminyaka, kuxhomekeka ekuntsonkothekeni kokuguquka kwemeko-bume yezobupolitika. Ngeli xesha, kusenokungabikho kuthandabuza ngendlela okuza kusetyenziswa ngayo ukuhlaziywa.

Iinguqu Zolawulo

Amasebe azimeleyo kunye namagunya karhulumente kufuneka ahlolisise aze ahlaziye imithetho yawo ukuze avumelane nokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yolawulo ibandakanya ukupapasha imithetho ecetyisiweyo, ukwamkela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, nokumisela imimiselo yokugqibela. UMthetho weNkqubo yoLawulo kunye nemithetho efanayo karhulumente ilawula le nkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe nokuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu.

Imigaqo ekhoyo kufuneka iphawule yonke imithetho engqubanayo okanye echaphazelekayo lutshintsho, imimiselo yedrafti, kunye nolungelelwaniso namanye amaqumrhu anokungena ngendawo. Le nkqubo ifuna uhlalutyo olusemthethweni olucokisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo emitsha iphumeza ngokufanelekileyo ukufezekisa ukulungiswa kwayo ngoxa ithobela eminye imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko kunye neemfuno zomthetho.

Ukuhlaziya Amaxwebhu Asemthethweni kunye neefomu

Imibutho yorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba kufuneka ihlaziye amaxwebhu, iintlobo, kunye neenkqubo ezingenakubalwa zokubonakalisa ukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko. Oku kubandakanya iifomu zenkundla, iizicelo zolawulo, izifungo ezisemthethweni, izivumelwano zikarhulumente, kunye nezinto zomyalelo. Umlinganiselo walo msebenzi unokuba mkhulu, ingakumbi ukutshintshwa kwemisebenzi engundoqo karhulumente okanye amalungelo abemi.

Amagosa kunye namagosa agunyazisa imithetho, iinkundla, amaqumrhu olawulo namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka ahlaziye iinkqubo zawo zangaphakathi kunye nezinto zoqeqesho. Amagosa namagosa kufuneka afundiswe ngendlela ukulungiswa kwemisebenzi yawo namalungelo abantu abasebenzisana nabo. Le nkqubo yoqeqesho ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphunyezwa okufanelekileyo nokuthintelwa kokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Uhlaziyo lobuxhakaxhaka kunye neenkqubo

Imisebenzi karhulumente wale mihla ixhomekeke kakhulu kwinkqubo zekhompyutha kunye nesiseko sogcino-lwazi. Ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko kungafuna ukuhlaziya i-software, isiseko sogcino-lwazi, kunye neenkqubo ezitshintshayo ezizenzekelayo. Olu tshintsho lobugcisa lungabiza imali eninzi kwaye lusebenzisa ixesha, kodwa lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyasebenza ngokuvisisana nomGaqo-siseko olungisiweyo.

Ukucaciswa kwesigwebo kunye neNkqubo

Emva kokuba kuqaliswe ukulungisa, iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni intsingiselo yazo nasekuyisebenziseni kwiimeko ezithile. Le nkqubo yokugweba ibumba indlela esebenza ngayo kwaye isenokuqhubeka isebenza kangangamashumi eminyaka emva kokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango.

Ucelomngeni Lokuqala Olusemthethweni

Izilungiso ezitsha zomgaqo-siseko zisoloko zijongene neengxaki zomthetho ezikhawulezileyo njengoko amaqela efuna ukumisa imida yokulungisa umsebenzi. Ezi meko ziphambili zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba zimisela imizekelo ekhokelayo ukutyhilwa kwexesha elizayo. Abaxhasi bangakucel ’ umngeni ukufezeka komtya wokulungisa, ukuphikisana ngentsingiselo yayo, okanye ukukhuphisana ngendlela esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile.

Iinkundla kufuneka zicombulule imibuzo ephathelele ulungiso, ulwalamano lwazo namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, nendlela echaphazela ngayo imithetho ekhoyo kunye nezenzo. Ezi nkcazelo zokuqala zingayiphembelela ngokuphawulekayo indlela inguquko eqondwa ngayo kwaye isetyenziswe ngayo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwemfundiso yomgaqo-siseko

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla zivelisa iqumrhu lemfundiso yomgaqo-siseko elichaza ulungiso. Le mfundiso iquka imigaqo yomthetho, iimvavanyo, kunye nemigangatho ekhokela indlela ulungiso olusetyenziswa ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Iinkcazelo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zinempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo, njengoko zibopha iinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye zimisela iinkcazelo ezigunyazisiweyo zentsingiselo yokulungisa.

