Table of Contents

Ukumisa inkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yelizwe kungaziva usongazekile, ingakumbi ukuba awuzange ubendakanyeke kwintlanganiso esemthethweni ngaphambili. Ukuba uyayifaka ityala okanye uyasabela komnye, ukuqonda inyathelo ngenyathelo elithile lenkqubo kungakunceda ulungiselele oko kubekwe phambili kwaye wenze izigqibo zolwazi ngalo lonke ixesha. Iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha iinguqu ezininzi zemicimbi yasekuhlaleni, kwizivumelwano kunye nengxubusho yomntu ngamnye kwimicimbi yomthetho wekhaya kunye nempahla. Ngelixesha imigaqo ethile isenokuhluka kancinci ukusuka kwimeko ukuya kwimeko, isakhiwo esingundoqo sendlela ityala elihamba ngayo ngenkqubo yenkundla sihlala sihambelana ngokuthe ngqo.

Olu khokelo lubanzi luhamba kwiqonga ngalinye lenkundla yephondo, ukusuka kwisahlulo sokuqala sesikhalazo ukudlula kwisigqibo sokugqibela setyala lakho. Ngokuqhelanisa nezi nkqubo, uza kuxhotyiswa kakuhle ukusebenza ngempumelelo negqwetha lakho, ufezekise ixesha elibalulekileyo, kwaye uqonde izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo ezibumba ityala lakho.

Ukuqonda Iinkundla Zephondo Nesigwebo

Phambi kokuntywila kumanyathelo asemthethweni, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ziziphi iinkundla zikarhulumente nendlela ezahluke ngayo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Iinkundla zelizwe zisekwa ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ukusingatha uninzi lweempikiswano zomthetho eUnited States. Ezi ntwazana zinegunya elikhulu kwimicimbi yamakhaya neyolwaphulo-mthetho ephakama phantsi komthetho wesizwe.

Uninzi lwamazwe luneenkundla ezimandundu ezimbini eziqulunqile, ezineenkundla zesithili kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo ezibekwe kwindlu enye yenkundla kwiphondo ngalinye kodwa zikhokelwa ngabagwebi abahlukeneyo. Ulwahlulo lwamatyala phakathi kwezi nteko luxhomekeke kwimali ephikisanayo. Iinkundla ezilawula amatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya amatyala etyala angaphezulu kweedola ezingama-25 000 kunye namatyala ahlaselweyo, ngoxa iinkundla zesithili zisingatha amatyala abandakanya iityala ezimali ezizii-R25,000 okanye ngaphantsi, intsapho kunye namatyala olutsha, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angekho mthethweni, kunye neetyala ezingqungquthela.

Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya kwityala lakho kubalulekileyo. Apho ufaka isuti yakho kuxhomekeke kwizinto eziliqela, kuquka apho impikiswano ivela khona, nalapho amaqela ehlala khona, namatyala amancinane afuna ukuziswa kwingingqi apho ummangalelwa ahlala khona. Ukugalela kwinkundla ephosakeleyo kungaphumela ekubeni ugxothwe okanye uthuthwe, ubangele ukulibaziseka kunye neendleko ezongezelelekileyo.

Ukukhalaza Kokuqala: Ukuqala Ityala Lakho Ngesikhalazo

Uhambo oluya kwinkundla yelizwe luqala xa elinye iqela, --iphera ukusungula inyathelo elingokwasemthethweni kwelinye iqela(). Le nkqubo iqala ngokulungiselela nangokugcina ityala, oluluxwebhu lwesiseko olumisela lonke ityala ekuqhubekekeni kwalo.

Yintoni Isikhalazo?

Isikhalazo sixwebhu esinguxwebhu oluqhelekileyo oluza kuqalisa ityala, lichaza oko ummangalelwa athi ukwenze, kunye nesicombululo esicelwa ngummangalelwa. Olu xwebhu lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi enzima: luchaza ummangalelwa wesenzo esisemthethweni, lumisela igunya lenkundla, luchaza isiseko esiyinyaniso seli tyala, luchaze isiqabu okanye umonakalo ofunwayo.

Isikhalazo sakho kufuneka sibe nenkcazelo okanye isihloko esiquka igama lenkundla nengingqi, amaqela kwityala kunye negama lawo elifana netyala okanye ummangalelwa, inani letyala ukuba unomnye, kunye nesihloko soxwebhu. Ngapha koko, isikhalazo kufuneka siquke amazwi amafutshane nacacileyo entengo yakho ebonisa ukuba unelungelo lokukhulula, ukumisela iinkcukacha ezaneleyo zokuveza zonke izinto eziyimfuneko zentengo yoncedo ozingqinayo.

Iimfuno Ezimnandi Neembumba

Kwityala elithile kwinkundla yesiphaluka, uxwebhu lokuqala olugcinweyo ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba sisikhalazo okanye isibongozo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, kufuneka uhlawule umrhumo wefashoni xa ufaka uxwebhu oluqalayo. Iimali zokubhatala ziyahluka ngokohlobo lwetyala eligcinwayo, kodwa zisuka kumakhulu ambalwa ukuya kumakhulu aliqela eerandi.

Ukuba awukwazi ukuhlawula umrhumo wefashoni, unakho ukukhetha. Umngcwabi ongakwaziyo ukuhlawula umrhumo angafaka isicelo sokuqhubeka kwi-foma pauperes, kwaye ukuba isicelo sivunyiwe, umrhumo uyahlawulwa. Ukungahlawulwa kwemali yemali kusoloko kufuna ukuba nengeniso kwi-athom okanye ngaphantsi kwe- 150 ekhulwini lomgangatho wangoku wobuhlwempu osekelwe kwinani labantu abasekhaya kwaye engenamali engaphezulu kwe-R3,500 kwimali echithiweyo njengemali okanye ii-akhawunti zebhanki.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Ukusivala isikhalazo ngenkundla sinyathelo lokuqala. Ukuqalisa ityala loluntu, ummangali-mthetho ufaka isikhalazo kwinkundla kwaye usebenzise ikopi yesikhalazo kummangalelwa, echaza umonakalo okanye umonakalo wommangalelwa, echaza indlela ummangalelwa abangela ngayo umonakalo, ebonisa ukuba inkundla inegunya, kwaye ecela inkundla ukuba ithethe imvume yokukhulula.

