Isiseko Sonyanzelo Lomthetho Nokuphendula

Umthetho ukho ukuseka ucwangco, ukukhusela, nokuchaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kwibutho labantu. Kodwa yintoni eyenzekayo xa loo mithetho iphulwa? Impendulo ayifane ivele. Kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa okuntsonkothileyo phakathi kwamaziko omthetho, iinkqubo zokugweba, iinkqubo zolawulo, iinkqubo zokulungisa, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo ezicwangcisa ukuphendula. Kubafundi nabafundisi abafunda ngemicimbi yoluntu, isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, okanye imigaqo yokuziphatha, ukuqonda le nkqubo ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ibutho labantu lanamhlanje eligcina ngayo ucwangco ngoxa kulungelelwano, okusesikweni, namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga ngokubanzi ukugcinwa kwemithetho, imiqathango yemiqathango yezenzo zokwaphula umthetho, kunye nendima enzima kwabo baphula umthetho kunye nemithetho egunyaziweyo.

Indima Yale Mihla Yokunyanzelwa Komthetho

Amagosa okunyanzelisa umthetho asebenza njengesixhobo esiphambili somthetho. Umsebenzi wawo ophambili kukukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuphanda oko kurhanelwa ukuba kuphulwa, abaphuli-mthetho ababanjiweyo, nokuxhasa umthetho. Noko ke, ulawulo lomthetho luye lwanda ngokuphawulekayo kule nkulungwane idlulileyo. Namhlanje, amagosa alindeleke ukuba aphendule kuyo yonke into kusukela kwiimeko zogonyamelo ukuya kwiingxaki zempilo, ukungquzulana kwezithuthi ukuya kwiingxabano zasekhaya.

Iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwenziwa ngokusetyenziswa
  • Ukusabela kwifowuni olungxamisekileyo nokunikela uncedo ngokukhawuleza
  • Ukuphanda: ukuqokelela ubungqina, ukubuza amangqina, namatyala okwakha
  • Ukubanjwa xa kunokwenzeka kubangele
  • Ukungqinelana
  • Ukunyanzelisa imithetho yeemoto nokugcina ukhuseleko
  • Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho nokungena koluntu

Ukusebenza komthetho kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekuthembekeni kwabantu. Ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano ephakathi, ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Kungoko ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa anamhlanje kugxininisa ngakumbi ukulunga okusesikweni kwezendalo, ingcamango yokuba indlela abaphathi abaphatha ngayo abantu njengesiphumo sonxibelelwano. Uphando lubonisa ukuba xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo, basengozini yokuthobela umthetho kunye nokusebenzisana namagunya.

Iintlobo Zomthetho Onyanzelwayo

Umthetho onyanzelekileyo eUnited States ubekwe kakuhle. Akukho mkhosi wamapolisa wazweni-wonke; kunoko, iimbopheleleko zisasazwa kumgangatho ohlukahlukeneyo karhulumente.

ISebe lamapolisa

Amasebe kaMasipala amapolisa angowona abonakalayo olungelelaniswa nomthetho. Asingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho kwimiqathango yesixeko, kuquka ukugada, ukunyanzelisa iitrafiki, kunye nophando lweenqwelo-moya. AmaSebe ahlukene ngokobukhulu ukusuka kwiidolophu ezincinane namagosa ambalwa ukuya kwizixeko ezikhulu njengeNew York okanye iLos Angeles kunye namashumi amawaka.

Ii-ofisi zeNtlanganiso ye-Desktop

Kwimimandla emininzi, umlawuli wephondo usebenza njengegosa eliyintloko lomthetho kwimimandla engafakwanga mgaqo-nxaxheba kwaye asenokusebenza kwintolongo yengingqi. Amagosa asekuhlaleni adla ngokunyulwa, azisa umgca othe ngqo wokuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi. Imisebenzi yawo iquka ukhuseleko lwenkundla, ukulungiselela imvume, nokulawula amaphepha enkqubo yoluntu.

I-APRISTART ne-Patrol

Amaziko omgangatho karhulumente anyanzelisa imithetho yeenqwelo-moya kwiindlela eziphakathi kwemimandla, anceda amasebe asekuhlaleni ngeziganeko ezikhulu, kwaye ngokufuthi asingatha uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho olunqamleza imimandla. Amanye amazwe, njengePennsylvania neMichigan, anamandla karhulumente anika amapolisa aphambili amagosa omthetho kwiindawo zasemaphandleni ngaphandle kwamaziko asekuhlaleni.