Imfundiso yomGaqo-siseko iguquka njengoko iinkundla zidibana neemeko ezintsha zize ziphinde ziqwalasele iinkcazelo zangaphambili ngokuqwalasela iimeko ezitshintshayo. Le nkqubo yendaleko ithetha ukuba intsingiselo esebenzayo yentsingiselo ingatshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha, nangona umbhalo wayo ungatshintshanga.

Ukudibana namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko

Iinkundla kufuneka zimisele indlela ezitsha zokulungisa ezisebenzisana ngayo namalungiselelo akhoyo omgaqo-siseko. Maxa wambi ukulungisa kuthatyathelw' indawo ngokucacileyo kumalungiselelo angaphambili, kodwa ulwalamano lusoloko luntsokothile. Iinkundla kufuneka zivumelanise utshintsho olutsha nomnye umGaqo-siseko, zicombulule naluphi na uxinzeleko okanye iimbambano ezicacileyo.

Le misebenzi icacisa ifuna uhlalutyo lobuchule bokubhaliweyo, isakhiwo, kunye nembali. Iinkundla ziqwalasela injongo yokulungisa, iingxaki ebeziyilelwe ukucombulula, nendlela ezihambelana ngayo nesiseko somgaqo-siseko esibanzi. Ezi zigqibo zichaza impembelelo esebenzayo yemisebenzi karhulumente namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Umatshini Onyanzelwayo

Ukuze kulungiswe ukuba kubekho impembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi, iinkqubo zonyanzelo-mthetho ezisebenzayo kufuneka zimiselwe zigcinwe. Unyanzeliso lubandakanya abadlali abaninzi kunye namaziko asebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana neemfuno zolungiso.

Ukunyanzelwa Kukarhulumente

Amasebe karhulumente anembopheleleko eyintloko yokuqinisekisa ukuba kulungiswa imigaqo-siseko kwimimandla yawo elawulayo. Oku kunyanzelisa kungenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka ukuphanda ukwaphula umthetho, ukuzisa izenzo ezingokwasemthethweni nxamnye nabo baphula umthetho, ukumisela isohlwayo, nokuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo yokunyanzelisa.

Amasebe omanyano anjengeSebe leMimiselo yeSimo adlala indima ephambili ekunyanzeleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, ukuvavanya urhulumente okanye izenzo zorhulumente ezichasene nokulungisa. Amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni kunye nabatshutshisi basekuhlaleni nabo baneembopheleleko zokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yezomthetho isebenza, ingakumbi ukulungisa iziphumo ezichaphazela imisebenzi karhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwabantu Ngasese Ngemvume

Abantu nemibutho inganyanzelisa ukuba kulungiswe imigaqo-siseko ngokuzisa izenzo ezilucelomngeni zikarhulumente ezichasene nokulungisa. Le nkqubo yonyanzelo lwabucala ibalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthotyelwa korhulumente. IiNkundla zinika iimpendulo zokwaphula umthetho, kuquka imiyalelo, iintlawulo, kunye nezindululo zamalungelo.

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu, amaqumrhu anomdla woluntu, namagqwetha azimeleyo anendima ebalulekileyo ekumiseni umthetho. La matyala awaniki nje kuphela unyango lokwaphulwa okuthile kodwa akwamisela imizekelo engokwasemthethweni ekhokela ihambo yexesha elizayo nokuthintela ukwaphulwa komthetho.

Iinkqubo zoHlololo noHlomelo

Amaqumrhu karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu ajongene nolawulo ukuze kulandelwe imigaqo-nkqubo yokuthotyelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ehambelana nokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko. Ezi nkqubo zisenokuquka uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo, uhlolo olulandelwayo, iimfuno zokunika ingxelo, kunye nemigudu yokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi.

Amaqumrhu olawulo oluzimeleyo, anjengee-arhente ngokubanzi kunye neekhomishini zamalungelo abantu, akwadlala indima ebalulekileyo yokuhlola. La maqumrhu angaphanda izikhalazo, uhlolo lwendlela yokuziphatha, aze ancomele izenzo zokulungisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela ukuthobela

Ityala Lokwaphula

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okunentsingiselo kufuna isohlwayo esinentsingiselo xa kuphulwa. Ezi zigwebo zingaquka isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, intengo yoluntu, ukuhlawuliswa, ukuphulukana nemali karhulumente, nokuphulukana namalungelo. Ubunzulu besohlwayo bubonisa ubunzulu bokwaphulwa kolwaphulwa kwaloo mithetho kunye nemfuneko yokuthintela ukungengafikeleli kwekamva.