Uza kunikwa izikhalo nezikhalazo kumntu ngamnye, ishishini, okanye umbutho karhulumente ozibiza ngokuba yinkonzo okanye amaphepha okusebenza, ubazise ukuba uyawamangalela enkundleni kwaye banikwe ixesha lokuphendula. Inkonzo efanelekileyo yenkqubo ibalulekile, ukuba ummangalelwa akasetyenziswa kakuhle, inkundla ayinalo igunya lokungenela umgwebo nxamnye nawo.

Inkonzo kufuneka yenziwe ngumntu ongelolungu kwityala kwaye oneminyaka engaphezu kwe-18 ubudala. Ukuba ufake isicelo sokuqhubeka ngaphandle kokuhlawulwa kwemirhumo kwaye ivunyelwe ngumgwebi, inkonzo yenkqubo iza kwenziwa kumntu ngamnye ummangalelwa ngaphandle kwexabiso kuwe yi-United States Marshal, nangona ujongene nokugqiba zonke iintlobo ezifunekayo nguMchasi ukwenzela inkonzo kwaye uza kufumana imiyalelo kulo mbandela kumsebenzi emva kokuba umgwebi evumile isicelo sakho.

Impendulo yommeli

Xa ummangalelwa enikezelwe ngokufanelekileyo ngesikhalazo kunye nokumema, banexesha elilinganiselweyo lokuphendula. Ixesha lokuphendula liyahluka ngokwamandla kodwa liqheleke phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-20 nezingama-35 ukusuka kumhla wenkonzo.

Ukujija Impendulo

Ukuba ufumene izimemo zokumangalelana, uneentsuku ezingama-35 zokuphendula, kwaye emva kweli xesha, ungalahlekelwa yityala ngomgwebo ongagqibekanga. Uxwebhu oluyintloko lwempendulo lommangalelwa lubizwa ngokuba yimpendulo, ephendula isityholo ngasinye kwisikhalazo.

Kwimpendulo, ummangalelwa makaphendule kwingxelo nganye ethethwa ekumangaleleni ngokuvuma, ngokukhanyela, okanye ngokuchaza ukuba abanayo inkcazelo eyaneleyo yokuvuma okanye yokukhanyela isityholo. Impendulo isenokuphakamisa ukhuseleko oluyiyo/izizathu ezithenjiweyo zokungaphili nokuba izityholo ziyinyaniso, ngokungathi zingummiselo wokusikek' umda, ukungakhathali, okanye ukungakwazi ukulawula.

Iintsontela ezidityanisiweyo kunye neClaims

Ukuba ufuna ukulwa nomntu othengiselanayo, quka ibala lecamelo ngempendulo yakho, kwaye ukuba unqwenela ukudibanisa isuti nxamnye nomnye ummangalelwa ogama linguMnqamlezo, quka isalam esinqamlezileyo. Iparameim ivumela ummangalelwa ukuba afake izityholo zakhe ngokuchasene nothengiso olusuka kwintengiselwano enye okanye kwisiganeko esinye. Iicandelo-claims ziyasetyenziswa xa kukho abamangalelwa abaninzi kunye nommangalelwa omnye ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba uthetha omnye ummangalelwa.

Intshukumo engaphambili kunye nolawulo lochokoza

Emva kokuba izingcelo zokuqala zibekwe, omnye umba ungafaka ifayile yentshukumo ezahlukeneyo ukuthetha ngemiba ebhaliweyo okanye encinci phambi kokuba ityala liqhubekeke. Le ntshukumo yokuqala ingayibumba ngokuphawulekayo indlela yocalulo.

Intshukumo yokukhupha

Enye yezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo ziphambili kukupheliswa. Intshukumo yokukhupha isikhalazo ivavanya ukuthelekisa okusemthethweni kwentengiso yomphathi. Ummangalelwa angaphikisa ngokuthi nokuba zonke izibakala ezixelwayo kwisikhalazo ziyinyaniso, ummangaleli akathethanga ngokomthetho, inkundla ayinagunya, ityala labekwa kwindawo engalunganga, okanye ummangalelwa akaphumelelanga ukukhonza ngokufanelekileyo ummangalelwa.

Ukuba intshukumo yokurhoxa ivunyiwe, ityala lingagxothwa ngokupheleleyo, okanye umkhandi anganikwa ithuba lokubhala isikhalazo esilungisiweyo esilungisa iintsilelo. Ukuba intshukumo ayivunywanga, imeko iqhubekela kwinqanaba elilandelayo.

Ezinye intshukumo zokukhanyisa

Ngapha koko kupheliswa, amaqela angafaka ezinye iintshukumo zokuqala ezahlukeneyo, kuquka intshukumo ezicacileyo (ukucela umphikisi ukuba acacise izityholo ezingacacanga), ukuthatha inyathelo lokubetha (efuna ukususa izinto ezingafanelekanga okanye ezingalunganga ekubongozeni), okanye ukuthatha inyathelo lokugweba (ekungceleleni ukuba ukungcelela ngokwako kubonisa ukuba omnye umntu unelungelo lomgwebo).