Ingxakeko yomanyano

I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) isingatha iimfanelo ezinzulu zikarhulumente ezifana nobugrogrisi obulungelelanisiweyo, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-intanethi. I-Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) inyathelela imithetho elawula izinto. I-Bureau of Alcohol, iTobacco, i-Firmarms kunye ne-Exlosives (ATFFF) zilawula imipu yemipu kunye ne-artson. Isebe loKhuselo loKhuselo lwe-Maliyoland liquka amaziko anjenge-Immigration ne-Chostment (IE) kunye ne-CP). Ukuhlahlela okuzinziswa kweengcaciso-mthetho, ukutyelela i-Unice-Unice-Umthetho we-URGPTSPT [FLD]

Imiphumo Yokwaphula Umthetho

Xa umntu efunyenwe ephule umthetho, iziphumo zidlulela ngaphaya kwesohlwayo esilula. Bazalisa ngapha nangapha kwinkqubo yomthetho, bachaphazele ulwalamano lobuqu, kwaye bathwale iziphumo zentlalo nezoqoqosho ezinde.

Imiphumo Esemthethweni

Inkqubo esemthethweni imisela uludwe lwezigwebo kuxhomekeke kubungqingqwa betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lomoni, kunye nolawulo. Ezi zinto zingaquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] kunye nohlaziyo: izisohlwayo ezihlawulwayo kwimo okanye kumaxhoba. Imiyalelo yokubuyiselwa ifuna umenzi wobubi ukuba ahlawule amaxhoba ngenxa yokulahlekelwa.
  • Iprojekthi: Lixesha lokukhululwa okujongweyo kuluntu, ngokufuthi elineemeko ezifana nokuxilonga rhoqo, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, iimfuno zomsebenzi, nemiqathango yohambo okanye kwimanyano.
  • Inkonzo ye-commonity: Umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kumaziko angeyonzuzo okanye urhulumente, ocetyiswe ukubuyisela kuluntu.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Jail (ixeshana, ngokufuthi ingingqi-run) okanye intolongo (ixesha elide, imo-mbuso okanye urhulumente). Izigwebo zentolongo zingasuka kwiinyanga ziye ebomini, kwaye amanye amazwe asavumela isohlwayo sentambo kwityala elinzima.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isigwebo esingunobangela: iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, okanye iinkqubo zokuzihlaziya ezinyanga imibandela esisiseko kunokuthembela kuphela kwisohlwayo.

Ezi zigwebo zenzelwe ukulungiselela iinjongo ezininzi: impindezelo (ekuphela nje intlango), ukunqanda (ukususa ulwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elizayo), ukuvala isikhala (ukususa umenzi wobubi kwibutho labantu), kunye nokubuyisela (ukuziphatha okulungelelanisiweyo). Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwezi njongo luyahluka kakhulu kwiindlela zolawulo nakumaxesha amaninzi.

Imiphumo EngokweNtlalo

Ngaphandle kwesigwebo senkundla, ukwaphula umthetho kudla ngokubangela izigwebo ezinamandla zentlalo. Ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ingenza imiqobo yomsebenzi, indlu, imfundo, kunye nokubekwa kwemali koogxamesi. Abaqeshi abaninzi baqhuba iziphumo zemvelaphi engasemva, kwaye ukugwetywa kwetyala kunokwenza umntu angafaneleki kwimisebenzi emininzi. Amagunya ezindlu zikawonke-wonke angakukhanyela ukunganyaniseki. Kwanasemva kokugqiba isigwebo, abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho bajongene ukubekwa komthetho kunye nocalucalulo olusemthethweni [

Imiphumo engokwentlalo iquka:

  • Intelekelelo yodumo: Abahlobo, intsapho, kunye namalungu oluntu angagweba okanye akhawuleze ngokwawo.
  • [[Ukwahlula:0] Ukuqeqesha ulwalamano: Uxanduva lwahlukanisa iintsapho, kwaye uxinezeleko lwetyala lomthetho lungawonakalisa umtshato kunye nomanyano.
  • Iziphumo zemvakalelo nezomphumo: iintloni, ityala, ixhala, nodandatheko zixhaphakile. Ukuchanabeka kumthetho wezobulungisa kusenokuba buhlungu, ingakumbi kulutsha.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izithintelo zamalungelo abantu: Kwezinye iindawo, iifelo zilahlekelwa lilungelo lokuvota, ukusebenza kumaqumrhu ejaji, okanye ukuba nemipu. Le miqathango ingaqhubeka ixesha elide emva kokuba isigwebo sisetyenzisiwe.