Kumagosa karhulumente achasene nokulungisa okungokomGaqo-siseko, izigwebo zisenokuquka ukususwa eofisini, iimfanelo zomntu ngamnye zomonakalo, nokubekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kwiimeko ezingekho mthethweni. Ezi ndlela ziyimfuneko ukuphendula ityala ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abadlali bakarhulumente bayayihlonela imiqathango yegunya labo.

Impembelelo Yomthetho Nezenzo Ezikhoyo

Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lunokuba neziphumo ezifikelela kude kwimithetho ekhoyo, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda nokulawula ezi mpembelelo kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yasemva kokudluliswa.

Ukungavumelani Okuzenzekelayo Nemithetho Engqubanayo

Xa ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko luqalisa ukusebenza, nawuphi na umthetho okanye imimiselo engqubana nawo iphelelwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Lo mgaqo-siseko wobukhulu bomGaqo-siseko uthetha ukuba ukulungisa ngokukhawuleza kuthatha indawo yamalungiselelo angobunyani, nangaphandle kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo esesikweni yokuphinda ilungiswe. Noko ke, ukuchaza yonke imithetho engqubanayo nokuyisusa kwiincwadi kungathatha ixesha nomgudu omkhulu.

Imimiselo nemigaqo kufuneka iqwalasele ngokuphandle ukuchaza imithetho nemigaqo ekufuneka ihlaziyiwe. Le nkqubo ibandakanya uhlalutyo olusemthethweni, ukulungelelanisana kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, kwaye isoloko imisela imithetho yokususa ngokusemthethweni amalungiselelo angento yanto kwiincwadi zemithetho.

Izibonelelo Ezicacileyo Nexesha Lobubele

Ezinye izindululo ziquka imiqathango etshintshayo ekwimeko yabo ekufuneka ixesha elide okanye inika amaxesha obubele ukuze kuthotyelwe. La malungiselelo aqaphela ukuba uzalisekiso olukhawulezileyo lungangasebenzi okanye lungaphazamisa. Amalungiselelo otshintsho anokuchaza imihla eyahlukileyo esebenzayo yolungiselelo olwahlukileyo, ukuseka ulwaleko lokwexeshana, okanye ukunikezela ngexesha lamalungiselelo ayimfuneko.

Nangaphandle kwamalungiselelo acacileyo, iinkundla kunye namagunya asebenzisayo angaziqaphela izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze azalisekise ngokuthe ngcembe. Le ndlela ifanelekileyo inceda ekuphepheni isiphithiphithi ngoxa isaqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zolungiso zizalisekiswa ekugqibeleni.

Iimpikiswano zesicelo esitsha

Kusoloko kuvela imibuzo yokuba ngaba utshintsho lusebenza ngokutsha kwihambo yangaphambili okanye kuphela kwizenzo ezilindelekileyo zexesha elizayo. Iinkundla zidla ngokuqikelela ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lusebenza ngokungalindelekanga ngaphandle kokuba lubonise ngokucacileyo. Noko ke, iinguqu ezithi zandise amalungelo okanye zimisele igunya likarhulumente zisenokuba neziphumo ezizizo ezisebenzayo kwiimeko ezithile, ezifana nokuhlala zilindele imicimbi engokwasemthethweni.

Le mibuzo ye-erotropic ingaba nzima kwaye ibe nempikiswano, ingakumbi xa ichaphazela ukulindela okanye intengiselwano egqityiweyo. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise iinjongo zolungiso kunye nenkxalabo yokusesikweni kunye nezilangazelelo zokuxhomekeka xa zifumana indawo yayo yexesha elifutshane.

Ukuqwalaselwa Ngokukhethekileyo Kweentlobo Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zokuhlaziywa

Inkqubo yasemva kokudlulisa ingahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nomba wento yokulungisa. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zolungiso zinika ucelomngeni kunye nolwandiso.