Icala ngalinye lingafaka izicelo okanye lihambe nenkundla efuna isigwebo sokufumana ubungqina okanye kwiinkqubo eziza kulandelwa xa kuchotshelwa. Inkundla iyakuchophela amatyala ngemiqathango ebalulekileyo, ivumele amacala omabini ukuba anikele impikiswano phambi kokuba ijaji yenze isigqibo.

Iphulo Lokufumanisa: Ukuqokelela Ubungqina

Ukufunyaniswa kwento kusoloko kuyinto ende nenzima kakhulu ekufumaneni ingqwalaselo yamakhaya. Uhlolo licandelo lenkqubo yangaphambili yovavanyo apho iqela ngalinye lingafumana khona ubungqina kwamanye amaqela ngeendlela ezifana nokuncina amaxwebhu, izicelo zokwenziwa kwamaphepha okungena nokufakwa. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuthintela ukumangaliswa nokuhlaliswa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela omabini anokufikelela kwiinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo.

Injongo Nobungakanani Bokufunyaniswa

Uphando lufuna ukuba iiligigisi zinikane inkcazelo ngetyala, njengokuchaza amangqina nemibhalo yawo nawaphi na amaxwebhu anxulumene nalo, ngenjongo yokulungiselela ukuvavanywa ngokufuna ukuba abo baququzelelayo bahlanganise ubungqina babo baze balungiselele ukubiza amangqina.

Ukuxilongwa yinkqubo evumela amaqela ukuba afumane amaphepha afuna ngokusemthethweni kunye nolwazi olunxulumene nokumangalelwana komnye ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe ityala, kuvumela amaqela ukuba afunde okuninzi ngezibakala zetyala aze alindele ubungqina obunganikwa ubungqina obunokusetyenziswa ekuvavanyeni. Umlinganiselo wokufumana izinto ubanzi kakhulu.

Ungenelelo

Imibuzo yokuphendulana ibhalwe phantsi enokuthi nabani na athobele omnye umntu yaye kufuneka aphendule ngokubhala phantsi kwesifungo, nemibuzo ebhaliweyo ethunyelwe kwigqwetha elimela elinye icala nelo qela elinexesha elinokuphendulwa ngalo.

I-internations yingqokelela yemibuzo ebhaliweyo ethunyelwa liqela elinye emangalweni kwiqela eliphikisanayo, kwaye le mibuzo yimibuzo esesikweni efuna iimpendulo phantsi kwesifungo. Phantsi kweMimiselo yoLawulo lweziNtlalo, imida ngaphandle kokuba ikho ukugunyazisa ngenye indlela kuqukwa ama-25 abhaliweyo aphenduliweyo kuquka onke amacandelo angaphantsi kwe-CSCK kunye neentsuku ezingama-30 ukuze abaphendula balungiselele baze banike iimpendulo.

Ukungenelela kuluncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekufumaneni ulwazi olusisiseko olusisiseko, amangqina namaxwebhu, nokuqonda iingcamango zomthetho zeqela elichasayo. Iingxoxo zingasetyenziswa ukufumana uludwe oluninzi lolwazi, kuquka amagama needilesi zamangqina, izibakala ezisekelwe kwintengo okanye kwinkuselo, kunye nomonakalo ofunwayo.

Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu

Ukucela imveliso kuvumela abantu ukuba bafumane iikopi zamaxwebhu afanelekileyo, ulwazi olugcinwe ngoomatshini kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo. Oku kusenokuquka ii-addreskoon, ii-imeyili, imiyalezo, iifoto, iirekhodi zezonyango, amaxwebhu emali, okanye naziphi na ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nemeko.

Kukhupho lwangoku, ukufunyanwa kwe-elektroniki (iziphumo zekhompyutha) kuye kwaya kusibaluleka. Izikolo zingacela ukufikelela kwiifayile zekhompyutha, ii-database, ii-akhawunti zezentlalo-ntle, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zamanani. Umlinganiselo kunye nexabiso le-e-ibrations zinokuba luncedo kakhulu, kwaye iinkundla zisoloko zifuna ukulungelelanisa ubuchule benkcazelo nxamnye nomthwalo wokuyivelisa.

Ukwakhiwa:

Enye yezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo zokufumana kukuthatha iziqinisekiso, eziyingxelo engaphandle kwenkundla enikelwe phantsi kwesifungo ngumntu obandakanyekileyo kwityala eliza kusetyenziswa xa kuvavanywa okanye ekulungiselelweni ukuvavanywa kwaye zisenokuba luhlobo lwekopi ebhaliweyo, ikhasethi yevidiyo, okanye zombini, kunye naliphi na iqela elikwaziyo ukuthatha inxenye okanye naliphi na elinye ingqina kumazwe amaninzi.

Uphando lungaquka ukufakwa kwengxelo, kufuna ubungqina ukuphendula imibuzo ngetyala ngaphambi kwetyala, ingqina liphendula imibuzo evela kwigqwetha elifungele imvume phambi komcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla okhupha ingxelo yegama elibizwa ngokuba yitranscription.

Izakhelo zinika igosa ulwazi kusengaphambili ukuba liza kuthini ingqina eliza kuthethwa kwityala, kwaye iziphumo zinokuthathwa ukufumana ubungqina bamangqina abalulekileyo angenakuvela ngexesha lokuvavanywa, apho kunokwenzeka ukuba afunde ubungqina ekuvavanyweni. Ngaphezu koko, ukwenziwa kwamangqina kuzakuthathwa kwicala eliphikisanayo kwaye kusetyenziswe ukugxeka ubungqina bengqina xa kuvavanywa ukuba ubungqina bokuchotshelwa kobungqina buyehluka kwingxelo ethathwe ngexesha logcino.

Ngokungafaniyo nabacuphi, ii-arhente zivumela imibuzo ekhawulezileyo kwaye zinokutyhila ukungangqinelani okanye ukungangqinelani okanye ubuthathaka obukubungqina.