Imiphumo Engokoqoqosho

Isiphumo semali sokwaphula umthetho sikhulu. Iindleko ezisemthethweni, iindleko zenkundla, intengo, kunye nokuhlawulelwa kungalingana namawaka eerandi. Ukuhlawulwa kusenokulahlekelwa yimivuzo kwaye kusoloko kukhokelela ekulahlekelweni ngumsebenzi. Kwanasemva kokukhululwa, ihlazo lengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho linciphisa amathuba afumaneka ngamadoda aqikelelwayo amalunga ne 10-30%, kunye namabhinqa. Imali epheleleyo kubantu basekuhlaleni(iiiiiiikhomputha, iinkundla, neentolongo) kunye neentolongo ezingamakhulu ezigidi zeerandidi ngonyaka.

Ukuziphendulela Kumthetho Onyanzelwayo

Ukuphendula kusitrato esihamba ngendlela ezimbini. Ngoxa abemi benziwe ukuba baphendulelwe ngokwaphula imithetho, amagosa asebenza ngomthetho kufuneka wona ngokwawo aphendule ngendlela asebenzisa ngayo igunya lawo. Ukuphendula kwamapolisa kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa asebenze ngokusemthethweni, awahlonele amalungelo abantu, kwaye asebenzise igunya lawo ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Xa ukuphendulana kuyawohloka, ukuthembana kwabantu kuyaphela, nokusemthethweni kwayo yonke inkqubo yokusesikweni kuyathandatyuzwa.

Ubuchule obungachazwanga ngaphakathi

Inkoliso yamasebe amapolisa anecandelo lemicimbi yangaphakathi eliphanda izikhalazo ngokuchasene namagosa. Xa kufunyaniswa ukuba ukuziphatha okubi kuyenzeka, uqeqesho lwangaphakathi lungahluka ukusuka ekukhalimeleni okubhaliweyo ukuya ekurhoxeni, ekuthotyweni, okanye ekuphelisweni. Noko ke, uphando lwangaphakathi lusoloko lugxekwa ngokungabi nalubala. Iinguqu ezininzi zifuna ukomeleza ukuphendula kwangaphakathi ngokufuna ukukhawulezisa, uphando olucokisekileyo kunye nokuzimela ngokwazimele.

Ulawulo lwangaphandle

Iibhodi zolawulo loluntu, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziibhodi zohlolo lwasekuhlaleni, zinika ingqwalasela emagunyeni amapolisa. La maqumrhu, abunjwe ngamalungu oluntu okanye iingcali ezizimeleyo, ahlole izikhalazo, ancome iinguqu zenkqubo, yaye maxa wambi anegunya lokuqeqesha.

Ukucaca nogcino-lwazi

Ubungqina basekuhlaleni busisixhobo esinamandla sokuziphendulela. Ngoku abameli abaninzi bapapasha ugcino-lwazi lokusetyenziswa kweziganeko zemikhosi, ukubanjwa, ukumiswa, nezikhalazo. I-Bureau of Justice Statistics iqokelela kwaye ihlalutya ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe, ngeli lixa iFBI'S FBI'S FREF ECRIGRIGING ichaza amanani olwaphulo-mthetho. Iikhamera zomzimba-mzitho zisoloko ziqhelekile, zinika ubungqina bevidiyo obunokucombulula iimpikiswano nokuphelisa ukungalawuleki. Kodwa, imicimbi yesondo nemigaqo yemibutho ihlala ihleli kwiingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Uqeqesho Nemfundo

Ukuphucula luqeqesho olusembindini wotshintsho. Izihloko ziquka ubuchule bokubuyisela uxanduva, uqhaqho-ciso olucacileyo, ungenelelo lobugxwayiba kwiminxeba yempilo yengqondo, kunye nohlaziyo olusemthethweni. Amasebe amaninzi ngoku afuna uqeqesho olusekelwe kwintelekelelo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwakhona konyaka. Ukujongwa ngokunzulu kwimigangatho yoqeqesho lwamapolisa, uphando lwe- lweSigqeba soLawulo oluPhezulu lweFORM[[FLT: 1]] lunika iingxelo ezininzi kunye nemigaqo.

Uphando lwetyala: Ukunyanzelwa nokuxelelwa

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene icacisa inkqubela kunye nocelomngeni lokumisela uqikelelo nokuziphendulela.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala 1: Utshintsho Lwamapolisa EUnited States

Ukufa kukaMichael Brown eForguson, eMissouri (2014, uGeorge Floyd eMinneapolis (2020), kunye nabanye abaninzi babangela imvukelo yelizwe lonke kunye nemigudu yokuguqula izakhiwo. Izixeko zamkela imilinganiselo emininzi:

  • Iikhamera zeBody-morn: Ngoku kumgangatho kumasebe amaninzi, ezi khamera ziboniswe ukunciphisa izikhalazo nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Noko ke, iinkqubo zohluka xa abaphathi kufuneka babhalise kwaye babuye bahlole indlela ezihamba ngayo.
  • Sebenzisa uhlolo-mthetho lomkhosi: Amasebe amaninzi aye avala imida neflames, efunekayo yokususa umkhosi phambi kokuba asebenzise amandla, kwaye ungenelelo olugunyazisiweyo xa umphathi ebona amandla agqithisileyo.
  • Ukwakha ulwalamano ngogcino-lwazi lweenyawo, iintlanganiso zengingqi kunye namaqabane nemibutho yasekuhlaleni yenzelwe ukwandisa ukuthembana nolwabelana ngolwazi.
  • Imithetho yokusebenza ye- ye-' ISebe leJaji lingangena kwizivumelwano ezinyanzelisweyo zenkundla kunye namasebe amapolisa akhathazekileyo, efuna utshintsho oluthile ngokujongwa okuzimeleyo. Imizekelo iquka imimiselo yemvume eSeattle, eNew Orleans, naseChicago.

Olu tshintsho luvelise iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo. Ezinye izixeko zibone unciphiso ekusetyenzisweni kweziganeko nezikhalazo; ezinye zizama ukuzalisekisa kunye nokubuyela kwezobupolitika. Ukusebenza kwamaxesha amade kwezi meko kusafundwa.

Isifundo sesi-2: Imbono yehlabathi ngokuba netyala

Ukuthelekisa amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo kutyhila ezinye iindlela zamapolisa nokuziphendulela.

Ukubaluleka Kokuziphendulela Kuluntu Olunobulungisa

Kutheni ukuphendula kungumba omkhulu kangaka? Umba ongundoqo, kukuchaphazeleka komthetho nomthetho ebantwini. Xa abantu ngabanye (ukuba ngaba abemi okanye amagosa) benza into ngaphandle kokohlwaywa, inkqubo iphulukana nelungelo layo. Ukuziphendulela kuqinisekisa oko:

  • [[UMTL:0] Abameli babekwa ityala lokuziphatha okubi. Oku kuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kwexesha elizayo kwaye kunika okusesikweni kumaxhoba.
  • [[NTL:0] Amakhompathimenti aziva ekhuselekile kwaye ehlonelwa. limali yempumelelo yamapolisa. Ngaphandle kwayo, intsebenziswano iyancipha kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho luba nzima ukusombulula.
  • Uphazamiso lwe-mis luphawulwe luze lulungiswe. Iinkqubo zongenelelo zangaphambili zingamisa abaphathi beflegi ngemilinganiso yezikhalazo, inceda uqeqesho okanye uqeqesho phambi kokuba iingxaki zikhule.
  • Intembelo ekhoyo kwinkqubo yomthetho iyagcinwa. Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba le nkqubo ilungile, basengozini kakhulu yokuthobela imithetho, ukunikela ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye bekhonza njengamangqina.

Ityala alikho nje ekubohlwaeni ukuziphatha okubi; lixhomekeke ekudaleni inkqubo efundayo nephuculayo. Oku kufuna ukuba kubekho ukubonakala, ukuqokelelwa kwenkcazelo, ukujongela phantsi, nokuvuma ukutshintsha iinkqubo ezingasebenziyo.

Isiphelo: Kulawulo olulungeleleneyo lwenkqubo yokunyanzeliswa nokuphendula

Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo xa imithetho iphulwa kubandakanya okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokubamba uludwe lwezigwebo. Kufuna ukungqubana neenjongo zesohlwayo, imiqathango yokunyanzelisa, nendima ebalulekileyo yokuziphendulela kubo bonke abadlali kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Kubafundi nabafundisi-mfundo, ezi aziyozinto zingabonakaliyo kwiskrini ezibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, nempilo yedemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Ukugcinwa komthetho okusebenzayo kukhusela uluntu nokuxhasa umthetho. Kodwa ngaphandle kobuchule obunamandla bokuphendula, amandla asetyenziswa ngamapolisa angenza buthathaka kanye ukusesikweni okufunyanisiweyo athenjiswa ukukukhonza. Iinkqubo ezingcono zidibanisa imilinganiselo ecacileyo engomthetho kunye noqeqesho, ulawulo, kunye nokuzinikela ekuqhubekeni uphuculo. Bayaqonda ukuba nawuphi na umthetho owaphukileyo usisilela sohlobo oluthile lomntu, maxa wambi, yaye maxa wambi ukuphendula kuyindlela esizilungisa ngayo sithemba nokubuyisela ucwangco.

Ngokuzihlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo ezi nkqubo, sinokufak ’ isandla kwiindlela ezisesikweni neziphumelelayo zokunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho kwiindawo esihlala kuzo.