Uhlaziyo olunika inkxaso-mali

IziHlanziso ezidala okanye ezandisiweyo zamalungelo omntu ngamnye zifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zomthetho nakunyango. Ezi zindululo zifuna ukuba kumiselwe umthetho ochaza indlela amalungelo anokuthethelelwa ngayo, amayeza akhoyo okwaphula umthetho, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente anegunya lokuqinisekisa ukuba ukufundisa abantu ngamalungelo amatsha kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bawasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuhlaziywa koMthetho

IziHlaliso eziguqula ukwakhiwa okanye imisebenzi karhulumente, njengaloo nkqubo itshintshayo yonyulo okanye amagunya karhulumente, zifuna ukulungelelaniswa okugqithisileyo phakathi kwamaqumrhu karhulumente. Ezi zindululo zisenokufuna ukuba kubekho amaziko amatsha, iinkqubo ezihlaziyiweyo, kunye neenguqu ezibalulekileyo kwindlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente. Ucwangciso lokufakela kufuneka lucombulule imibuzo eluncedo malunga nexesha, ulwahlulo lwezibonelelo, kunye nolungelelwaniso phakathi kwemibutho echaphazelekayo.

Ukugwetywa okanye Umgaqo - siseko

Ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho ethintela ihambo ethile okanye ukuvalwa kwemithetho karhulumente kufuna ubuchule bokuqinisekisa ukuba kuphunyezwe imigaqo-nkqubo yomthetho. Le migaqo isenokuchaswa ngabo bachaphazelekayo, benze ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kube baluleke ngokukhethekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kumele kuquka imilinganiselo ecacileyo, ukujonga iliso elisebenzayo, kunye nesohlwayo esinentsingiselo xa kuphulwa.

Imida Yexesha Nemida Efileyo

Umbandela wexesha lokuhluthwa unentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yoko kwenzekayo emva kokuba kudluliswe iNkomfa okokuqala kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ivunywe ngamazwe.

Igunya Lemibutho Lokumisela Imilinganiselo Efileyo

Inqaku V alikhankanyi ngomda wexesha lokubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko, yaye akukho kulungiswa phambi kwenkulungwane yama-20 okunomda wexesha odityaniswe kuyo. Utshintsho lokuqala olunomda wexesha yaba nguMmiselo we-18 (Isivumelwano), ocetyisiweyo ngo1917. Ngezizathu zobupolitika, iBhunga liquka ummiselo weminyaka esixhenxe okhethelwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwiCandelo 3.

Ukususela ngoMphetho-mda wama-20, iKhonkxa idibanise umlinganiselo wexesha ekulungisweni kwazo zonke izinto ezicetywayo. Oku kubonisa ugwebo lweNkqutyana malunga nemfuneko yokudityaniswa kwemiqathango ngexesha elinye, nangona isiseko somGaqo-siseko semiqathango enjalo siye saxutyushwa.

Izicombululo Ngaphandle Kwemiqathango Efileyo

Inkcazo yembali elinganiselweyo icebisa ukuba ukuba iBhunga alikhankanyi ixesha elimiselweyo lokudityaniswa, ulungiso lusahleli luhleli phambi kolawulo de inani elifunekayo lamazwe liyivumile. Ngo-192, uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesibini eshumi elinesibini, oluthetha ngomhla osebenzayo wokuhlawula ingqungquthela, lwaba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-202 emva kokuba icetyisiwe. Lo mzekelo ubalaseleyo ubonisa ukuba ukupheliswa ngaphandle kwemiqathango kuhlala kusebenza ngokungenasiphelo.

Imbono Yezahlulelo Zeejaji Ngexesha

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-1921 (iSibonda-nde. Gloss) saqinisekisa ukuba iKhomishini inamandla okumisela umlinganiselo wexesha eliqinisekileyo lokwenza ingxengxezo; kwakhona yabonisa ukuba utshintsho luba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko okha wagunyaziswa ngurhulumente wokugqibela obumba uninzi lwamaphondo amathathu anesine. IDillon Court yathi i-antemplement mayiqinisekiswe ngaphakathi "engqiqo" kunye "ukungqinelana nokusetyenziswa kwesakhelo sexesha".