Izicelo Zokuphuma

Izicelo zokuvuma zibhalwe kwelinye iqela lomnye umntu ezicela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanyele izibakala ezithile okanye izityholo, kunye nomntu ophendulayo ofunekayo ukuba avume okanye akhanye okanye akhanye isicelo okanye avakalise ukuba akanalwazi lwaneleyo lokwenza oko, kwaye ukuba umphulaphuli akaphumeleli ukuphendula ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwisicelo, lowo ucelayo angasebenzisa oko kusilela njengobungqina ekucinyweni.

Izicelo zokuvunywa ziindlela zokuxinana imbambano ngokuchaza iingongoma abavumelana ngazo, ezinokwenza ukuba ukubekwa kweliso kusebenze ngakumbi ngokulinganisela ubungqina obunikelwa xa kuvavanywa kwimicimbi engqinwa ngokunyanisekileyo. Inyaniso evunywayo ngezicelo zokuvunywa kwayo iqwalaselwa njengenjongo yetyala kwaye akuyomfuneko ukuba iqinisekiswe ekucinyweni.

Ukufumanisa Iimpikiswano Nokunyanzelwa Kwamandla

Ukufunyanwa kwencwadi akusoloko kuhamba kakuhle. Amatheko angaziphikisa izicelo zokufumana njengebanzi kakhulu, enzima ngokungeyomfuneko, efuna ulwazi oluphezulu, okanye engakhange ifumaneke ngokusengqiqweni ukukhokelela kubungqina obungaqondakaliyo. Xa isicelo sokufunyanwa sichasiwe, iqela elicelayo lingafuna uncedo lwenkundla ngokufaka inyathelo lokunyanzela ukufunyanwa kwento, kwaye ngokuchasene noko, iqela okanye ukuchasa okufunyenweyo kungafuna uncedo lwenkundla ngokufaka isindululo sokukhusela.

Intshukumo yokunyanzela ukufunyanwa kwezinto icela inkundla ukuba imyale umbutho ochasayo ukuba uphendule kwizicelo zokufumanisa ezingazange zivume ukuphendula. Iinkundla zinegunya elibanzi lokucombulula iimpikiswano zokufunyanwa kwaye zisenokumisela izigwebo kumaqela angakwaziyo ukuthobela iimfuno zokufunyanwa, kuquka isigwebo semali, imigaqo ecacileyo, okanye kwanokugxothwa kwezicelo okanye izikhuselo.

Ukuzinziswa kwengxoxo kunye neSisombululo Sezinye Iingxabano

Kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuququzelela, ingakumbi emva kokufumanisa ukuba ityala ngalinye lineengcebiso ezithe tye, amaqela asoloko ethethana ngetyala. Ukuze aphephe indleko nokungakhawulezi ukuququzelela ukuchonga, abagwebi bakhuthaza abasebenzi ukuba bazame ukufikelela kwisivumelwano sokulungisa impikiswano yabo.

Isicwangciso

Ngaphambi kwenkundla, omabini amacala aya kubhekiselwa kwinkqubo yesombululo sempikiswano, kunye nomgwebi okanye omnye umbutho okwaziyo ukucela isigqibo kwaye kwezinye iimeko ijaji ivakalisa inkqubo yesigqibo sempikiswano, neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezibubucala kunye nokuququzelelwa kweqela lesithathu elingathathi cala inceda omabini afikelele kwisigqibo ngokwemibandela yawo.

Ukukhupha imiyalelo yesenzo sokuzithandela, esiyimfihlo apho umlamli ongathathi-nxaxheba enceda unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela anokukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemeko. Umlamli akazenzeli izigqibo okanye amisele izisombululo kodwa kunoko unceda abo badibanayo bafumane umgaqo omnye baze bafikelele kwisigqibo esamkelekileyo. Ukuququzelelana kunokwenziwa kwemicimbi ecwangcisiweyo kunokwenziwa ngamaqela ukuze inkundla ingakwazi ukucwangcisa izinto.

Ushenxiso

Ulwahlulo luyinkqubo esesikweni yempikiswano elungiselelweyo yokusombulula ingxaki apho umququzeleli (okanye iqela labaququzeleli) eva ubungqina kunye nezimpikiswano ezisuka kumacala omabini kwaye anikezele isigqibo. I-Arbitration ingabopheleleka (ukuthetha ukuba isigqibo somphathi sisokokugqibela kwaye sinyanzelekile ukuba sinyanzeleke njengomgwebo wenkundla) okanye ukungabopheleli (ukuthi omnye umbutho angasichasi isigqibo aze aqhubeke ekuvavanyeni).

Iinkqubo zolungelelaniso lwenkundla ziqhelekile kwiinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente, ingakumbi kumatyala abandakanya iimali ezincinci ekuxambuliseni. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa ngokuqhelekileyo ukungabopheleli njengendlela yokukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa kwengxaki ngeli xesha ukulondoloza ilungelo lamalungu ukuya kwityala ukuba abanelisekanga yiziphumo zohlaziyo.

Iingqungquthela Zokuzinzisa

Iinkundla ezininzi zimisela iingqungquthela zokulungisa iintlanganiso okanye iingqungquthela eziququzelelwa ngabagwebi ngaphambi kokuba kuququzelelwe amatyala namagqwetha abo ukuze baxubushe ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuhlaziywe. Ijaji inganikela uhlolo lwamandla nobuthathaka betyala kwaye ikhuthaze amaqela ukuba afikelele isigqibo. Ngoxa abagwebi bengenakunyanzela amaqela ukuba ahlale, imbono yawo inokuba luncedo ekuncedeni amaqela ajonge iimbono zawo ngokusengqiqweni.