Noko ke, kamva izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zayiguqula le mbono, ziphatha ixesha lokusetyenziswa kweenkokeli njengembambano yezobupolitika yeNkomfa kunokuba zibe ngumbandela ofanelekileyo wokuba iinkundla zigqibe.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yokuzalisekiswa Komgaqo - siseko

Ukuhlolisisa indlela eziye zahlaziywa ngayo iindibaniselwano zinika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yasemva kokudlula kunye nocelomngeni lwayo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Izivumelwano zokuqala ezilishumi, ezavunywa ngowe-1791, ezamiselwa amalungelo asisiseko kodwa kwafuneka ukuba amashumi eminyaka achazwa ngokusesikweni ukuze achaze ububanzi bawo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwawo. Ekuqaleni, ezi zindululo zimisela kuphela inyathelo likarhulumente elithintelweyo, hayi oorhulumente. Kwathatha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeshumi elinesine kunye nezigqibo ezilandelayo ukusebenzisa uninzi lweBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe ngemfundiso yokuqulutya.

Ukusetyenziswa kweBhili yamaLungelo bekuyinkqubo eqhubekayo ethabatha iinkulungwane ezimbini, iinkundla ziqhubeka zisulungekisa indlela ezi ntetho ezisebenza ngayo kubugcisa obutsha, kwiimeko zentlalo, nakwizenzo zikarhulumente. Lo mzekelo wembali ubonisa ukuba uzalisekiso lwezimo asisosiganeko sexesha elinye kodwa yinkqubo etshintshayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kolwakhiwo

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine neseshumi elinesihlanu, saqinisekiswa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, saguqula ngokusisiseko umthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMelika ngokuphelisa ubukhoboka nokumisela ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye namalungelo okuvota. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwabo kwajamelana nenkcaso enkulu, kwaye izithembiso zabo zahlala zingazalisekiswa phantse inkulungwane de umbutho wamalungelo abantu woo1950 nawowee 1960.

Le mbali ibonisa ukuba ukuhlaziywa okusemthethweni kokulungisa akuqinisekisi ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo. Imigudu yokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo kuyimfuneko ukuqaphela amandla apheleleyo okulungisa. Ukuhlaziywa komthetho okuququzelela ukuphunyezwa komthetho, kuquka amaLungelo asekuhlaleni, uMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu, kunye neminye imithetho emininzi yokusebenza.

IsiHlomelo Seshumi Elilithoba

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyaziswa ngo-1920, saqinisekisa ilungelo lamabhinqa lokuvota. Ukuphunyezwa kwaso kwafuna ukuba kulungiswe imithetho yonyulo, kuhlaziywe iinkqubo zokuvota, kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba amabhinqa anokusebenzisa ilungelo lawo elitsha elivunyiweyo. Ngoxa umbhalo wokulungisa wawubhalwe ngokungqalileyo, ukuphunyezwa kwawo okusebenzayo kwakubandakanya umsebenzi wolawulo notshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenkcubeko.

Amanye amazwe ayesele enike amabhinqa amalungelo okuvota phambi kokulungisa, kodwa amanye kwafuneka enze utshintsho olunzulu kwinkqubo yonyulo. Ukwenziwa kotshintsho kwabonisa indlela iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko ezinokuqhubela ngayo utshintsho olubanzi lwentlalo lo gama kuxhomekeke kolo tshintsho ukuze lusebenze ngokupheleleyo.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1971, lwathoba isizukulwana sokuvota saya kufikelela kwi-18.

Le inguqulelo ibonisa ukuba kwaneenguqu ezibonakala zilula zomGaqo-siseko zifuna imigudu esebenzayo ukuze zisebenze ngokupheleleyo. Kwafuneka ukuba ama-United States ahlaziye imithetho emininzi nemigaqo, abasebenzi bonyulo, abaqeqeshi, nokuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti abaselula bawaqonde amalungelo abo amatsha nendlela yokuwasebenzisa.

IziHlaziso zoMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Ngelixesha eli nqaku lijolise kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente usoloko ulungiswa, kwaye inkqubo yasemva kokudlula kumgangatho wombuso ineempawu neengxaki zayo.

Umahluko kwinkqubela yeRhulumente

Iinkqubo zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko wesizwe ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Iimeko ezininzi zivumela ukutshintshwa kwabemi ngokusetyenziswa kwenyathelo lokuvota, ngeli xesha amanye efuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho elandelwa ngumvoti. Amanye amazwe anenkqubo yokulungisa okulula, okuphumela ekulungiseni imigaqo-siseko emide ngeenguqu ezininzi, lo gama amanye enza izilungiso ezinzima ukuzamkela.

Emva kokudlula, utshintsho lukarhulumente lusebenza ngokwemiqathango echazwe ekulungisweni ngokwayo okanye kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ezinye ziba nempumelelo ngoko nangoko kwimvume yabavoti, ngelixa abanye bechaza imihla esebenzayo ukuvumela amalungiselelo okuzalisekisa. Amagosa karhulumente kufuneka apapashe intengiso, ukwazisa amaqumrhu karhulumente achaphazelekayo, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo efana naleyo kumgangatho karhulumente.

Ukusebenzisa Iingxaki Kumgangatho Karhulumente

Ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko wesizwe kungajamelana nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo lokuphunyezwa. Amazwe asoloko enoovimba abalinganiselweyo kunorhulumente wesizwe ukwenzela ukuzalisekisa iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko. Ngaphezu koko, utshintsho lorhulumente lungachaphazela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, lufuna ukulungelelaniswa kwelizwe, imimandla kunye nemikhosi kamasipala.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zidlala indima ephambili ekuchazeni utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, nangona izigqibo zazo zisenokuphenjelelwa ngumthetho womGaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye neenkcazelo ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Ukuphuhliswa kwemfundiso yomGaqo-siseko karhulumente kulandela imigaqo efana nenkcazelo yomgaqo-siseko worhulumente kodwa kubonisa izithethe namaxabiso akhethekileyo karhulumente ngamnye.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokusetyenziswa Komgaqo-nkqubo

Amazwe awahlukeneyo anendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa umgaqo-siseko kunye nokuzalisekisa kwawo. Uhlalutyo lwemisebenzi yezizwe ngezizwe lunika umongo oluncedo wokufanisa ukuqondwa kwenkqubo yaseMerika.

Inkqubo yePalamente

Kwinkqubo zepalamente, ukulungisa komGaqo-siseko kudla ngokufuna iivoti ezinkulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, maxa wambi zilandelwe zii-stadenteum eziqhelekileyo ziqhubekeka ngokukhawuleza kunaseUnited States kuba iinkqubo zepalamente ngokuqhelekileyo zinokwahlulwa okuncinane kwamandla kunye neencam ezimbalwa. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo ziseneengxaki zokuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa nokugcinwa komthetho okusebenzayo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano

Iinkqubo zomanyano ezifana neKhanada, iOstreliya, neJamani zinenkqubo yokulungisa, njenge-United States, zifuna ukuvunywa koorhulumente besizwe nabezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi nkqubo zijongene neengxaki ezifanayo ekusebenzeni kolwakhiwo kumgangatho ohlukahlukeneyo karhulumente. Iinkqubo ezithile ziyahluka, kodwa imfuneko esisiseko yentsebenziswano phakathi kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente iqhelekile kuzo zonke iinkqubo zesizwe.

Ucelomngeni Nezindululo Zokuhlaziywa

Inkqubo yasemva yokudlulisa ayisoloko igudile, kwaye iingxaki neempikiswano ezininzi zingavela xa kuphunyezwa.

Ukuchaswa kokuzalisekiswa

Ezinye iziphendu zijongene nokuchaswa okunamandla kwamagosa karhulumente, amaqela enzala, okanye amacandelo abantu abachasa iinguqu. Oku kuxhathisa kungathatha iindlela ezininzi, kuquka ukungavumi ukuthobela, ukucel ’ umngeni ukufaneleka okanye ukutolikwa kwenkcazelo, imigudu yokumisela imithetho ephikisanayo, kunye namaphulo ezobupolitika okuphelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho.

Ukoyisa ukuxhathisa kufuna ulawulo oluzinzileyo lwezobupolitika, ubuchule bokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, yaye ngokufuthi ukungenelela kokugweba ukunyanzela ukuthobela. Imbali yokulungisa amalungelo abantu ibonisa ukuba utshintsho olusemthethweni olusemthethweni aluphenduli luze lube lutshintsho olusebenzisekayo xa izilangazelelo ezinamandla zichasa ukuphunyezwa.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ukusetyenziswa kotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kungabiza imali eninzi, kufuna inkxaso-mali yeenkqubo ezintsha, uqeqesho lwabasebenzi, uhlaziyo lwenkqubo kunye nemisebenzi yokusebenza. Ukunqanda ukuphunyezwa kwezibonelelo kusenokulibazisekisa okanye kuthintele ukuphunyezwa, ingakumbi ngexesha loxinezeleko loxinzelelo. Imithetho kufuneka ixhaswe ngokwaneleyo, kwaye amaziko kufuneka anike ubuncwane ngokunempumelelo ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo.