Intshukumo zangaphambili kunye nokulungiselelwa kwetyala

Njengoko ityala lisondela, amaqela asenokuyitshintsha indlela ezahlukahlukeneyo elungiselelwe ukuxinanisa imicimbi, angayiboni ubungqina obuthile, okanye angayicombulula ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.

Intshukumo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo

Intshukumo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo yenye yezona ntshukumo zibalulekileyo zomthetho. Le ntshukumo iphikisa ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengomthetho osekelwe kwizibakala ezinganakwa. Iintshukumo zogwebo zesishwankathelo zixhaswe luxwebhu, ubungqina bokugcina, amaxwebhu, kunye nobunye ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngexesha lokufunyanwa.

Ukuba uthotho lomgwebo ofutshane lugunyazisiwe, ityala (okanye iingcamango ezingqalileyo ngaphakathi kwetyala) liyaconjululwa ngaphandle kwetyala. Ukuba alivunywanga, ityala liqhubekela ekuvavanyweni. Umgwebo osisishwankathelo osisishwankathelo unganikelwa kwimiba ethile ngoxa ushiya eminye iye ekulingweni, nto leyo enokuyichaza ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo yokuvavanya.

Intshukumo Kwilimine

Intshukumo ezikwi-limine yintshukumo yangaphambili ecela inkundla ukuba yenze izigqibo ezicacileyo ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ityala. Le ntshukumo ifuna ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile okanye ubungqina obubonisa ukuba umbutho ofudukayo ukholelwa ukuba akakho mkhethe, ujongene nekhethe, okanye akasebenzi. Ngokucombulula iimbambano ezicacileyo phambi kokuvavanywa, ukuhamba kwe-hamba kwe-limine kuqinisekisa inkqubo yokuvavanywa entle nokukhusela abagcini-ntloko ekuchanekeni kobungqina obungafanelekanga.

IiNkomfa zangaphambili

Iinkundla zicwangcisa iintlanganiso eziphambili okanye ezingakumbi ukuphendula imicimbi yolawulo nomthetho phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ngexesha lale ntlanganiso, abagwebi namagqwetha baxubusha uludwe lokuchonga, uluhlu lwamangqina, uluhlu lokubonisa, imiyalelo yejaji, kunye nayo nayiphi na imibandela esele isemthethweni okanye imigaqo esemthethweni. Inkundla ingakhupha umyalelo wangaphambili wokumisela inkundla uze ubophelele amaqela kwizikhundla ezithile okanye kwiinkalo ezithile.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngokuhlaziywa okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwemiba yangaphambili, liqhubekeka licinywe. Iinkundla zenkundla yeli lizwe zingaququzelelwa phambi kwejaji (ukuvavanywa kwetyala) kuphela okanye phambi kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwetyala nezinto ezikhethwa ngamaqela.

Ukhetho

Kwiimeko apho ityala labachopheli-tyala liceliwe, inkqubo iqala ngokhetho lwabachopheli-tyala, olukwabizwa ngokuba yi-voir aged. Abaququzeleli bejaji babuza imibuzo ngabagwebi namagqwetha ukufumanisa ukuba banokuba ngabafanelekileyo nabangakhethanga. Ii-athorney zingavavanya abanokuba ngabagwebi betyala (ukuba kukho isizathu esikhethekileyo abanako ukungabi namkhethe) okanye ukuphuma kwimingeni yokuzikhulula (oko kuvumela ukususwa kwenani elisikelweyo leejaji ezisisi jaji ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, ngokokuba bamele imiqathango yesiseko).

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Xa ijaji inyulwe kwaye ifungwe, icala ngalinye linikela iingxelo zokuvula. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina kodwa kunoko zithuba lokuba igqwetha ngalinye lichaze oko lilindele ukuba ubungqina bubonise kona nokunika abachopheli-cholacholi betyala imaphu yendlela yokuqonda ityala. Igqwetha le-Foltiff linikela kuqala, lilandelwa ligqwetha lommangalelwa.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ummangali uqala achaze ityala lakhe, ebiza amangqina nokungenisa amaxwebhu kunye nobungqina obunye. Ngokusebenzisa imithetho yobungqina, ijaji igqiba ukuba yiyiphi inkcazelo enokunikelwa enkundleni, yaye amangqina athethe ngokwawo yaye angalitshintshi ibali lawo ngokusekelwe koko akuvayo elinye ingqina lisithi, agcinwa ngaphandle kwenkundla de anikele ubungqina, intatheli yenkundla igcina ingxelo yetyala kunye nesekela lomphathi wenkundla egcina ingxelo yomntu ngamnye onikela ubungqina nawo nawuphi na uxwebhu, okanye ezinye izinto eziye zaziswa njengobungqina.

Igqwetha elichasayo lingathi lithi xa ingqina licela ukuba lithethe into engasekelwanga kulwazi lobuqu lwalo, ikhethe elingekho sesikweni, okanye ingeyonto yetyala, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ijaji ilawula imigaqo okanye ixhase impikiswano, ingqina lingawuphenduli umbuzo ukuba ngaba ingcelelelo ixhasiwe kwaye igqwetha kufuneka lidlulele kumbuzo olandelayo.