Iimpikiswano Ezinokuqondwa

Ukungavisisani ngentsingiselo yokulungisa kungawenza mazibuthe kakhulu uzalisekiso. Amaqumrhu awahlukeneyo karhulumente, iinkundla, kunye nabaxhasi bale ngxaki basenokuba neenkcazelo ezingqubanayo ngoko kufunayo kokulungisa. Ezi mpikiswano zingakhokelela ekuzalisekisweni okungahambelaniyo, ekungaqinisekini ngeembopheleleko ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukulungisa iimpikiswano ezicacisayo kudla ngokufuna ukungenelela kwekomiti, kodwa inkundla isenokuthabatha iminyaka ukunikela ukhokelo oluqinisekileyo. Okwangoku, amaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka enze imigudu elungileyo yokholo ukuze avumelane nokulungisa okusekelwe kuko konke ukuqonda kwawo oko kufunekayo.

Iingxaki zokulungelelanisa

Ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko kudinga umanyano lwamaqumrhu amaninzi karhulumente kumanqanaba awahlukeneyo. Ukunganxibelelani konxibelelwano, izinto eziza kuqala ezingqubanayo, kunye ne-intertary inokuthintela ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo. Ukuphumelela kudinga ukhokelo olucacileyo, imijelo yonxibelelwano esebenzayo kunye nendlela yokucombulula iingxaki zentlalo-ntle.

Izenzo ezingcono zokusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo

Amava aphunyezweyo atyhile iindlela eziliqela ezingcono ezinokubangela ukuba inkqubo yasemva kokudlula isebenze.

Ukuceba Nokulungiselela

Imigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente kufuneka iqalise ukulungiselela ukuzalisekisa ngaphambi kokuba kuqinisekiswe utshintsho. Oku kucetyiswa kwangaphambili kungachaza imingeni esenokubakho, iimfuno zoovimba, kunye neemfuno zomanyano.

Ukuphumeza imithetho

Xa izindululo zifuna ukuphunyezwa komthetho, loo mthetho kufuneka ucace, uqulethwe, kwaye umiselwe ngokukhawuleza. Ukutyhafisa okanye ukulibazisa ukuzalisekisa umthetho kungakuphelisa ukusebenza kwendlela yokulungisa nokudala ukungaqiniseki okungeyomfuneko. Imithetho kufuneka ibandakanye ekucingisiseni ngokucokisekileyo ngeli xesha ikwaqonda ukubaluleka kwenyathelo elifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Ubandakanyeko Lomntu Onento yokwenza

Ukuhlaziywa kwezithintelo ezichaphazelekayo kwinkqubo yokuzalisekisa kunokuphucula iziphumo zenkxaso yokulungisa. Amaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka adibane nemibutho yoluntu, abantu abachaphazelekayo, iingcali zomthetho, nabanye abaxhasi bokufumana izicombululo ezisebenzayo

Ukujongwa nokuhlolwa

Uhlolo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nokuhlolwa kwemigudu yokuzalisekisa lungachonga iingxaki zenze kube lula ukulungisa. Amaqumrhu orhulumente kufuneka amisele imilinganiso yokulinganisa inkqubela-phambili yokuzalisekisa, aqokelele ugcino-lwazi olufanelekileyo, kwaye rhoqo ahlole ukuba utshintsho luyazifikelela na iinjongo zalo ezicetyiweyo. Olu hlolisiso luqhubekayo luvumela ulawulo olulungelelaniswayo nophuhliso oluqhubekayo.

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke Nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukugcina uluntu lunolwazi ngemigudu yokuzalisekisa ilwakha ukuthembana nokuthobela. Amaqumrhu orhulumente kufuneka athethe ngokucacileyo ngoko kufunwayo, indlela ekwenziwa ngayo, nendlela ekuchaphazela ngayo abemi. Ukulungelelanisa ukuphunyezwa kwemiqathango nenkqubela kunceda ukulondoloza intembelo yoluntu kwinkqubo.

Indima Yoluntu Lokuhlaziywa Komthetho

Imibutho yamakhaya yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuphunyezwa kotshintsho olusebenzayo. Le mibutho iyakwazi ukuqwalasela ukuthotyelwa koorhulumente, ifundise uluntu, inike uncedo olusemthethweni kubantu abafuna ukulwela amalungelo abo, ixhase ukuphunyezwa nokunyanzeliswa komthetho.