Emva kokuba ummangalelwa egqibile ukuqukumbela ityala lakhe, unikela ubungqina bawo, ukubiza amangqina nokuveza imiboniso. Ityala lommangalelwa lingaquka ukwamkela ukhuseleko kunye nobungqina obuphikisana neembono zommangaleli. Icala ngalinye linethuba lokunqumla-inyani kwelinye icala, elidla ngokuba yinxalenye enzima yenkqubo yokuvavanya.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba kuviwe ubungqina, icala ngalinye linikela impikiswano yokuqukumbela. Ngokungafaniyo neentetho zokuvula, iingxoxo zokuvala zivumela amagqwetha ukuba aphikisane ngoko bubungqina bubonise kona nokuxhasa isikhundla somxhasi wawo. Ii-Attorney zishwankathela ubungqina obunika uncedo, zibalaselisa ubuthathaka kwimeko yelinye icala, kwaye zichaze isizathu sokuba umxhasi wabo aphumelele.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Kwityala labachopheli - tyala, ijaji iya kuchaza umthetho onxulumene netyala yaye izigqibo ezifuneka kwinkundla yabachopheli - tyala zimele zenziwe, yaye ngokuqhelekileyo inkundla yabachopheli - tyala icela ukufumanisa enoba ummangalelwa ubekek ’ ityala kusini na ngomonakalo oza kuhlawulwa ngummangalelwa.

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ummangali-mthetho makayisele abachopheli-tyala ngokuqwalasela ubungqina, okuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba kunganjalo, ukuba ummangalelwa ubophelelekile ngengozi ummangalelwa oye wabandezeleka. Lo ngumgangatho osezantsi wobungqina kuno-"ungathandabuzi olusengqiqweni" umgangatho osetyenziswayo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

Emva kokuba igqibile imiyalelo, abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labachopheli-tyala ngabom. Abachopheli-tyala baxubusha ubungqina, basebenzisa umthetho njengoko uyalelwa yijaji, kwaye basebenzela ekufikeleleni isigwebo. Kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, akuyomfuneko ukuba isigqibo sihlangane kunye, ngokuqhelekileyo, uninzi lwabachopheli-mthetho kufuneka luvumelane.

Isigwebo Nomgwebo

Xa abachopheli betyala befikelela kwisigqibo, babuyela enkundlani baze bafunde isigwebo esivakalayo. Ukuba ityala lichotshelwe phambi kwejaji engenamcholi-mgwebi, eyaziwa njengetyala lebhedi, ijaji iya kugqiba ngale mbambano okanye ithethe ukuba ingenele inkundla.

Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Nasemva kokuba kugqitywe isigqibo, ityala lisenokungapheli. Iqela eliphulukana nalo linokhetho oluninzi lokuvavanya isiphumo.

Intshukumo yeposi

Izabelo zingayifaka ifayile yentshukumo yasemva kovavanyo njengentshukumo yomgwebo phezu kwayo nje isigqibo (ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sigqibo sifanelekileyo esinokufikelela kwisigqibo esinikezelwayo) okanye ukushukuma kwetyala elitsha (ukuvuma ukuba iimpazamo ngexesha lokuvavanywa zifuna ukuvavanywa okutsha). Le ntshukumo kufuneka igcinwe ngexesha elifutshane emva kwesigqibo, ngokufuthi phakathi kweentsuku ezilishumi ukuya kwezingama-30 kuxhomekeke kulawulo.

Izibheno

Ukuba iintshukumo zasemva kwetyala ziyakhanyelwa okanye ukuba iqela likhetha ukungazifaki fayile, ukhetho olulandelayo kukubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Isibheno asilotyala elitsha kodwa kunoko kukuhlola ukuba inkundla yamatyala yenze iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezichaphazeleke kwisiphumo. Inkundla yekomiti elawulayo ihlola ingxelo yenkundla evavanyiweyo, kuquka iingxelo zetyala, imiboniso, kunye nemibhalo emifutshane esemthethweni eqululwe ngamaqela.

Iinkundla eziye zamangalelwa zisoloko zithobela iingxelo ezichanekileyo zenkundla echongiweyo zenkundla echongiweyo kwaye zigxininise kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni. Inkundla egwebayo ingasiqinisekisa isigqibo senkundla evavanyayo, siguqulele, okanye iphinde ilibuyisele kwinkundla evavanyayo ukuze kuqhutywe ityala. Inkqubo yezibheno isenokuthatha iinyanga ezininzi okanye kwaneminyaka, yaye kwezinye iimeko, amaqela angafuna uhlolo olubhekele phambili kwinkundla ephakamileyo karhulumente.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwemigwebo

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana imvume kwaye unikwa ityala, ucelomngeni olulandelayo lusenokuba kukuqokelela umgwebo. Ummangalelwa angahlawula ngokuzithandela, kodwa ukuba akunjalo, kungafuneka asebenzise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanzelisa izinto ezifana nokuhlawulwa komrhumo, iityala zebhanki, okanye iindleko zempahla. Iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ziyahluka ngokwemeko yesizwe kwaye zinokuba ntsonkothile, ingakumbi ukuba ummangalelwa unezinto ezisikelwe umda okanye uzama ukuphepha ukuhlawula.

Indlela Ekhethekileyo Yokuzinyamekela Nezilumkiso Eziluncedo

Ukuzimela (Isiqinisekiso)

Ungazimela kwiimeko ezininzi, nabantu abazimelayo abazibiza ngokuba bazimela okanye abathi bakwisiLatin. Noko ke, njengento engundoqo oyinandiphayo ilungelo ngalinye kuwe phantsi komthetho, kodwa i-ligigisity ye-procediture, kodwa i-profectistive ilindeleke ukuba ilandele kwaye ithobele imithetho elawula ukuqheliselwa komthetho kwiinkundla zikarhulumente kwaye kufuneka iqhelane nemithetho yengingqi yeComputerl yeProcediture kunye neMimiselo yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla.

Ngoxa uzimele unokuzimela ukulondoloza iindleko zegqwetha, kuza imiqathango ebalulekileyo. Iinkqubo zenkundla zintsonkothile, kwaye abagwebi bagcina imigaqo elandelelanayo neyamagqwetha. Ukuba ukhetha ukuzimela, sebenzisa izibonelelo zenkundla ezizincedayo, funda ngenyameko yonke imithetho nemiyalelo yenkundla, kwaye uphumeze yonke imihla emisiweyo.

Ukusebenza Neattorney

Kwimiba emininzi yamakhaya, ingakumbi leyo ibandakanya imali eninzi okanye imiba enzima engokwasemthethweni, ukuqesha igqwetha kucetyiswa. Igqwetha elinamava liyakwazi ukusebenzisa iimfuno zomthetho, ukuphuhlisa ubuchule obusemthethweni, ukufumanisa ngokunempumelelo, ukuncokola, nokuthethelela imimandla ekuyo, kunye nokukuthethelela ekuchongeni. Xa likhetha igqwetha, qwalasela amava alo namatyala afana nawe, indlela yonxibelelwano, indlela elihlawula ngayo imali, kunye nengxelo yeziphumo zalo.

Ukuqonda Izinto Ezithile Neengxaki

Ukubhalisa kusenokubiza imali eninzi. Ukongeza kwiindleko zokuhlawula, iindleko zingaquka iindleko zenkqubo, iindleko zokonga, iindleko zobungqina, iindleko zomchongi, iindleko zeengxelo zenkundla, iindleko zokukhuphela nokushicilela uxwebhu, kunye neendleko zegqwetha. Ukuqonda iindleko ezinokubakho ngaphambili nokuxubusha ngemirhumo yemali negqwetha lakho kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo zolwazi enoba ufanele uyilandele okanye umela ityala.

Amalungiselelo omrhumo we-athorney ayahluka. Amanye amagqwetha ahlawula intlawulo ngeeyure, ngoxa amanye esebenza ngokuvumelana (ukufumana ipesenti yokuchacha, ngokwesiqhelo kwiimeko zokonzakalisa). Amanye amatyala asenokubandakanya iindleko ezithe tyaba okanye amalungiselelo axutyiweyo. Qiniseka ukuba uyayiqonda imvume yakho yemali uze uyibhale phantsi.

Umlinganiselo

Lonke uhlobo lwengxelo esemthethweni inommiselo wesithintelo, ````''' omele ufake ngalo ixesha lakho lokumangalela. Lo mqathango wahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwento ozithetha ngayo kunye nombuso. Ukungawufumani ummiselo wemiqathango kuthetha ukulahlekelwa lilungelo lakho lokufuna ukusukela ixesha lakho ngonaphakade, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yakho inamandla kangakanani. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba unetyala elisemthethweni, jongana negqwetha ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisekisa ukuba awuphosi ixesha elibalulekileyo.

Ugcino nolungiselelo loxwebhu

Ukusuka kwixesha impikiswano iphakama, londoloza onke amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo kunye nothungelwano. Oku kuquka ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, iifoto, ii-lisithi, iireyithi, iirekhodi zezamayeza, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokuba zinxulumene nemeko yakho. Zihlele ngolandelelwano lwexesha kwaye ugcine zombini iikopi zokoqobo nezemivo. Ukutshabalalisa okanye ukutshintsha amaphepha emva kokuxabana kuphakama kunganeziphumo ezinzulu ezingomthetho, kuquka iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni kunye neziphumo ezingalunganga xa uvavanywa.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zetyala Lenkundla

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Amatyala abandakanya ukutyholwa ukuba omnye umntu akaphumeleli ukuphumeza iimbopheleleko zakhe phantsi kwesivumelwano. Ezi meko zifuna ubungqina besivumelwano esisemthethweni, ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, kunye nomonakalo obangelwa kukwaphuka kwesivumelwano. Iimpikiswano ezinxulumene nesivumelwano soshishino, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, ukuthengiselwana kwempahla okanye izivumelwano zabathengi.

Amatyala Omntu

Amatyala omonakalo womntu ngamnye afuna imbuyekezo yengozi ebangelwa kukungakhathali okanye ihambo yelinye iqela. Imizekelo eqhele ukuquka iingozi zemoto, ukutyibilika nokuwa kweziganeko, ukungaphili-phicothi-zimo zempilo, kunye netyala lemveliso. Ezi meko zifuna ubungqina bomsebenzi, ukuphulwa komsebenzi, ukuhlahlela, kunye nomonakalo.

Iingxabano Zempahla

Iimeko zempahla zingabandakanya iimpikiswano zemida, imibandela elula, ungquzulwano lwendawo, okanye imingeni yokuba nempahla. Ezi meko zidla ngokufuna ukuba kuhlolisiswe ngenyameko izenzo, uhlolisiso, neengxelo zempahla, kwaye zisenokubandakanya imiba entsonkothileyo engokwamalungelo empahla.

Umthetho Wentsapho Ubalulekile

Amatyala omthetho wentsapho aquka uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nenkxaso, inkxaso yabantwana abatshatiweyo, ukukhuliswa kwabantwana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya.

Ukubaluleka Kwemithetho Yabafileyo Nenkundla

Enye yezona nkalo zibalulekileyo zenkundla yezorhwebo kukuqonda nokugqiba ixesha lokusebenza. Iinkundla zisebenza ngemida engqongqo, kwaye ukuphoswa kwexesha elimiselweyo kunokuba nemiphumo enzima, kuquka ukugxothwa kwetyala lakho, ukungena komgwebo ongagqibekanga nxamnye nawe, okanye ukuwahluthwa kwamalungelo abalulekileyo.

Ulawulo ngalunye lunemithetho yenkundla yendawo eyongezeleleka kwimithetho jikelele yenkqubo yasekuhlaleni. Le mithetho yasekuhlaleni ingathetha ngenkqubo yokuqokelela, ukulungiselela iimfuno, ukushukuma, ukufumanisa iprotocoto, kunye nenkqubo yokuvavanya. Ziqhelanise nemithetho eqhelekileyo kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni yenkundla yakho ethile.