Imibutho yolawulo oluphezulu isoloko isebenza njengee-arhente ezijongene nokungaphumeleli kokuphumeza impumelelo, kunye namaqumrhu oxinzelelo karhulumente ukuze aphumeze iimbopheleleko zawo. Anokuzizisa uluvo lokunyanzelisa ukufezekiswa, aqhube uphando malunga nokuphunyezwa kweengxaki, kwaye alungiselele inkxaso kawonke-wonke ukwenzela ukuphunyezwa okunempumelelo. Le sivumelwano soluntu siyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuba urhulumente aphendule kwaye aqinisekise ukuba iintlawulo ziphumeze iinjongo zawo.

Inkqubo ye-Evolution yovimba wethutyana

Uzalisekiso lohlaziyo asisosiganeko esinye kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo eqhubekeka emva kwexesha elide emva kokuhlaziywa kokuqala. Njengoko iinguqu zebutho, kuphakama imibuzo emitsha ngendlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezintsha. Inkqubela-phambili zobugcisa, inkqubela-phambili yentlalo, kunye namaxabiso aguqukayo anokuchaphazela yonke into indlela yokuzilungisa okuqondwa nokuphunyezwa ngayo.

Iinkundla kunye nabanye abatoliki kufuneka bavumelanise imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko nokutshintsha kweemeko ngeli xesha behlala bethembekile kwiinjongo ezingundoqo zokulungisa. Le nkqubo yokuzivumela ukuba umGaqo-siseko uhlale ufanelekile kwaye usebenza kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, kwananjengoko ucelomngeni olungqalileyo olungqalileyo oluthetha ngokwenzeka ngokuguquka.

Ukuphunyezwa kolungiso lomgaqo-siseko kubonisa indlela esebenzayo yomthetho womgaqo-siseko. Umbhalo obhaliweyo unika isiseko, kodwa intsingiselo esebenzayo kunye nempembelelo yokulungisa ivela kwiinkqubo eziqhubekayo zokutolikwa, ukugcinwa komthetho-siseko, kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo inkqubo zomGaqo-siseko nokuguquka kwazo.

Isiphelo

Ukudlula kokulungisa kuphawula isiqalo, kungekhona isiphelo, senkqubo entsonkothileyo yotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Ukusuka ekuqiniseni nasekushicilelweni ngokwenziwa, ukugcinwa komthetho, kunye nokucaciswa kwetyala, kufuneka amanyathelo amaninzi ukudibanisa ukubuyiselwa kwinkqubo esemthethweni esebenzayo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukunxibelelana phakathi kwemibutho emininzi yorhulumente, eya kuxhaswa kwezobupolitika, oovimba abaneleyo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa okuqhubekayo kwiimeko ezitshintshayo.

Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo emva kokuba utshintsho ludluliselwe kutyhila umatshini ontsonkothileyo wolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Ibonisa indlela utshintsho olusemthethweni oluxhomekeke ngayo kwimigudu yokuzalisekisa esebenzisekayo, indlela okubhaliweyo okufuna ngayo ukutolikwa nokusetyenziswa, nendlela imigaqo-siseko ekufuneka igcinwe ngayo isebenza kwaye inyanzeliswe ngayo ukuba ihlale isebenza. Enoba kumgangatho worhulumente okanye worhulumente, eUnited States okanye kwamanye amazwe, inkqubo yokudlulisa ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko kuphumeza iinjongo zawo kwaye kunegalelo ekusebenzeni kolawulo olusemthethweni.

Kubemi, izifundiswa zomthetho, amagosa karhulumente, kunye naye nabani na onomdla kumthetho womgaqo-siseko, ukuqonda ubukhulu bokwenziwa kokutshintshwa kwemiqathango kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngendlela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi eziguquka ngayo zize zilungelelane. Ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko alufuni nje kuphela ukusetyenziswa okusesikweni kodwa lufuna isiqinisekiso esiqhubekayo sokwenza oko kube kukutshintsha ngokwenene nokusebenza. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuzalisekisa, ukutolika, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kuhlala kuhleli kwinxalenye ekhoyo yenkqubo yethu esemthethweni, ukubumba nokukhusela imisebenzi yorhulumente nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye oza kubakho izizukulwana ezizayo.

Ulwazi oluninzi malunga nenkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, tyelela ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe [[FLT:] okanye ubuchule bophando kwi-Cuntact:2] Antitution Ancodition[ kwithala leencwadi leBhunga.