Zonke iimemo ezicwangcisiweyo zekhalenda zicwangciswe kakuhle. Ukuba ufuna ixesha elongeziweyo lokugqiba umsebenzi, bhala intshukumo yexesha lolwandiso phambi kokuba ixesha lommiselo liphele. Iinkundla zisoloko zikulungele ukunika ulwandiso xa ziceliwe kusengaphambili kunokuba emva kokudlula kolu cwangciso.

Ukuhamba nge-elektroniki kunye nobuxhakaxhaka benkundla

Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo ngoku zisebenzisa iinkqubo ze-electronic ezivumela amaqela ukuba afake amaxwebhu kwi-intanethi kunokuba afakwe ebantwini. Ii-attorney kufuneka zifake amaxwebhu amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo ze-elektroniki ezigunyazisiweyo kwinkundla yesiphaluka. I-screen enika ubuchule nokusebenza, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka aqhelane neqonga elingqalileyo lenkundla elibonisa iqonga kunye neemfuno zobugcisa.

Xa usebenzisa ifatyi ye-elektroniki, nikela ingqalelo kwiimfuno zokulungisa iifayile, ubungakanani, kunye nexesha lokugqiba. Iinkundla ezininzi ziqwalasela uxwebhu olugcinwe xa luthunyelwa ngombane, nokuba lufakwe ngasekupheleni kosuku, kodwa ezinye iinkundla zinexesha lokunqanda. Qonda imithetho yenkundla yakho ukuphepha ukuphoswa kwexesha elimisiweyo ngenxa yemibandela yobugcisa.

Ukuzifihla Nokuziqwalasela

Iingxelo zenkundla namaxwebhu zidla ngokuba ziingxelo zikawonke-wonke, okuthetha ukuba nabani na unako ukuzifikelela. Noko ke, iintlobo ezithile zenkcazelo zingakhuselwa ekutyhilweni koluntu, njengamanani oKhuseleko Loluntu, amanani emali, nolwazi olungee-akhawunti zomntwana. Iinkundla ezininzi zinemithetho efuna ukuhlaziywa kwenkcazelo yobuqu enzulu kumaxwebhu agciniweyo.

Ukuba ityala lakho libandakanya inkcazelo yezoshishino, iimfihlo zorhwebo, okanye ezinye izinto ezichukumisekayo, usenokufuna umyalelo wokukhusela uthintelo ekuthinteleni ukufumaneka koluntu kumaxwebhu athile okanye kwiingxelo ezithile. Noko ke, inkundla iqiqa ngelithi ityala lifanele liboniswe elubala phambi kokutywina iingxelo okanye ukuvalwa kwenkundla.

Oovimba bolwazi olongezelelekileyo

Ukuqonda inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekukhankanyeni kwemibutho. Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokukunceda uhambe ngenqanawa:

  • Ii-website zenkundla zisoloko zinika iifomu, imiyalelo, imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kunye nolwazi lobuqu
  • Iincwadi zomthetho, eziphathekayo nezikwi - Internet, zinikela imimiselo, imithetho yasezinkundleni nezinto zophando ezingokwasemthethweni
  • Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni inikela uncedo olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ii-ofisi zomabhalane wenkundla zingayiphendula imibuzo engokweenkcukacha, nangona zingenakunikela icebiso elingokwasemthethweni

Kwinkcazelo ebanzi ephathelele iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, i-website ye- yase-U.S. ibonelela ngobuncwane obuxabisekileyo bemfundo. iMelikan Bar Association inika nezixhobo zokufundisa uwonke-wonke malunga nendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yenkundla yeli phondo ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, ukusuka ekufunyanisweni kwetyala, ngokufunyanwa kwetyala, ukuvavanywa kwetyala, kunye nokubhena. Iqonga ngalinye lineenkqubo zalo, iinjongo zalo, nemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo. Nangona le nkqubo isenokubonakala isoyikisa, ukuqonda la manyathelo kunokukunceda uhambe kakuhle kwindlela osebenza ngayo uze wenze izigqibo ngolwazi ngetyala lakho.

Nokuba ucinga ukutyala, unikezelwe ngesikhalazo, okanye sele ubandakanyekile ekumangaleleni, ulwazi lwenkqubo yenkundla lunika amandla. Kukuvumela ukuba usebenze ngokunempumelelo negqwetha lakho, uqonde oko kumele kulindelwe kwiqonga ngalinye, kwaye uthabathe inxaxheba ngokwentsingiselo kwizigqibo ezichaphazela imeko yakho.

Khumbula ukuba ngoxa esi sikhokelo sinikela ushwankathelo lweenkqubo zenkundla yephondo, imithetho nezenzo ezithile ezahlukeneyo ngokwemeko nganye kwanangokweenkundla nganye kwiphondo. Ngamaxesha onke jonga imigaqo yenkundla yakho yasekuhlaleni uze ucinge ngokufuna icebiso kwigqwetha elifanelekileyo elisebenzisa ulawulo lwakho. Ngokulungiselela okufanelekileyo, ukuqwalasela ixesha, kunye nokhokelo olufanelekileyo olusemthethweni, ungaqhuba inkqubo yenkundla yelo lizwe ngempumelelo kwaye usebenzele kwizigqibo ezifanelekileyo zetyala lakho.

Inkqubo esemthethweni ikho ukusombulula iimpikiswano ngokusesikweni nangokuvumelana nomthetho. Ngokuqonda indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo, ungawakhusela ngokulunge ngakumbi amalungelo akho kunye nezilangazelelo kulo lonke uhambo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Nokuba ityala lakho lizinzile kwangoko, lisombululeka ngolunye uhlobo lwezigqibo zempikiswano, okanye liqhubeke lonke ixesha lokuvavanywa nokucetyiswa, ukwaziwa nokulungiselelwa kuya kukunceda kwinyathelo ngalinye.